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پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی - پیاپی 98 (زمستان 1395)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی
پیاپی 98 (زمستان 1395)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/12/26
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • مقاله علمی پژوهشی
  • مسعود مرادی، برومند صلاحی، سیدابوالفضل مسعودیان صفحات 517-532
    آگاهی از دمای سطح زمین تغییر‏ات زمانی - مکانی ترازمندی انرژی در سطح زمین را‏ آشکار می‏سازد. در داده های دمای سطح زمین مودیس اختلاف زمان خورشیدی محلی وجود دارد. این اختلاف ممکن است به دلیل تفاوت زمانی در برداشت پیکسل‏های یک خط پیمایش ماهواره در یک روز باشد یا در روزهای مختلف زمان محلی برداشت دما در یک پیکسل متغیر باشد. هدف از پژوهش کنونی بررسی شیب دمای سطح زمین و تغییرات زمانی - مکانی آن در ایران است که با داده های روزهنگام مودیس تررا و آکوا بررسی شده است. از نتایج این پژوهش می‏توان در برآورد دمای سطح زمین برای یک ساعت محلی ثابت استفاده کرد. بدین ترتیب، امکان مقایسه داده های دورسنجی دمای سطح زمین با داده های ایستگاهی و نیز امکان مقایسه دمای پیکسل‏های مختلف در سراسر ایران با یکدیگر فراهم می‏آید. تغییرات زمانی - مکانی چشم‏گیری در شیب دمای سطح زمین ایران دیده می‏شود؛ این تغییرات از شرایط محیطی و تغییرات دریافت انرژی خورشید اثر می‏پذیرد. در ماه های مختلف سال شیب‏های دمایی صفر تا 1+ درجه کلوین بر ساعت و 1+ تا 2+ درجه کلوین بر ساعت گستره بیشتری از ایران را پوشش می‏دهند؛ با این حال، در دوره سرد سال شیب‏های صفر تا 1- درجه‏، به ویژه در بلندی های البرز و زاگرس، گسترش می‏یابد.
    کلیدواژگان: ایران، تغییرات زمانی، مکانی، شیب دمای سطح زمین، مودیس
  • حسین ناصری صومعه، کمال الدین نیکنامی صفحات 533-556
    در سخن از الگوی استقرارهای باستانی و چگونگی چیدمان آن در یک منطقه ناگزیر نقش محیط و بسترهای آن در چشم‏انداز جغرافیایی پررنگ می‏شود. نحوه توزیع جمعیت و سکونتگاه های انسانی در یک ناحیه جغرافیایی تاثیر بسیاری در ساخت‏های کارکردی و فعالیت‏های انسانی دارد و، علاوه بر تاثیرپذیری از عوامل اجتماعی و فرهنگی، به منزله بستر جغرافیایی فعالیت‏های انسانی، به میزان زیادی از پدیده های طبیعی تبعیت می‏کند. در این مطالعه نقش عوامل زیست محیطی در شکل‏دهی و توزیع فضایی استقرارهای انسانی در دوران مس و سنگ در شهرستان بستان‏آباد بررسی و مطالعه می شود. بدین منظور، 55 محوطه که دربرگیرنده آثار مس و سنگ منطقه است طی سه فصل بررسی باستان‏شناسی، شناسایی شد. این محوطه ها با استفاده از روش‏های آماری (برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها) و با درنظرگرفتن عوامل طبیعی همچون آب های سطحی، میزان بارندگی، ارتفاع، اقلیم، کاربری اراضی، پوشش گیاهی، و شیب ارزیابی شدند. داده ها نشان می‏دهد ویژگی های جغرافیایی منطقه به ویژه منابع آبی، ارتفاع، و نوع اقلیم از عوامل مهم شکل‏گیری الگوهای استقراری منطقه در دوره مورد نظر است و نحوه چینش محوطه ها، بیش از هر عامل محیطی دیگر، از این سه عامل تبعیت می‏کند. نقش حیاتی آب، به ویژه رودخانه ها، سبب شده تا محوطه ها به شیوه الگوی خطی در امتداد جریان رودخانه ها شکل بگیرند.
    کلیدواژگان: الگوی استقرار خطی، بستان آباد، توزیع فضایی، عوامل طبیعی، مس و سنگ
  • محمدحسین رامشت، مژگان انتظاری، سوسن دلسوز صفحات 557-567
    یکی از مفاهیم بنیادین در ژئومرفولوژی، که بسیاری از نظریه پردازی ها بر اساس آن استوار شده، مفهوم زمان است. مفاهیمی چون یونیفورمی تاریانیسم، دور جغرافیایی، و ارگودیسیتی از نظریه هایی هستند که سعی در بیان نحوه تحولات ارضی در بستر زمان دارند. ولی مبنای کار همه آن ها بر مفهوم زمان رخدادی استوار است. سازگارنبودن مفهوم زمان نجومی با بسیاری از رخدادها و فرایند های طبیعی سبب شده تا ژئومرفولوژیست ها به مفهوم زمان رخدادی بیشتر توجه کنند. با توجه به اینکه به مفهوم زمان در ادبیات ژئومرفولوژی کمتر توجه شده، ضمن ارائه دقیقی از معنی و مفهوم این واژه در ژئومرفولوژی، کاربرد آن در مباحث زمین ریخت شناسی تبیین شد و با اتکا به یک آزمون آزمایشگاهی رابطه زمان استمرار شوک با زمان لختی، زمان واکنش، و زمان پاسخ در یک سیستم محیطی استخراج شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می دهد سیستم ها به هر شوکی با هر استمرار زمانی واکنش نشان نمی دهند. افزایش زمان استمرار شوک با زمان واکنش سیستم رابطه ای دوال دارد. هرگاه زمان استمرار شوک با زمان واکنش برابر شود، زمان تاخیری برابر صفر می شود و زمان تاخیری با میزان شدت شوک رابطه معکوس دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: زمان، ژئومرفولوژی، فضا، مکان، هویت مکانی
  • مصطفی کریمی، فرامرز خوش اخلاق، سعید بازگیر، مهناز جعفری صفحات 569-587
    تغییرات الگوهای گردش جوی به تغییر رژیم بارش منجر می‏شود و ره‏آورد آن تنوع آب وهوایی، همچون ترسالی ها و خشک سالی ها، است. بنابراین، با توجه به اینکه یکی از پارامترهای مهم در شرایط پیش گفته نایکنواختی در انتقال و تزریق رطوبت به سامانه های باران‏زای ایران است، در این پژوهش با رویکرد انتقال رطوبت در ایجاد بارش، با بهره‏گیری از داده های ساعتی ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل تراز 850 ه.پ در دوره زمانی (2000 2010)، با تفکیک مکانی 1×1 درجه قوسی مرکز پیش‏بینی های میان‏مدت اروپا (ECMWF)، و با استفاده از تحلیل خوشه‏ای به روش همبستگی چگونگی رفتار مکانی پرارتفاع عربستان در انتقال رطوبت بررسی شد؛ سرانجام، پنج الگوی بزرگ گردشی به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد رفتار مکانی-زمانی پرارتفاع عربستان، همچون جابه جایی شرقی- غربی، شمالی- جنوبی، و حتی کشیدگی هسته مرکزی آن، در تزریق و انتقال رطوبت و به تبع آن بارش بر روی ایران نقش بسزایی دارد. همچنین، توزیع مکانی بارش در سطح ایران به موقعیت مکانی، شکل، و پهنه گردشی این پرارتفاع بستگی دارد. به طور کلی، پرارتفاع عربستان در فصول سرد، با ایجاد جریان‏های جنوب- جنوب ‏غربی، تاثیر فراوانی در رطوبت و بارش در ایران دارد. فراوانی بالا (کم) وقوع سالانه الگوی نوع دوم این پرفشار همراه با بارش زیاد (کم) دریافتی ایران بوده است.
