نشریه دانش آب و خاک
سال بیست و سوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1392)

In this research work qualitative land suitability evaluation was carried out for sugarbeet، onion and sufflower at Karkaj Research Station which is located at 12 kilometers distance from the East of Tabriz. Soil and climate data were collected from11 soil profiles at research farms and Khalat Poushan climatological Station، respectively. Sugar beet، onion and sufflower growth of landscape، soil and climate requirements were determined using Sys et al tables and qualitative suitability classification of this crops were done by simple limitation and parametric square root methods. The results showed that the study area climate was highly suitable for onion and sufflower and moderately suitable for sugarbeet. Therefore determination of final suitability classes depend on soil، land properties، cultivation and management. Based on simple limitation method moderately (S2) and marginally (S3) suitable areas are 9 and 91 % for sugarbeet respectively. In the area 18، 45. 45، 18. 2 and 18. 35% are moderately (S2)، marginally (S3)، conditionally (N1) and permanently (N2) unsuitable for onion respectively. Also 82 and 18% of the study area are marginally suitable (S3) and permanently unsuitable (N2) for sufflower respectively. In square root parametric method، 45. 45% of the area S3 and the remain area (54. 55%) are unsuitable (N) for sugarbeet and 18. 2% of area S2، 45. 45% S3 and 36. 35% are N for onion، but 45. 45% of area S3 and 54. 54% are N for sufflower. According to the obtained results climate is highly suitable for onion and sufflower and moderately suitable for sugarbeet. In addition، pH and %OC are also important limiting factors in the area.

Penetration resistance (PR) is a highly variabe soil property and there is no accurate and representative PR data in most databases. On the other hand، direct measurement of the PR is costly and expensive. The objective of this study was prediction of PR from easily available soil properties using pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Fifty three soil samples were taken from dominant soil series of Hamadan province. Particle، macro and micro aggregate size distributions، water content and bulk density were measured in the laboratory. PR and soil structural qualitative parameters were measured in the field. In the first regression model، bulk density and water content as conventional predictors of PR were introduced to the model. Then، soil structural qualitative parameters (aggregates shape، type and size)، primary particle، micro and macro aggregate size distribution fractal parameters were introduced to the models to predict PR. Finally the improvement of PR prediction using various developed PTFs were evaluated by the statistical indices as R2، R2adj، root mean square error، Akaike information criterion and relative improvement. The results showed that using fractal parameters as predictors along with the conventional predictors significantly improved the accuracy and reliability of the models. Using soil structural qualitative parameters along with fractal parameters of particle size distribution may significantly improve the PR predictions.

Soil and water contamination by oil is one of the great environmental concerns. Bioremediation is one of principal strategies for remediation، wherein the pollutants can be removed by use of microorganism or any biological process that uses native or exogenous microorganisms. According to the positive role of Pseudomonas genus in bioremediation، in this study the potential of two Pseudomonad bacteria، including Peudomonas fluorescens CHAO، P. putida P13 and a non-Pseudomonad Pantoea agglomerans as hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria were estimated in presence of three compounds including gas oil (2%)، toluene (1%) and phenanthrene (0. 05%). Bacterial inoculum containing 108 cfu/ml was used in plate and liquid assays، which were performed in factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed that in CFMM plate assay، diameter of colony is not affected by any of bacterial isolates and compounds. In broth assay، P. putida P13 and P. fluorescence CHAO had similar behavior in the presence of Gas oil، toluene and phenanthrene and trend of bacterial growth was the same at different times، while with P. agglomerans P5 the lowest number of bacteria was achieved. Among three compounds the highest degradability was recorded to the gas oil، followed by phenanthrene and toluene. The ability of bacteria in degradation of oil-compounds increased by increasing time of incubation. To conclude، this study suggests the potential use of two Pseudomonas isolates for bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated environments especially with aliphatic hydrocarbon.

Numerical simulation of the groundwater flow in order to hydraulic and hydrologic parameters estimation is an important tool for management of aquifers. This study presents results of a mathematical model developed for simulation of groundwater flow in Nahavand plain aquifer in southwest of Hamedan province. For this purpose Groundwater Modeling Software (GMS) was used which supports the MODFLOW-2000 code. After gathering required data same as hydrological، hydrogeological data and topography maps، first 3D hydrogeological model of plain was constructed using boreholes and surface elevation data. Then MODFLOW was used for simulation of flow. After initial simulation of flow، model was calibrated in steady state with trial-and-error and parameter estimation methods and groundwater table monitoring data. Results of calibration show that error between observed head and computed head is in allowable range (±20m). Also results of computed head with model show that groundwater flow is in direct of dominant slope (southeast to northwest). Finally MODPATH code which simulates advective transport of particles was used for estimation of flow path and source of contaminants.