    کلیدواژگان: ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل، انتقال رطوبت، تحلیل خوشه ای، همبستگی
  • سمیه خالقی، لیلا ملکانی صفحات 589-605
    اتومات سلولی ابزاری است برای مدل سازی و شبیه سازی فرایندهایی که در جهان واقعی رخ می دهد؛ این ابزار همچنین در زمینه مدیریت بحران نیز کاربرد دارد. در این تحقیق از اتومات سلولی بر پایه GIS برای شبیه سازی سیلاب در حوضه آبریز چرچر در شمال غرب ایران استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین مساحت حوضه چرچر دارای کاربری مرتع و گروه‏ هیدرولوژیکی خاک D است و نفوذپذیری بسیار کمی دارد. ارتفاع رواناب در نیمه شرقی و جنوب شرقی حوضه، به دلیل قابلیت نفوذ کم و شیب زیاد، بالاست. همچنین، خطر سیلاب در مسیر رودخانه و اراضی اطراف آن، به ویژه در پایین دست جریان، زیاد است؛ به طوری که، علاوه بر کاربری اراضی، خاک، نفوذپذیری، و بارش، عامل شیب تاثیر بیشتری در تولید رواناب در حوضه گذارده است. سرانجام، مقایسه دبی محاسباتی با دبی مشاهداتی نشان داد مقادیر ضریب همبستگی دبی برای دو رویداد مورد بررسی به ترتیب برابر 82/0 و 70/0 است و درصد کم خطا نیز نشان دهنده کارایی بسیار مدل اتومات سلولی در پیش‏بینی دبی اوج سیلاب و زمان وقوع آن است. بنابراین، استفاده از اتومات سلولی در کنار GIS، علاوه بر سرعت بخشیدن به محاسبه رواناب، موجب افزایش نتایج دقیق نیز می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: اتومات سلولی، حوضه آبریز چرچر، خطر سیلاب، GIS
  • علی پناهی صفحات 607-625
    آلودگی هوا از جنبه های مختلف دارای اهمیت است. این مطالعه، با توجه به شرایط حاد آلودگی هوای تبریز و با استفاده از تحلیل سینوپتیکی انجام پذیرفته است. هدف اصلی در این تحقیق بررسی ارتباط الگوهای سینوپتیکی سطح دریا و تراز 500 هکتوپاسکال با وارونگی‏ دمایی و دوره های طولانی مدت آلودگی شهر تبریز در طی دوره آماری 1387 1392 است. در این زمینه، برای بررسی کیفیت آلودگی هوا، از شاخص استاندارد آلودگی هوا (PSI) و برای بررسی شدت و عمق وارونگی دمایی از نقشه های Skew-T استفاده شد. سپس، نقشه های سینوپتیکی این دوره ها تحلیل شد. یافته های تحقیق نشان می‏دهد هنگامی که سیستم پرفشاری به صورت مداوم در مقطع چندروزه در منطقه متمرکز می‏شود شدت وارونگی دما به اوج خود می‏رسد. همچنین، به طور کلی، عامل اصلی تقویت‏کننده وارونگی های دمای بسیار شدید و به تبع آن آلودگی های بلندمدت ناشی از تداوم سامانه قدرتمند سیبری هم زمان با پرفشار توسعه یافته در زاگرس همراه و نیز با تقویت پشته ارتفاعی تراز میانی جو است که شرایط لازم را برای افزایش پتانسیل آلودگی هوای تبریز فراهم می‏کند. علاوه بر این، وجود زبانه هایی از پرفشار اسکاندیناوی و همچنین ریزش هوای سرد مدیترانه، هرچند خیلی کم، از عوامل دیگر وارونگی دمایی و تشدید آلودگی در برخی از دوره های آلودگی است.
    کلیدواژگان: آلودگی هوا، الگوی سینوپتیکی، تبریز، سامانه پرفشار، وارونگی دما
  • محسن قادرپور، هیراد عبقری، حسین طبری صفحات 627-643
    مطالعه حاضر به تحلیل روندهای مکانی و زمانی مجموعه‏ای از سری داده های بارش حاصل از 37 ایستگاه باران‏سنجی حوضه آبریز دریاچه ارومیه در مقیاس‏های سالانه و فصلی طی دوره 1359 1388 می‏پردازد. آزمون من- کندال چندمتغیره و روش ثیل- سن به ترتیب به منظور تعیین معنی‏داری و بزرگی روند بارش به کار برده شدند. نتایج آزمون من- کندال چندمتغیره نشان می‏دهد بیشتر روندها در مقیاس سالانه و فصلی غیرمعنی‏دارند؛ به طوری که فقط 3، 1، 9، 5، و 4 ایستگاه از 37 ایستگاه مطالعاتی به ترتیب در سری های بارش سالانه، بهاره، تابستانه، پاییزه، و زمستانه دارای روندهای معنی‏دارند. بزرگی روندهای افزایشی معنی‏دار بارش سالانه برابر با 5/7، 9/6، و 13/4 میلی متر در سال به ترتیب در ایستگاه های قبقبلو، تمر، و سهزاب است که در سه گوشه جنوب، غرب، و شرق حوضه پراکنده‏اند. در فصول زمستان و تابستان تغییرات مثبت بارش در بیشتر گستره حوضه مشاهده می‏شود؛ برخلاف آن، در فصول بهار و پاییز تغییرات منفی بارش گسترده‏ای، به ویژه در بخش‏های میانی، شرق، و جنوب حوضه، طی دوره مورد مطالعه آشکار است.
    کلیدواژگان: آزمون های آماری، بارش، بزرگی روند، حوضه آبریز دریاچه ارومیه، روند مکانی
  • اباذر اسمعلی عوری *، محمد گلشن، کیوان خرمی صفحات 645-659

    مدیریت منابع آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه‏خشک برای تامین نیاز آبی ساکنان از اهمیت بسیاری برخوردار است. احداث سدهای زیرزمینی در این مناطق یکی از روش‏های مدیریتی است. حوضه آبخیز دوست بیگلو در استان اردبیل با دارابودن مساحت 7461 کیلومتر مربع در اقلیم نیمه‏خشک کشور واقع شده است. در این تحقیق برای تعیین اولیه مناطق مستعد احداث سد زیرزمینی از روش‏های منطق بولین و منطق فازی استفاده شد. بدین منظور، از معیارهای توپوگرافی، زمین‏شناسی، کاربری اراضی، گسل، و قنات در این روش‏ها استفاده شد. نقشه های به‏دست آمده نشان داد مناطق جنوب شرقی و شمال غربی حوضه برای احداث سد زیرزمینی بدون محدودیت اند. پس از تعیین مناطق مستعد، با توجه به نقشه های تهیه شده، 36 محور مناسب برای احداث سد زیرزمینی در تنگه های مناسب انتخاب شد و با درنظرگرفتن معیارهای اصلی محور سد، مخزن سد، آب،و اقتصادی- اجتماعی با استفاده از روش AHPمحورهای انتخابی اولویت‏بندی شد. نرخ سازگاری برای روش AHPمعادل 03/0 به دست آمد که پذیرفتنی است. نتایج اولویت بندی سدهای انتخابی در این مناطق نشان داد که معیار اصلی آب به‏ترتیب با وزن 11/0 و 104/0 برای زیرمعیارهای کمیت و کیفیت آب اهمیت فراوانی در اولویت‏بندی محورهای انتخابی دارد.

    کلیدواژگان: تحلیل سلسله مراتبی، سدزیرزمینی، مکان یابی، منطق بولین، منطق فازی
  • وحید امینی پارسا، اطهره نژادی صفحات 661-674
    بررسی تغییرات پویای کاربری و پوشش زمین مناطق حفاظت‏شده در مدیریت و پایداری اکوسیستم‏های طبیعی اهمیت بسزایی دارد. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی تغییرات کاربری و پوشش زمین منطقه حفاظت‏شده دیزمار در گذشته و، به‏ تبع آن، پیش‏بینی الگوی فضایی ساختار سرزمین در آینده نزدیک است. بدین منظور، نقشه های کاربری زمین برای سال‏های 1989، 2000، و 2013 با استفاده از فنون دورسنجی از تصاویر ماهواره‏ای TM، ETM+، و OLI استخراج شد. مدل تلفیقی CA-Markov به‏ منظور پیش‏بینی تغییرات آتی در سال 2037 به کار گرفته شد. صحت مدل پیش‏بینی با مقایسه نقشه کاربری شبیه‏سازی‏شده و واقعی سال 2013 از طریق محاسبه ضریب کاپا ارزیابی شد؛ مقدار همه آماره های کاپا بالای 9/0 به دست آمد؛ این مقدار مبین اعتبار نتایج مدل‏سازی است. نتایج نشان‏دهنده کاهش 11173.36 هکتاری مساحت جنگل‏ها در برابر افزایش 10200.8 و 972.55 هکتاری زمین‏های بایر (مرتع) و کشاورزی از سال 1989 تا 2013 است. در صورت ‏تغییرنیافتن برنامه های حفاظتی و مدیریتی در منطقه، این روند تغییرات در آینده ادامه خواهد داشت و بسیاری از پهنه های ارزشمند جنگل‏های باقی‏مانده از بین خواهد رفت. نتایج این تحقیق در بازنگری رهیافت‏های مدیریتی و حفاظتی منطقه موثر است و سیاست‏گذاران و برنامه‏ریزان را به سمت حفاظت پایدارتر منطقه سوق دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: بررسی تغییرات، جنگل زدایی، مناطق حفاظت شده، منطقه ارسباران، CA، Markov
  • خلیل الله بیک محمدی، نسرین بیک محمدی، رضا نظری ارشد، مهدی حیدری صفحات 675-694
    پژوهش حاضر بازتابی گسترده از هماهنگی باستان‏شناسی و جغرافیاست. بر پایه مولفه های مختلف جغرافیایی، سعی شده، در قالب چهارچوبی، نقش جغرافیا در شکل‏گیری جوامع انسانی با دیدی گسترده بررسی و دریچه‏ای از نقش آن در جذب و عدم جذب جوامع اولیه ارائه شود. مفهوم پیدایش جوامع اولیه را باید بر مبنای جغرافیا تحلیل کرد؛ از این منظر، به جغرافیای دشت‏های کرانه شرقی الوند کمتر توجه شده است. این پژوهش سعی بر آن دارد، با بررسی انواع جغرافیا و پیامدهای شرایط زیست‏محیطی، با نگرشی بر پوشش گیاهی، جانوری، و نقش آن در شکل‏گیری استقرارهای اولیه، به شناخت اقلیم و محیط‏های طبیعی کرانه های شرقی الوند، از منظر ژئومرفولوژی و اکوسیستم در عدم جذب استقرارهای اولیه بپردازد؛ همچنین پژوهش حاضر، در پی پاسخ به این سوالات است که «نقش جغرافیا در مطالعات باستان‏شناختی چیست؟» و «تاثیر جغرافیای طبیعی دشت‏های کرانه شرقی الوند در عدم جذب استقرارهای جوامع چیست؟» ‏طور کلی، آب‏وهوای کرانه های شرقی الوند با وجود کوه های مرتفع، رودخانه ها، چشمه‏سارهای فراوان، و پستی‏ و بلندی ها متغیر است؛ بدین‏ترتیب، این حوزه زمستان‏هایی سرد دارد و تابستان‏هایی کم‏آب و معتدل. جغرافیای کرانه شرقی الوند در گروه جغرافیای سرد و خشک است و بیانگر عدم جذب استقرارهایی از جوامع اولیه و شکل‏گیری جوامع انسانی از دوره مس ‏و سنگ.
    کلیدواژگان: جغرافیا، جوامع اولیه، کرانه شرقی الوند، مطالعات باستان شناختی
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  • Masood Moradi, Boroumand Salahi, Seyyed Abolfazl Masoodian Pages 517-532
    Introduction
    The MODIS facility for the Earth Observing System is a key element that supports ambitious goals related to studying the Earth as a system. One of the MODIS products is high quality land surface temperature data that product in Terra and Aqua platforms. Knowledge of the LST provides information on the temporal and spatial variations of the surface equilibrium state and is of fundamental importance in many applications. Therefore it is required for a wide variety of climatic, hydrological, ecological, and biogeochemical studies. Due to the intrinsic scanning characteristics of the MODIS instrument onboard the polar-orbiting satellites, the differences in local solar time for pixels along a given scan line on the same day or for the same pixel on different days in one revisit period may reach up to 2 hour. As LST changes with local solar time, it is therefore not possible to directly compare the LST of different pixels on the same day or of the same pixel on different days. Awareness about slope of land surface temperature is an important factor for cognition of land surface temperature behavior that can be used for increasing spatial and temporal resolution, comparability with other data, and accuracy achievement. The results will help to calculate a time consistent land surface temperature.
    Materials And Methods
    Land surface temperature data used in this researchare product using Normalized split windows algorithm. This data downloaded from MODIS website (http://reverb.echo.nasa.gov/reverb) in daily time scale for temporal range of 2002/07/08–2015/11/30. Prior to this date Aqua MODIS data is not available. This dataset contain measurements of land surface temperature, quality assurance, view time, view angel, land surface emissivity and is available for day time and night time. MODIS Terra 10:30AM and Aqua 1:30PM data used in this study. A matrix in dimensions of 4984*1884077 is provided from this dataset for Terra and Aqua day time land surface temperature and day view time thatprovidedbasic information for this study. The slope of land surface temperature between tow observation of Terra (10:30AM) and Aqua (1:30PM) is calculated. View time and land surface temperature measurements should first recall and calculate variation of land surface temperature in relation to observationtime distance between Terra/Aquameasurement for each pixel of Iran for every day of time series.Slope of land surface temperature calculated inmonthly long term meanfor spatial and temporal analysis.
    Results And Discussion
    View time is an important parameter in analysis of land surface temperature slope. View time distribution of land surface temperature in Iran show that Terra and Aqua view time has a high uniformity in frequency percent of observation times for land surface temperature at 10-12 and 12:30-14:30 for Terra and Aqua respectively. The coordination of land surface temperature slope and topography inIran is high. Low elevation lands between Zagros and central mountain ranges with northwest to southeast direction and central hollows such as Kavir plain, Lut desert and Jazmouryan is visible with higher slope in land surface temperature in alldifferent months of year. North and south shorelines and high elevations is the regions with smaller slope of land surface temperature. The slopes of less than 2 kelvin/hourin land surface temperature occurred in 85% of Iran territory. Difference between Terra and Aqua land surface temperature decreased clockwise from northeast aspects to southwest and increased from northwest to northeast.Slope of land surface temperature has an inverse relation with slope of land and decreased one kelvin/hour from zero to 22 degree slopes.
    Conclusion
    Significant spatial and temporal variation that occurred in land surface temperature slope of Iran is the result of variation in environmental conditions and incoming solar radiation. Slope of land surface temperature in shorelines and mountainous regions is lower than deserts and low level elevations in all months of year. Slopes of zero to 1 and to kelvin/hour in land surface temperature covered great areas of Iran in different months. Zero to -1 kelvin/hour slope spread in winter season in high level elevations of Alborz and Zagros mountains. Decreasing of land surface temperature slope with increasing land slop can reflect relation between land surface temperature and elevation. The results show that small amounts of land surface temperature slop is the characteristic of major parts of Iran. In these conditions we can product a time consistent land surface temperature data for each pixels of every day in available time series for a time between MODIS Terra and Aqua observations.