It has been shown that accumulative form of gypsum is influenced by evolution and from micromorphological point of view، gypsic horizons have different trend of evolution and various geomorphologic surface. The purpose of this research work is to study gypsum formation on two landforms of pediment and flood plain in south of Ahar. Undisturbed samples from soils of both landforms were Processed at thin section preparations for gypsum pedofeature identification with a polarize microscope. The results showed more evidence of soil development on pediment as compared with flood plain. Continuous gypsum infillings، consisting of large gypsum crystals، high degree of weathering of primary minerals and plant residues، and evidences for polygenesis were among important indication for long soil pedological processes. Gypsum in both land forms is pedogenic، with large euhedral crystals in pediment and fine euhedral and subhedral crystals in flood plain.

By performing a series of laboratory tests، different landfill barrier layers alternatives (liners) were investigated. The selected liner materials were tested for molecular diffusive transport and the diffusion coefficient of chloride ion was determined. Three liner alternatives comprising of clay over silt، geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) over silt، and GCL over clay over silt، were evaluated using laboratory models and under chloride ion advective-diffusive transport. Using the chloride diffusion coefficients obtained in the laboratory and the models downward flow velocity، the observed advective-diffusive transport of chloride ion was evaluated against the predicted transport by theoretical model in three landfill liner alternatives. They were then compared as an effective and suitable liner to decrease contaminant transport in the landfill. The comparison of observed and predicted concentrations showed that there is a good agreement between the two and the theoretical model is capable to predict the behavior of the experimental models. The comparison of the observed concentrations in the simulated ground water underneath the modeled liners showed that for the prevailed test conditions in this study، all three selected liners are good barriers in terms of controlling contaminant transport and there is no significant difference between them، and all possess similar performance.

Water is the main stimulus factor for farming in the world. In spite of the limitation of the water resources in most areas، reports claim that agricultural activities allocates 70 percent of the used water on the world; therefore، the top responsible people in this economic field should consider finding ways and methods of adjusting and utilizing water consumption. Quite obviously، being well aware of the problems of water resources management and presenting the effective solutions may be an effective step forward to improve the management of water resources and consequently develops sustainable agriculture. For this purpose، the basis and mechanism of agricultural water management in Tabriz plain as one of the most important areas of farming in East Azarbaijan is being studied. In this study، first problems and effective factors in agricultural water management were classified. At the second stage، management indices of agricultural water were recognized. To reduce the number of indices smaller than the fundamental mechanisms and effective indices، factor analysis has been used. According to experts opinion، the imbalance between the operating wells and the area of the fields under cultivation، salinity of the groundwater due to irregular usage of this resource and drawdown of groundwater are known as the first three prior problems of agricultural water management of the region. Also، according to the viewpoints of the farmers، drawdown of groundwater، unawareness of the farmers of the importance of the groundwater and reduction of average discharge of the wells are the first three prior problems of the agricultural water management in the region. The results indicated that 61 percent of the variance of the total water management indices has been defined by factors of surface and ground water. Therefore، reducing water extracted from the wells and optimum use of surface water for extending irrigated farms will be effective in water resources management of the region.

In this research، an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)، was adapted to model the hydraulic jump surface profile of the stilling basin with convergent wall. More than 1500 experimental data on depths of hydraulic jumps for basins of rectangular sections with 2. 7%، 4%، 5. 3% converged walls، were used. In developing ANN، 10 configurations، each having different number of hidden layers and/or neurons، were investigated. In each case، a configuration with attained the highest R2 value was selected as the optimal model. For stilling basin with convergent wall، the best ANN model for hydraulic jump profile was obtained with a 5-3-1 configuration، having 15 neuron in each of hidden layer and R2 =0. 999. High values of R2 obtained in all cases، suggesting a close agreement between the ANN،s output variable and the experimental data

Heavy metals have adverse effects on soil microbial ecology. Impact of heavy metals on microbial populations has been investigated worldwide. In this study، some microbial indices were determined to evaluate the negative effects of lead on soil health during the six-month incubation of soil with different levels of lead. Lead was added to the soil at rates of 0، 100، 200، 300، 400 and 500 mgkg-1 as Pb (NO3) 2. Microbial biomass carbon، basal respiration، substrate induced respiration and two ecophysiological indices (metabolic quotient and microbial quotient) were measured as the most sensitive biological indices of soil against the pollutant after incubation times of 3، 15، 30، 90 and 180 days. In initial days of incubation and in low levels of lead، substrate induced respiration was increased. But this index was decreased by the increment of lead pollution level. By increasing the incubation time، low levels of lead also decreased substrate induced respiration. At 180 days of incubation despite of decreasing in available carbon sources، increment in some of indices such as microbial respiration and microbial biomass carbon were observed as a result of community tolerance induction. Based on our results، Pb concentration range of 100-300 mgPbkg-1 soil can be considered as critical range of Pb for quality indices in this soil at which negative effect was markedly observed.