    Keywords: Iran, Land surface temperature slop, MODIS, temporal, spatial variations
  • Hosein Naseri Some, Kamalodin Niknami Pages 533-556
    The Analysis of the Role of Natural Factors in Spatial Distribution of Archaeological Sites, during the Chalcolithic period in Bostanabad, Azerbaijan When it comes to the ancient settlement patterns and how to set in a region, the role of environment and its infrastructure in a geographical landscape will be highlighted. Distribution of population and human settlements in a geographical area, has a great influence on the structure and function of human activities. Not only will these distribution patterns be affected by social and cultural factors, they were highly dependent on natural phenomena; because nature, is context of human geographical activities.
    In this paper, be studied and analyzed the role of environmental factors in spatial distribution and shaping human settlements during the Chalcolithic period in Bostanabad. For this purpose, identified and collected surface data of 55 sites includes Chalcolithic works during 3 seasons archaeological survey and using statistical techniques for data analysis. To accomplish this work, natural factors included surface water, rainfall, altitude, climate, land use, vegetation, and slope have been evaluated.
    This information illustrates that the geographical features of the region, especially water resources, altitude, and climate were the most important factors in the formation of settlement patterns in the desired area at the Chalcolithic period, and the manner of set of these sites was dependent on these mentioned factors more than any other environmental factor in this district. The vital role of water, especially rivers, caused sites have been made in form of linear pattern along the rivers.
    Materials And Methods
    The matter of study were collected from archaeological survey, and the librarian method was used to identify the sources and texts, use previous studies, and use the results of the excavations; then, the statistical methods were used to analysis of data. This field studies were carried out during the years 1385, 1392, and 1393 SH, and materials and sites of seven rural districts western and eastern Abbas Abad in the first season, eastern western and eastern Owjan, and Sahand Abad in the second season, and central and southern Mehran Roud in the third season were filed surveyed; then, they resulted in identifying and recording a number of prehistiric, historic, and Islamic sites. From them, 55 sites are containing matterials of Chalcolithic period which The matter of study of this research are based on. The analysis of the desired data in the geographic information system (GIS) have been conducted and its outcomes were described by using maps of the resulted system.
    Chronology: Bostān-Abād relative chronology data was based on the study of collected pottery samples from the area and was compared with samples from the cultural layer in scientific exploration. However, in some cases due to their similarity with potteries from different sites, separating periods becomes quite difficult, and need scientific excavation or laboratory studies, as many factors contribute to the distortion of data in field studies; however, it was attempted to use reliable data as far as possible. In this regard at the regional scale, data were compared with neighboring regions outside of the current area (Mesopotamia, Anatolia and the Caucasus) and, in the region scale, with sites of Lake Urmia basin and, in the settlement scale, with Kül tepe Hadi-Shahr and Köhne Pasgah tepesi sites.
    According to the scattered works in the area (including pottery and surface objects), 11 sites have Dalma pottery culture dates (characteristic of the Early and Middle Chalcolithic of Azerbaijan) and 52 sites have CFW (Chaff-Faced Ware) pottery culture (Characteristic of the Late Chalcolithic of Azerbaijan), which 8 sites of them last from the Early-Middle to Late Chalcolithic. Regarding the type, extent, situation of settlement, etc., we can claim that in Bostān-Abād we face both permanent and temporary seasonal settlements in the Chalcolithic period.
    Conclusion
    According to the tables and statistics, water played an important role in the formation of settlements, so that 62% of the settlements have been built at a distance of less than 500 meters to the main water sources (rivers permanent and seasonal). This character is evident in both the Early-middle and Late Chalcolithic period in the region, which 33 sites across 52 sites were attributed to the Late Chalcolithic period, and 8 sites from the 11sites in Early-middle Chalcolithic period (62% of the total collection) are in this distance. The vital role of water, especially rivers, caused sites have been made in form of linear pattern along the rivers.
    Elevation is the other main factor in establishing the Chalcolithic settlements in the area. Charts and maps show Chalcolithic sites in Bostān-Abād tend to highlands; as about 75% of the sites have been established at an altitude of 1750 to 2100 meters above the sea level. Altitude has a direct relation with temperature reduction and increase of rainfall. When the weather become warm, these factors lead to the accumulation of snow, then, creating feeding nests of streams and melting saved snow which is responsible for having water resources, pastures and vegetation in the summer nomads.
    Keywords: Bostanabad, Chalcolithic, Natural Factors, Spatial Distribution, Linear Pattern
  • Mohammad Ramesht, Mojgan Entezary, Sosan Delsoz Pages 557-567
    Introduction
    The complexity of the phenomenon of time and its meaning has always been considered an obstacle to understanding the nature of time. Time is an important phenomenon in detailed discussions about its nature, particularly in philosophy and physics filed. Sun, Earth and rotations it should be considered a major factor in the definition of the concept of astronomical time.the effect of twenty-four-hour in organisms,consiste the large part of their biological activities. Even questions about the latitude of more than 70 degrees as well. This question is deeply connects us with other concepts of which the concept of time events.
    the geomorphologist belived that the time shows the range changes and evolution of landscape . The evolution of natural phenomena over time can be oriented in the form of different models to examine and evaluate the concept can be interpreted mother theory of harvest of the main geomorphology . It is explicitly said to be the three major intellectual (historical method, dynamic method and the perspective of a systematic ) approaches have accidentally caused by different interpretations of the concept of time by geomorphologist.
    Metodology: The experience allowed the time and its implications in perspective (Graph 1977) requires an experimental model to determine when concepts such as delay time ,reaction time ,relaxation time and response time, and their relation to the shock time with different magnitude assessed to check it In order to achieve this goal a drainage basin Laboratory was designed .
    Model provision (watersheid) in an rectangular shape with dimensions of 162 cm length and width 215 carried. After modeling to measure the intensity of the rains, an artificial rain system was built and thereby control the intensity and time precipitation ratio was propelled to evaluate them.
    For avoidance of any error the irrational numbers were used for the shock time .irrational numbers were chosen from 3 to 101 and the consequent in three separate stages for shock rainfall intensity one liter per minute, 3.8 min and 6 liters per minute assessed . The data used in this study, quantitative data with zero mathematical scalar time in three separate phases in the model was implemented. A total of 260 measurements were obtained tables and the calculation of it was done in three months. The breakdown of the figures, the relationship between the persistence of shocks time when other
    elements based on a matrix tables (4) and (5) and (6), and seven models of relationship surveys and test the final results were extracted.
    Result and
    Discussion
    According to the matrix of the relationship between the persistence of the shock in the magnitude of one , 3.8 liter and six Liter analysised and after testing seven model 30 various manners as follows was obtained should be noted that 7 out of 30 the relationship was not significant survey and 23 were attained meaningful relationship.
    Conclusion
    Geomorphic systems and change their attitudes and behavior with a variable time, and therefore not explain several concepts used to express them. The task assigned to the variable time with different concepts shock time, latency, response time, response time and rest time and matter expressed in relation to this issue is that these variables can be together because these relationships may indicate a various states on the one hand and on the other hand is estimated prediction behavior.
    What phase one, two and three field pilot test shock magnitude 1liter,3.8 and 6 min obtained indicate that the continuation of the shock relations with other concepts, and the second time on the complex relations firm, and the truth of the relationship provided up to certain extent. Each system can be described with the general rule for any kind of shock to be evaluated in a press statement following summarized
    The relations obtained in the first phase that includes three linear and quadratic five relationship is reversed if the following key results to be understood
    Systems don’t reaction to every Shook Time
    With increase Shook Time , Reaction Time decrease.
    The relation sheep between Shook Time and Reaction Time is dual.
    If Shook Time and Reaction Time be equal , the Memory Time will be zero.
    The relation between Delay Time and magnitude of Shook Time is inverse.
    Keywords: Time, Place, Space, identity, Geomorphology
  • Mostafa Karimi, Faramarz Khoshakhlagh, Saeed Bazgir, Mahnaz Jafari Pages 569-587
    Introduction
    Atmospheric circulation patterns leads to different weather conditions and rainfall regime change is controlled by seasonal and irregular variations of atmospheric circulation pattern.
    Variety and climate change, such as drought and flood result in changes in the spatio-temporal of precipitation, one of the important parameters conditions mentioned, heterogeneity in moisture transmission and injection in the systems rainy of iran. One component of the atmospheric circulation of moisture transmission is the high pressure centers and the most important point is their location on the water's surface.
    Saudi Arabian high pressure is one of the main elements of the general circulation on the lower level of the atmosphere which affects climatic characteristics of the region. Therefore, the main aim of recent study was to investigate Saudi Arabian High Pressure circulation patterns and its impact on the moisture and precipitation by using cluster analysis.
    Materials And Methods
    In order to assess the role of Saudi Arabian high pressure patterns on the rainfall and moisture of Iran, the hourly data viz., 00, 06, 12 and 18 global standard geopotential height of 850 hPa for 11 years during the period 2000 to 2010 in the range of 30° to 80° longitude and 5° to 30° latitude with a spatial resolution of 1° * 1° of data re-analysis of the ERA interim center of Europe medium-term forecasts (ECMWF).
    By scripting in MATLAB software, use of cluster analysis to correlation method and performed Clustering Based on the threshold correlation coefficient of 0.5 and Initially obtained the 160 groups, in from which the greater number of days whose the higher correlation were more than 0.5 have been placed in one group.
    In the later steps to reduce the the group between correlation to less than the The correlation coefficient threshold, with calculation and integration of the average of any of days of the each cluster groups that has been made and the number of groups in each step using reiteration of operation were reduced and finally the 5 large pattern was obtained.
    In order to evaluate the resulting patterns all the days in each pattern were pulled out. Traced maps, the mean geopotential height, zonal and meridional component of the wind were obtained through the scripting GrADS software. In addition, rain and moisture advection based on the total days of each pattern on a large scale were maped and frequency of the monthly patterns were calculated as well.
    Results And Discussion
    In this study, 5 large patterns were detected such that 2 of them were rare patterns and 5 dominant patterns. The 4 patterns in the cold season and 1 pattern in the heat season have been more abundant. The second pattern of the cold season is the highest and most pervasive precipitation of iran, and fourth pattern are in second order. The Summer pattern is lowest rainfall pattern during the 11 years studied.
    The transfer and placement of center core of high pressure over the seas in the south of the country, especially over the Arabian Sea, With southwest flows the Many moisture injection into the country and Number of more seas are involved. It is clear that the moisture injection could be observed in, the second and fourth pattern of high precipitation and high pressure core with the stretching on the sea. Moreover, the exisrance of an trough 500 mb level over country has additional impact on the recent condition.
    The first and second patterns have less rainfall With the high pressure displacement to the Western and northern parts. In the warm season of the year with the expansion of the Ganges low pressure at the lower level and integration and expansion of the subtropical high pressure and Saudi Arabian high pressure at the higher levels over the country, And consequently reduction of the activity of this high pressure result in Sharply decrease of the amount of moisture and precipitation in the country. While there are other atmospheric systems in the higher latitudes Such as the blocking system and its link with Saudi Arabia high pressure behavior leads to specific situations that caused different precipitation conditions in various parts.
    Conclusion
    The results showed that the spatio-temporal behavior of Saudi Arabian high pressure such as east-west, north-south displacement and even center core stretching has very significant role in the infusion of moisture and consequently the precipitation over iran. The spatial distribution of precipitation in the country depends to the location, shape and area circulation of high pressure. Generally, the high pressure has more impact at cold season together with remarkable role in moisture and precipitation of iran. However, in the warm seasons the role of high pressure greatly reduced due to its integration with subtropical high pressure and transfer to the North over the country's and Increase air stability in the region.
    Keywords: Saudi Arabian High Pressure, Cluster analysis, Humidity Transfer, Geopotential Height
  • Somaiyeh Khaleghi, Leila Malekani Pages 589-605
    Introduction
    Flood is an inevitable natural phenomenon occurring from time to time in all rivers and natural drainage systems, which not only damages the lives, natural resources and environment, but also causes the loss of economy and health. So estimation and prediction flood hazard is very important spatially in the watersheds without measurement station. There are many models in the water and environmental studies which have been used for runoff and flood in the watersheds without measurement station. One of the newest is cellular automata that has been combined well with the GIS for simulation runoff and flood hazard. Cellular automata as a tool for modeling and simulation of processes taking place in the real world are now increasingly used, as evidenced by their use not only as a tool for creating simulations, but also by their use in areas of crisis management. Using GIS knowledge, it is possible to create cellular automata, which can appropriately and authentically reflect the water flow on the Earth’s surface. Cellular automata (CA) is a mathematical model that can be used for computation and simulation of the systems. In this method, the basin is defined with a network of the rectangular cells, and the interactions between the cells together with the geographic rules that govern the area result in the runoff modeling. This model relies on the GIS and satellite images. Cellular automata model uses various information such as digital elevation model (DEM), land use, hydrologic soil groups, rainfall, slope and etc for runoff estimation. In the present study, the runoff of the Chirchir catchment in East Azarbaijan province, Iran, has been modeled by means of the GIS-based cellular Automata.
    Materials And Methods
    In this study, GIS-based cellular automata were used to simulate flood in the Chirchir catchment in the northwest of Iran. CA models use several primary components including the cells arranged in a regular mosaic pattern (raster, grid), transition rules determining the changes in cell properties, neighborhood of the cell, and boundary conditions. These components affect the status of each individual cell in a network in a given time step. In this research, Chirchir catchment in East Azerbaijan province is modeled using cellular automata. First, SCS formula is used to predict the runoff in each cell. Map of hydrological soil groups of Chirchir catchment is determined by means of soil texture map, then land use and SHG maps are prepared for calculating the runoff curve number (CN) map for the normal conditions. Since the soil has dry moisture condition and the slope is greater than 5%, adjusted CN is calculated for dry antecedent moisture condition and catchment slope using the common relationship (Ponce and Hawkins, 1996; Hawkins et al., 2009). After reading the rainfall and the CN map for dry antecedent moisture condition, the runoff was calculated using the SCS equation. Then Kinematic wave model is used for flow depth in the cells and runoff production within each cell is simulated by determining the cell state (water surface elevation) that included both the cell altitude and the water depth. The distribution of water flow among cells was determined by applying CA transition rules based on conservation of energy and continuity equations. D8 algorithm is used to simulate flow direction during the calculation of the surface convergence. The procedures for channel network delineation are based on the D8 model for flow over a terrain surface represented by a grid DEM. In this model, a single flow direction in the direction of steepest slope towards one of the eight (cardinal and diagonal) grid cells neighboring is used to represent the flow field. Also for calculating flood hydrograph, travel time is calculated using flow length and flow velocity. So roughness coefficient and flow depth is used for flow velocity and then travel time map is obtained. Finally, Python programming language is used to estimating flow hydrograph due to simplicity, powerful and object-oriented programming language and supported with GIS.
    Results And Discussion
    Results show that the most area of the Chirchir catchment has pasture and type D soil hydrological group, so that it has very low permeability which means that a large amount of rainfall convert to runoff. Runoff depth is high in east and southeast of the Chirchir catchment due to physical characteristics and rainfall of the catchment but among these parameters, the slope was the most important parameter in the runoff generation. Also, map of the flood hazard shows that downstream river has high potential in flood hazard due to receiving water from upstream. Then, for simulation flood hydrograph, travel time was calculated using ratio between flow lengths to flow velocity. Flood hydrograph estimated for two events, 27/3/1388 and 12/3/1386 so that the computational runoff is very adapt to observational runoff. The correlation coefficient for two events (0.82 and 0.70) indicate the good accuracy of the model. Low error rates also indicated that the cellular automata model has the high efficiency to predict the flood peak and the time of its occurrence in the Chirchir catchment. The results of this study matches with the results of researchers such as Aboudagga (2005), Rinaldi et al. (2012) and Cirbus and Podhoranyi (2013). They stated that the use of cellular automata model with compared to the conventional methods that use GIS environment, has higher accuracy and capable to estimate flood hydrograph. Therefore, the use of cellular automata with GIS, not only speed up the calculation of runoff, but also increases the accuracy of the results.