To evaluate the effect of phosphorus biofertilizers on soil phosphorus availability، yield and phosphorus absorption of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Savalan، a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Agricultural Research Center of Hamedan during 2009. Treatments were included: (1) control; (2) 100 kg ha-1 triple super phosphate (TSP)، (3) 200 kg ha-1 TSP; (4) 300 kg ha-1 Golden Biophosphate + 3600 g ha-1 of Thiobacillus; (5) 100 kg ha-1 + treatment four; (6) 300 kg ha-1 Golden Biophosphate and 7200 g ha-1 Thiobacillus; (7) 100 kg ha-1 TSP + treatment six; (8) 5 Lha-1 Biophosphor inoculation (BIS) (Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus); (9) 5 Lha-1 of BIS and 100 kg ha-1 TSP; (10) 10 Lha-1 of BIS and (11) 10 Lha-1 of BIS and 100 kg ha-1 TSP. The results showed that maximum P concentration in tuber (0. 284%)، available phosphorus of soil (26. 6 mg/kg) and yield (67083 kg ha-1) and minimum of soil pH (7. 8) were obtained with 100kg ha-1 TSP and 300 kg ha-1golden biophosphat and 7200 g ha-1 in Thiobacillus treatment. Also 100 kg ha-1 TSP and 300 kg ha-1 golden biophosphat plus 3600 g ha-1 Thiobacillus treatment had highest P concentration of leaves (0. 3 %)، dry matter of tuber (24 %) and stem height (82 cm). Lowest amount of yield، tuber، leaves and soil phosphorus and stem height and highest rate of soil pH (8. 26) was resulted in control treatment. In general، to achieve the optimum growth of potato in similar soils، application of 100 kg ha-1 TSP and 300 kg ha-1 golden biophosphat plus 3600 g ha-1 Thiobacillus could be recommended.

Evapotranspiration، as a major component of the hydrologic cycle، is important in water resources development and irrigation planning. This paper aimed at investigating the abilities of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to estimate daily reference evapotranspiration (ET0). The daily climatic variables such as air temperature، relative humidity، wind speed and solar radiation from two weather stations (Salvatierra and Zambrana) in Spain equipped with electronic sensors for collecting of climatic data، were used as inputs to the Neuro-Fuzzy model to estimate ET0. Comparisons were made among the estimates provided by the ANFIS، Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and following the empirical models: Hagreaves – Samani، Ritchie، Makkink and Turc. The comparisons revealed that the ANFIS models (with RMSE between 0. 276-0. 437 mm) could be employed successfully in modeling evapotranspiration process. The ANNs (with RMSE between 0. 298-12. 5 mm) were also found to perform better than the empirical models in this regard.

The effects of organic and nitrogen fertilizers on water use efficiency, yield and growth characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Alvand) with the aim of optimum using of chemical and organic fertilizers for achieving sustainable agriculture, were studied in a randomized complete blocks design with 15 treatments and three replicates at field conditions in Agricultural Research Station of University of Tabriz. The treatments included: control (without manure and nitrogen application), 150 kg urea/ha, 300 kg urea/ha, 30 ton sewage sludge/ha, 60 ton sewage sludge/ha, 30 ton municipal compost/ha, 60 ton municipal compost/ha, 30 ton manure/ha, 60 ton manure/ha, 30 ton sewage sludge + 150 kg urea/ha, 60 ton sewage sludge + 150 kg urea/ha, 30 ton municipal compost + 150 kg urea/ha, 60 ton municipal compost + 150 kg urea/ha, 30 ton manure + 150 kg urea/ha and 60 ton manure + 150 kg urea/ha. The chlorophyll index was determined in the middle of growth period. The grain yield, biological yield, plant height, stem diameter, number of spikes per square meter, grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, spike length, leaf number per plant were measured at the end of plant growth period. The results showed that application of 150 and 300 kg urea/ha increased the grain yield, biological yield, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number per plant, chlorophyll index and water use efficiency while it had no significant effect on grain number per spike, number of spikelet per spike, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index. Application of animal manure, municipal compost and sewage sludge increased the most of agronomic characteristics of wheat except spikes number per square meter and number of spikelet per spike. By increasing the level of organic fertilizer from 30 to 60 t/ha, the stem diameter and chlorophyll index increased significantly but other studied characteristics did not change significantly. Integrated use of organic fertilizers (manure or municipal compost or sewage sludge) with nitrogen fertilizer (urea) increased grain yield, biological yield, chlorophyll index and water use efficiency of wheat compared to the control and the use of nitrogen and organic fertilizers alone. The highest grain yield and biological yield were observed in 60 ton manure + 150 kg urea/ha treatment. In general, in order to decrease nitrogen fertilizers, to increase wheat yield and quality, application of 150 kg urea and 60 ton manure or municipal compost or sewage sludge per hectare can be recommended at similar conditions.