    Conclusion
    Comparison of the results with the observation proves that the results are well accurate. Besides to the advantages of this method in simplicity and implementation of the realistic rules, this method is good at gaining the runoff data at any point of the basin besides to the exit point. Good agreement between the model output and the empirical measurements revealed that a CA approach can provide realistic results for a complex natural process like flood.
    Keywords: Cellular Automata, Chirchir Catchment, Flood Hazard, GIS
  • Ali Panahi Pages 607-625
    Introduction
    Air pollution as one of the most important technological risks of contemporary era is mainly resulted from the emergence of large cities and fast growing industries. One of the main objectives of climatic and environmental studies is to survey atmospheric pollutions. Tabriz is one of the metropolises where air pollution is a problem in it. Of course, what is essential regarding the severity of air pollution in the city of Tabriz is the function of atmospheric processes that act widely, in this case temperature inversion is one of the most important factors. Weather condition of each single day is affected by synoptic conditions therefore; sometimes it can result in stability and tranquility in the atmospheric conditions and due to the concentration of pollutants in lower atmospheric layers and the lack of or poor atmospheric motions, the severity of pollution increases. Given the importance of weather stability in the occurrence of atmospheric problems investigating the synoptic conditions of Tabriz city during critical air pollution periods and providing recommendations and preventive measures in this regard are of very essential importance. For this reason, the present article aims to investigate the cause of severe and periodic air pollutions in Tabriz.
    Materials And Methods
    The daily data of Tabriz pollution over a 6 year period (2008-2013) were the data of current study (CO, PM10) that were collected from the Department of Environmental Protection, East Azerbaijan Province. Among these data, four successive pollution periods along with temperature inversion were selected by EXCEL filtering software. Then the situation of pollutants regarding their healthiness and unhealthiness were studied using PSI index. Also in this article due to the direct effect of temperature inversion on intensity of pollutant concentrations and depth of temperature inversion, Skew-T maps used to determine the pollution periods of Tabriz. Then, according to the purpose of this study which was to identify synoptic systems affecting air pollution in Tabriz, to identify synoptic patterns that influence the amount of pollutants in polluted days to suspended particles; daily synoptic maps at ground level and 500 hp of pollutant days received from NCEP/NCAR and finally the synoptic patterns affecting sustainable and long-term periods of air pollution in Tabriz were investigated.
    Results And Discussion
    The study area is often influenced by synoptic patterns of mid-latitudes. The most important seasonal thermal systems that affects large sections of the country are Siberian high pressure and low pressure summer heat. During the cold season, Siberian high pressure is strengthened which can affect the frequency of large areas of Iran including Tabriz. In the most days of the year especially in cold season, due to shortness of the length of day and cold radiation at night, temperature inversion including radiation and subsidence can occur in cold seasons of the year. Also the local characteristics of area especially lack of high speed winds in seasons i.e. autumn and winter to reduce the intensity of inversion layer and concentration of pollutants has provided the situation for air pollution. When a high-pressure system constantly during successive days focuses on a special area the intensity of temperature inversion reaches its peak. Then with the arrival of a low pressure systems inversion fades away. In general, the main factor that reinforcing inversion in high temperature is due to the continuity of high- pressure systems which can cause long-term pollutions.
    Conclusion
    In present study investigated the atmospheric patterns affecting air pollution in Tabriz during the statistical period of (2008-2013). The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between sea level and 500 hPa synoptic patterns with temperature inversion and prolonged periods of pollution. The results showed that the concentration of pollutants in most days was due to the intensity inversion layer in a way that when the intensity of temperature inversion reaches more than 5°C has the greatest impact on increasing the concentration of pollutants in all investigated periods. The findings also indicated a strong correlation between the function of strong and weak inversion layers with low pressure and high pressure systems in a way that strong inversion layer is always associated with high pressure systems. Results indicates that the Siberian high pressure has a significant role in the occurrence of pollutions in Tabriz city of and the mentioned circulation system in more than half of the studied days can cause the formation of high concentration of pollution in Tabriz. This synoptic system due to the establishment of cold weather on the Zagros and the combination of high pressure developed in the Zagros Mountains has created strong pressure. Of course, this system is more powerful when in middle levels of atmosphere in all phases the high altitude was 500 hPa level along with the stack system stack and stack based in the region have developed and intensified the high pressure on the ground and caused the stability of clear weather and also caused the formation of a strong inversion layer and increase the concentration of suspended particles in the atmosphere of the city of Tabriz.
    Keywords: Air Pollution, Synoptic Patterns, Temperature Inversion, High Pressure System, Tabriz
  • Mohsen Ghaderpour, Hirad Abghari, Hossein Tabari Pages 627-643
    Recent global warming has led to a change in the global hydrological cycle and an increase in extreme events such as flood and drought at the global and continental scales. However, at the regional scale, the magnitude of warming and the resulting changes in water resources are different from one region to another. Unlike air temperature whose increase is evident throughout the world, there is no unique and defined pattern for global precipitation changes. In recent years, climatic changes and precipitation decrease and thereby the decrease in the Lake Urmia water level and extension of salt flats near the lake have caused many adverse environmental and economic effects. This necessitates the analysis of precipitation changes as the main input of the lake and one of the possible reasons for the water level decrease. Most of the previous studies on precipitation trends have been performed using data from sparse synoptic stations. Therefore, this study analyzed precipitation time series from a dense raingauge network in the Urmia Lake basin at the annual and seasonal scales.
    Materials And Methods
    The Mann-Kendall test is one of the most common non-parametric test for trend analysis of hydrological and meteorological variables. The main advantage of this test is that it doesn’t need the data to be normally distributed. The Z statistic of the Mann-Kendall test for different series can be summed in the framework of a multivariate Mann-Kendall test. The multivariate Mann-Kendall test was used in this study for trend detection in the precipitation time series in the study area. The non-parametric Theil-Sen method was also applied for estimation of the trend magnitude. The existence of serial correlation in hydro-meteorological time series is one of the difficulties of performing a meaningful trend analysis. The effect of serial correlation in the precipitation time series on the trend results was limited in this study. After analyzing the trends using the aforementioned methods, the results were shown on interpolation maps prepared by the Inverse distance weighting (IDW) method in the ArcGIS environment.
    Results And Discussion
    The analysis of the annual precipitation time series using the multivariate Mann-Kendall test showed that most of the stations had an increasing trend. The Z statistic of the multivariate Mann-Kendall test detected that all of the significant precipitation trends were found to be increasing. The precipitation decrease of 30% was observed in the central, eastern and southern parts of the basin, while in the western, northeastern, southwestern and most eastern parts an increase in precipitation was found. Most of the spring precipitation trends (about 60% of the stations) were found to be decreasing. Based on the results of the statistical tests, almost all of the decreasing trends in spring were statistically insignificant. The only significant (increasing) trend at the 95% confidence level was detected at Tamr station. For summer precipitation, the number of increasing trends was very larger than that of decreasing trends. Nevertheless, only nine stations showed a significant increasing trend in summer precipitation. According to the obtained results, there was a good agreement between the trend results of spring and autumn precipitation. The autumn precipitation time series revealed a decreasing trend at 33 out of the 37 study stations and an increasing trend for the remaining stations. The decreasing trends were found to be significant only at five stations, whereas the increasing trends were not statistically significant. For winter precipitation, an increasing (decreasing) trend was observed at 23 (14) stations. The statistical analysis confirmed the significance of only four increasing trends, while the decreasing trends were not significant.