Scouring is a type of local erosion that usually occurs downstream of most of hydraulic structures and around any obstacles in rivers. This phenomenon can be intensified at the river bend due to occurrence of secondary flow in comparison with straight channels، so attention to the erosion and its control and mitigation at this part of river is very important. Using riprap is one of the usual methods to protect river banks and bed against erosion. In this research، the riprap placement level at a bridge abutment site located at a 90 degree river bend was investigated. This research was carried out to observe and analyze the riprap behavior with various specific gravities and sizes and three different riprap placement levels namely، the same، upper and lower than river bed sediments level. Three different types of riprap with specific gravities of 1. 51، 2. 05 and 2. 65 and four different sizes of 4. 75، 9. 52، 12. 7 and 19. 05 millimeters were also utilized. The results show that the riprap placed at the bed level has the most stability، and the riprap placed above the bed has the lowest stability.

In this research، the effects of salinity and soil waterlogging on the concentrations of Fe، Cu، Zn and Mn in forage corn (Zea mays cv. single cross 704) shoot and root were studied in greenhouse conditions. A factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized design with three replications was performed. The experimental factors were duration of waterlogging in five levels (0، 2، 4، 8، 20 days) and soil saturated extract electrical conductivity (EC) in four levels (0. 11، 2، 4، 8 dS/m). A loamy sand soil for plant growth substrate and NaCl salt for establishing the levels of salinity were used. The salinity and waterlogging factors imposed simultaneously at the five-leaf stage of plant growth. The plants were harvested after 60 days of growth and the concentrations of Fe، Cu، Zn and Mn in shoot and root were determined. The results showed that under non-waterlogged conditions، by addition of NaCl salt، the concentrations of Fe، Cu and Mn in shoot and those of Fe، Cu and Zn in root were decreased but that of Zn in shoot was increased; while the root concentration of Mn did not change significantly. Under waterlogged conditions، the effect of NaCl addition on the concentrations of Fe، Cu، Zn and Mn in shoot and root was dependent on the duration of soil waterlogging. Without NaCl addition، the shoot concentrations of Fe، Cu and Mn and the root concentrations of Fe، Cu and Zn were lower under waterlogged conditions than non-waterlogged conditions، while the concentration of Zn in shoot and that of Mn in root under waterlogged conditions were not significantly different from non-waterlogged conditions. At NaCl added conditions، the effect of the duration of soil waterlogging on the concentrations of Fe، Cu، Zn and Mn in shoot and root was dependent on the salinity level. The corn plant accumulated Zn in shoot under saline conditions (4 and 8 dS/m) and in root under non-saline conditions (0. 11 and 2 dS/m). The Zn concentration of shoot was greater than that of root under waterlogged and non-waterlogged conditions. In all studied conditions، the corn plant accumulated Fe، Cu and Mn in root. The results demonstrated that even short periods of soil waterlogging had significant effect on the Fe، Cu، Zn and Mn concentrations of shoot and root of forage corn.

Phytoremediation، the use of plants in association with microorganisms for remediation of contaminated sites، is a promising technique for reclamation of heavy metals contaminated soils. In this research the role of selected species of Glomus (G. intraradices، G. mosseae و G. fasciculatum) and Pseudomonas (P. putida، P. fluorescens و P. aeruginosa) in phytoremediation of soil Pb contamination by Hyoscyamus (Hyoscyamus niger) was investigated. This study was carried out in greenhouse condition as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with two factors including Pb concentration (in four levels) and microbial treatment (in three levels) and in three replications under greenhouse conditions. A soil sample was spiked uniformly with Pb-nitrate salt to create different Pb concentrations (0، 250، 500 and 1000 mg kg-1). The contaminated soils were then sterilized and subsequently inoculated with the species of Glomus fungi and Pseudomonas bacteria. Hyoscyamus plant was grown in these soils. Results indicate that Glomus fungi and Pseudomonas bacteria increased significantly (P≤ 0. 05) the amount of proline، soil bioavailable Pb، biomass of root and shoot and the amount of Pb was stabilized and extracted by Hyoscyamus niger as compared to the control treatment. Glomus fungi and Pseudomonas bacteria increased the amounts of extracted Pb by shoots up to 2. 7 and 2 times and the stabilized Pb in roots up to 3. 1 and 1. 9 times higher than corresponding control treatments، respectively. It can be concluded that the studied microbes are promising agents to alleviate Pb phytotoxicity and to enhance Pb phytoremediation efficiency by Hyoscyamus.

Potassium availability in soil is an important criterion for plant growth and yield production. In this study the ability of six strains of potassium releasing bacteria including Lysinibacillus fusiformis (JK1) and five strains of Bacillus megaterium (JK2، JK3، JK4، JK5 and Jk6) On growth and potassium uptake of tomato plants was investigated in a sandy loam soil with 70 mg kg-1 available-K. An experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions. Treatments consisted of six strains of bacteria، K- fertilizer treatment (+K and -bacteria) and control (- K and - bacterial). The results showed that the effect of six bacterial strains inoculum on dry weight of shoot and root in treatment of bacteria was significant (P<0. 05). The highest amounts of dry weights shoot and root were accounted for JK4 and JK5 which in comparsion with the non-bacterial control showed 23. 97 and 52. 23% increments، respectively، while their difference with other strains were not significant. The highest concentration and content of potassium in shoot was calculated for K treated and non-bacterial plants that was significantly different from other treatments (P<0. 01)، which compared to the non-bacterial control showed 69. 88 and 88. 06 % increase، respectively. Among the strains tested here the highest concentration of shoot potassium was belong to the strains JK5 (17. 10 mg g-1) and JK6 (17. 10 mg g-1) that compared to the non-bacterial control showed 32. 04 % increase and showed no significant difference with JK1. Also the highest content of shoot potassium was obtained with strain JK6 that compared to the non-bacterial control showed 59. 28 % increase and showed no significant difference with JK5 and JK1. The highest concentration and content of root potassium was related to K treated and non-bacterial plants that showed significant difference with other strains. Among the strains tested the highest concentration and content of root K was related to strain JK4.

In this study a series of tests in a 90 degree sharp bend with R/B=2 and constant flow depth 17cm at three different flow discharges of 15، 25 and 35 lit/sec having Froude numbers of 0. 17، 0. 28 and 0. 4 respectively are conducted. By applying a mesh with the nodes no. of 4*12*60 (in depth، width and longitude) within the bend، the three components of flow velocity were measured at each node. The obtained data were plotted by Tecplot and were analyzed by Excel software. The results show that by increasing the Froude number، the initiation separation region from the inner wallbends at bend middle has been shifted to the upstream. Bed shear stress distribution show that it reaches to a maximum value at two locations: the first location is within 10-70 degree in inner wall and the second location is within 80 degree till the end of bend in outer wall. Computation of secondary flow strength show that its maximum magnitude happens at 50 degree (in inner bank) and 80 degree (in outer wall) locations.

This study is done with the purpose of developing an effective method to release sediment out of dam reservoirs. Semi-cylinder is employed in front of bottom outlet to enhance vortex flow and their effects were tested. On the semi-cylinder، gaps with different height and length were created in such a way that the top of the gap was in the bed level and as well as the bottom level of the outlet. The experiments were carried out on the semi-cylinder with different diameters and water levels. The results indicated that for a given water level flushing capacity was less sensitive to gap length. When the ratio of semi-cylinder diameter to length of gaps equals to 2، the maximum flushing capacity occurred. The flushing capacity variation with respected to the gap height is large، and when the ratio of gap height to diameter of the semi-cylinder was 0. 6 flushing capacity increased significantly. Furthermore when diameter of semi-cylinder was 2. 5 times larger than the bottom outlet diameter the maximum amount of flushing capacity was occurred. This flushing capacity was 30 times more than the rate in which no semi-cylinder was installed.

One of the most important ways for dissipation of excess energy in downstream of overflow dams is the occurrence of hydraulic jump. In this research the hydraulic jump phenomenon was simulated using the Flow-3D software with two different turbulence models including the standard and RNG models. For this type of phenomenon and most accurate predictions of hydraulic jump characteristics، these two turbulence models were first verified using the data measured in a laboratory flume by Chanson and Chacherau. It was found that the RNG turbulence model performed much better than the standard turbulence model. The model was then applied for simulation of hydraulic jump in the physical model of Nemrood dam stilling basin. The computed pressure، velocity distributions and water surface profiles were compared with the corresponding experimental measured data that matched together successfully.