    Conclusion
    In this research, the multivariate Mann-Kendall test and the Theil-Sen approach were used to detect spatial and temporal trends in precipitation at 37 stations in the Lake Urmia basin at the annual and seasonal scales. The results showed an increasing trend in annual precipitation at 54% of the stations. Seasonal and monthly trends provided a more detailed picture on temporal changes in precipitation time series at the basin. The majority of the trends in spring precipitation at the surveyed stations were found to be decreasing. The spring precipitation decrease in the southern part of the basin (between 20% and 30% or more) was more noticeable compared with the eastern part. As for the summer season, precipitation increased during the last 3 decades from 10% in the west to 20-30% in the east and south of the region. It is worthwhile to note that, the obtained significant trends in summer precipitation series is not so reliable due to the existence of numerous zero values in these series in the study region. In the case of autumn precipitation, a decreasing trend was observed in the whole basin, ranging from 10% in the south to more than 30% in the eastern part of the lake. Winter precipitation had a moderate slope in most of the basin, with a slight decrease in the east and central parts.
    Keywords: Precipitation, Statistical tests, Lake Urmia basin, Regional trend, Trend magnitude
  • Abazar Esmali Ouri, Mohammad Golshan, Keyvan Khorrami Pages 645-659
    Introduction

    Water resources management in arid and semi-arid areas is very important to provide of water for stakeholders. In recent decades, construction of underground dams have been considered, because of its advantages. These dams have many advantages, e.g., unlike a surface dam, land is not submerged to store water and there is no danger of breaching due to natural or manmade disasters. The surface area can be used in the same way both before and after construction of the underground dam. A subsurface dam is a facility that stores groundwater in the pores of strata and uses groundwater in a sustainable way. Underground dams are used for various purposes such as preventing of combining salt water and fresh water, reserve water for management using and creating an obstacle against of influencing waters to structures. The water gathered in subsurface dams is good quality for drinking, as it has been filtered by the sand and is stored underground away from contamination. The aim of this research has been to identify areas suitable for underground dam construction, so that in these areas there is no limit to the underground dam and then appropriate priorities in these areas.

    Materials And Methods

    Doostbeigloo watershed with an area of 7461 square kilometers is located in the Ardebil province (North Western Iran). In this research, we consider several criteria for suitable site selection of underground dams in watershed, including: topography, hydrography, hydrogeology, geology and land use. These factors were used to initial mapping suitable regions for underground dam construction. Firstly, for this purpose were used Boolean logic and fuzzy logic models. Then, using the analytical hierarchy process to priorities suitable axes in appropriate areas for underground dam construction.
    Boolean logic: Boolean (logic) algebra is the branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively, 1 for suitable areas and 0 for unsuitable areas. The maps of different factors that involved in locating underground dam, in the GIS environment were combined using Boolean logic. Therefore, the map of suitable areas for underground dam construction was created.
    Fuzzy logic: In a Fuzzy logic the weighted of layers is between zero to one, which gives more data than Boolean method. This method defined as Fuzzy AHP in many studies. In this research with regarding donned studies was used of 0.9 fuzzy gamma operator in order to locating suitable areas for underground dam construction.
    Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

    Method

    The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, it provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, for representing and quantifying its elements. In this step after determining the suitable areas for underground dam construction, AHP method was used for prioritization of appropriate axes. The AHP method is based on analysis, binary compression, summarizing, prioritizing and selection among alternatives. After determining the subject, it’s divided to many criteria, and many various sub criteria. In this method assessment the selecting criteria, performed with consistency index (C.I). Based on previous studies the (C.I) must be less than 0.1value.

    Results And Discussion

    The extracted results showed that, areas in the southeast and northwest are unrestricted for underground dam construction. Locating underground dam with using Boolean logic and Fuzzy logic showed that suitable area in 3 stream rank are more than other stream ranks that is accordance with previous studies. The compatibility rate value for AHP method was obtained 0.03 that this rate in AHP method is acceptable value. The results from prioritizing of selected dams in this area showed that water criteria is the most important factor to prioritize the proposed axis. The water quantity and quality criteria with 0.11 and 0.104 weights, respectively have highest important than other criteria. The 9 number axis located in Meshgin shahr plain and 30, 33 and 34 number axis in Ardabil plain have prioritize than other axis.

    Conclusion

    Construction of underground dam and using of surface runoff is an appropriate way to secure and expand water supplies. The Boolean logic and Fuzzy logic showed suitable areas for construction of underground dams with acceptable accuracy and between these methods the Fuzzy logic model showed higher performance than Boolean logic method. With using of AHP method, determined the axis that have more prioritize for performing underground dam than other axis. Can be said that using GIS and satellite images to locate underground dams have a significant impact, because the maps are produced in this process can be used at a later stage and as an executive guide map for underground dam construction to be considered. Thus, with utilization of this methods we can showing suitable areas and axis for underground dam construction in the Doostbeigloo Watershed.

    Keywords: AHP, Boolean logic, Fuzzy logic, Site selection, Underground dam
  • Vahid Amini Parsa, Athare Nejadi Pages 661-674
    Introduction
    Land use and land cover change (LUCC) is a complex issue resulted from biophysical, socio-economic, cultural, organizational and technological factors in different spatial and temporal scales. LUCC considered as an important threat to biodiversity as causing the fragmentation, natural vegetation destruction and natural areas isolation The regions which managed by environmental protection organizations all over the world established based on a common goal of maintaining biodiversity. Current insufficient preservative and management actions in protected areas (especially in Iran) is unable to guarantee the areas protection. So analyzing previous and current land use and land cover (LULC) status and predicting the future pattern within and surrounding the protected are likely to provide more efficient information for proper natural resources management. RS data is cost effective means to detect changes on the Earth's surface and provide up to date information. Over the last decades, several methods and models developed for extracting LULC maps, detecting LUCCs and modelling the future pattern using remotely sensed data. The objective of this study is to analyze spatiotemporal patterns of LUCC from the past to the future within Dizmar protected area in Iran. Firstly, LULC maps of 1989, 2000 and 2013 were extracted and then future LULC was predicted using CA- Markov models from 2013 to 2037.
    Study area: Dizmar protected area is a mountainous- forested region located in the north of Eastern Azerbaijan province, Iran. It lies within between the 41◦38' to 57◦38' N and 18◦40' to 46◦40' E with total area about 68576 ha. Its connections to Kiamaky nature reserve in the west, Arasbaran protected area in the east, the national park of Zagatay (in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Armenia) in the north, makes it to be considered as an important wildlife corridor locally, nationally and internationally. It is home to 849 plant species (76 of them endemic) and about 320 species of wildlife (such as Tetrao mlokosiewiczi placed in the IUCN list of globally threatened species). This protected area was faced with extra pressure on natural sources causes LUCC.
    Materials And Methods
    This study used Landsat satellite images (1989, 2000 and 2013) to extract LULC maps. After preprocessing step (such as image enhancement using Histogram Equalization) unsupervised classification was done. Then the supervised classification was performed using the Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) based on signatures file (generated from ground reference data that gathered in field survey) for each of the images separately. Three LULC categories were extracted from TM, ETM, and OLI images. Stratified random method in ERDAS Imagine 2013 used to assess the accuracy of each obtained maps. CA-Markov model was applied to project LULC in the study area for 2037. Validating the LULC prediction model carried out using KIA (Kappa Agreement Index). LUCCs during studied timespans was calculated using the cross tabulation technique in Idirisi Selva environment.
    Results And Discussion
    The distribution, coverage and percentage of major LULC types (classified as agricultural land, barren/range land and forestland) for 1989, 2000 and 2013 shown in Figure 1 and Table 1.
    The overall classification accuracy of each map for 1989, 2000 and 2013 estimated to be 89%, 90% and 91% respectively. The Kappa values also yield 0.81, 0.84 and 0.88 respectively. The main types of LULC was forestland (with 62.20% and 54.30% of the total area) from 1989 to 2000 but it changed to barren/range land in 2013 (52.53% of the total area) (see Figure 2).
    Results show the reduction in forestland between 1989 and 2013. Subsequently, agricultural land increased from 0.72% in 1989 to 2.14% in 2013 due to the fact that the traditional livelihood remains farming.
    The projected land use map by the CA-Markov model (Figure 1) indicates that if the current management continues, barren/range land and agricultural land reach to 62.03% and 3.22% of the total area at the expense of decreasing forestland area to 34.73% by 2030 (Figure 2). In order to validate the CA-Markov model outputs the VALIDATE module existing in the IDRISI Selva was used. This done by comparing simulated land use maps of 2013 with the actual ones based on Kappa statistics. Resulting Kappa values (Kno= 0.9295, Kstandard= 0.918, KlocationStrata= 0.9273 and Klocation= 0.9273) were all well above 0.9 showing a satisfactory level of accuracy.
    The area of 701.46 ha have been deforested and became changed to agricultural land during 1989 to 2013. The amount of deforestation will be 521.19 ha by 2013. On the contrary, only 5.22 ha will be forested by transformation of barren/range land during 2013-2037 (Table 2).
    Conclusions
    LUCC within and surrounding protected areas probably continue to be expanded and intensified. Monitoring and projecting these changes can play key roles to prevent negative consequences of the changes by providing up to date information to planners and managers. This study shows the important role of LUCCs analyzing and modeling to provide proper information for the protected area management. We applied dynamic approach to analyze LUCCs by analyzing previous and current LULC maps and predicting the future trends. The results indicate the high capability of CA-Markov model to predict future LUCC in the study area. So it can be useful in the protected area's land use policy and action design. Indeed, between 1989 and 2013, there has been a notable reduction in forestland and it was predicted continual reduction over the next 24 years. Agricultural land has been steady in increment during 1989-2013 and this trend continues by 2037. Expansion of agricultural land and barren/range land in the study area has led to rapid changes in landscape dynamics. So it is recommended to create and strengthen non-farm/off-farm income. Adoption of agricultural policy based on the agroecological condition of the Dizmar protected area is important. Considering and analyzing other factors such as land capability, stakeholders and LUCC drivers along with the obtained results can be useful in proper LULC planning and management. Land resources especially forest resources development, use and protection strategies need to be revised to overcome the current deterioration and avoid further extinction of remnant forest within the study area.
    Keywords: CA, Markov, Change detection, Deforestation, Protected areas, Arasbaran region
  • Khalilollah Beik Mohammadi, Nasrin Beik Mohammadi, Reza Nazari, Arshad, Mehdi Heidari Pages 675-694
    Introduction
    Present research is a wide reflection of coordination of archeology and geography based on different geographical components to examine the geography role in forming human communities with the wide view and to introduce catcher of its role in absorbing and non-absorbing primary societies. The emergence concept of primary societies should be analyzed based on geography that from this perspective, geography of eastern bank plain of Alvand is less considered that includes large area of Hamadan province with different mountain plains and basins surrounded in different bumps and folds such as: Hamadan–Bahar, Ghahavand, Kaboudrahang and Razan-Famenin plains to Avaj mountains. By deep study of Alvand eastern bank, two factors, placing this basin in the cold and dry geography with respect to its height degree from the sea level (1500 to 2000 m) and also lack of source and mines of raw material outcrops (ChertStone) for supplying tool industry in periods of primary societies (Paleolithic to Neolithic), are the most important factors of non-absorbing settlement of human primary societies in this basin that explained in the following.
    Materials And Methods
    Present research is descriptive-analytical based on two library and field method, so that it has explained climate and geography of eastern Central Zagros and Alvand Eastern bank based on written sources left by travelers, historians and geographers and then addressed on geographical studies and classifications explained by contemporary researchers of geography and in the field studies area, addressed analysis of ecosystem and natural geography of Alvand Eastern bank plains and its role in non-absorbing habitats of human primary societies based on field findings of the plains archeology by examining types of geography and consequences of environmental conditions with a view to the vegetation, animal coverage and its role in forming primary deployments climate and natural environments understanding of Alvand Eastern banks from the perspective of geomorphology and ecosystem in non-absorbing primary deployments in answer to these questions: What is the role of geography in archeology studies? What is effect of natural geography of Alvand Eastern bank plains on absorbing and non-absorbing human primary society deployments?
    Results And Discussion
    The most obvious feature of Central Zagros heights is their wrinkle and being tattered, apparent conformity of geological structure and ripples form are seen as a large number of parallel northwest-southeast mountain ranges. Alvand Eastern bank is studied as a part of natural and cultural basin of “East Central Zagros” in archeology literature. Alvand mountain range in its north- west to south-east direction acts as a natural limiting factor and in political classifications in two western and eastern basins acts as a buffer zone between Central Plateau and Central Zagros and created the connected plains in its eastern bank (east and northeast) and is among the condensation plains and is granite formation from the geomorphological perspective that formation of caves and Karstic shelters is not possible in it. Generally, weather of Alvand Eastern bank is variable despite of high mountains, rivers, abundant spring and ups and downs. So, air of this basin has cold winters (similar to weather of Younger Dryas) with low water and moderate summers. So, it has not favorable conditions for presence of human primary societies (Paleolithic and Neolithic), because, yet, despite of archeology studies carried out in the set limit of Alvand Eastern bank plains, no reporting is obtained about deployments of Paleolithic and Neolithic. With respect to the life style based on hunting and deployment of the human in the cave and natural shelters, Alvand Eastern bank plains ecosystem and natural geography has not environmental conditions of human primary societies and findings of archeology have introduced formation of human primary societies in this basin from Bronze Age.
    Conclusion
    Present research results are concluded in two main and basic points by geographical examining and analyzing of Alvand Eastern bank by archeological approach. First, from ecosystem perspectives (vegetation and fauna); any region has deep dependence to the natural geography and its weather and base on conducted examination and study, the most important factor of non-absorption is the climate weakness and impropriate geography of natural environment in Alvand Eastern bank whit high height degree of the region that the plains of the basin show higher than 1500 m from the sea level (average height 1700 m from sea level) this bank has the slope and mountains that are factor on the lack of natural environment and plain and unfavorable lands for agriculture (Especially in Neolithic Age). In addition to above points, regions of Alvand Eastern bank with respect to its cold and dry climate (Similar to Weather of Younger Dryas) have low capabilities for forming Pre-Neolithic and Neolithicdeployment. Second, from geomorphology perspective (Geomorphological Formation) type of most plains of the research, especially Alvand mountain range unlike high Zagros is Granite formations in which it is impossible to from caves and Karstic shelter. So, if deployment of the human groups, least in the form of seasonal in the region, it should be in the open place that most of places are completely covered due to young sediment of the late Pleistocene and Holocene period. Also, in relation to the lack of the deployments from Neolithic periods in the high plains of Eastern bank of Alvand and with respect to the height, it has high frigidity and more cold duration. So, it is impossible to deploy human life and use of its resources until Chalcolithic periods and progress in the architectural technique to overcome living conditions. This is only took place from Chalcolithic periods to the next. Therefore, this reason is the effective factor for the lack of deployment of Pre-Neolithic and Neolithic periods. From the raw materials of stone industrial, presence of mineralogical composition and locating Eastern bank of Alvand and large part of Hamadan province in "Iranid" region (and absence of outcrops of Cherty Stone) have caused lack of law materials for producing required tools of stone industrial of stone communities (Paleolithic and Neolithic) which this problem has also been important reason in the absence of primitive human communities.
    Keywords: Archaeological Studies, Eastern Bank of Alvand, Geography, Primitive Communities