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پژوهش های علوم دامی - سال بیست و هفتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1396)

نشریه پژوهش های علوم دامی
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/07/10
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • جمونا حبشی زاده اصل، عباس رافت، غلامعلی مقدم، احمد نعمت الهی، جلیل شجاع صفحه 1
    زمینه مطالعاتی: امروزه در کنار صفات تولیدی، ویژگی های مقاومت ژنتیکی دام نیز مورد توجه اصلاح گران قرار گرفته است و علاقمندی به استفاده از قابلیت های ژنتیکی حیوان برای مقابله با بیماری ها و انگل ها فزونی یافته است.
    هدف
    هدف از اجرای این طرح، بررسی مقاومت نسبی گوسفندان ن‍‍‍ژاد قزل و دو رگه های قزل- بلوچی در استان آذربایجان شرقی نسبت به انگل های داخلی بود.
    روش کار
    اطلاعات تحقیق از 24 راس گوسفند یکساله حاصل از دو ترکیب ژنتیکی بدست آمد. گروه های ژنتیکی شامل 12 راس گوسفند نژاد قزل و 12 راس گوسفند آمیخته ی قزل-بلوچی بود. نمونه گیری در دو نوبت و در تاریخ های 30/11/1390 و 14/12/1390 در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی خلعت پوشان انجام گرفت. تمامی گوسفندان متولد زمستان 1389 بودند و همه ی آنها در شرایط محیطی یکسان قرار داشتند. صفات مورد بررسی شامل وزن بدن، تعداد تخم نماتودها در هر گرم مدفوع، هماتوکریت و تست فماچا بودند. داده های وزن تولد و هماتوکریت توسط رویه ی GLM و بقیه صفات توسط رویه ی MIXED نرم افزارSAS آنالیز شد.
    نتایج
    نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که اثر گروه ژنتیکی در مورد کل تخم نماتودهای موجود در هر گرم مدفوع، تست فماچا و هماتوکریت ، تخم نماتودیروس و مارشالاژیا معنی دار است(P<0.05). دورگ گیری قزل با بلوچی موجب افزایش مقاومت نسبی به نماتودهای دستگاه گوارش از لحاظ صفات اندازه گیری شده در این تحقیق است ولی دلیل ژنتیکی برتری دورگ ها نسبت به نژاد خالص و آگاهی از ماهیت پلی ژنی یا اثرات غیر افزایشی نیاز به تحقیقات بیشتر دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: گوسفند، انگل، نماتود ها، بیماری، مقاومت، دو رگ گیری، فماچا تست
  • علی خطیب جو، زینب حیدرزاده، مسعود جعفری، مریم اعلایی صفحه 15
    زمینه مطالعاتی: سطح چربی جیره ممکن است روی تاثیرگذاری گیاهان داروئی و عصاره آنها بر عملکرد طیور موثر باشد.
    هدف
    این تحقیق به منظور ارزیابی تاثیر پودر سیر و آنتی بیوتیک فلاوومایسین بر عملکرد و قابلیت هضم چربی جوجه های گوشتی تغذیه شده با سطوح متفاوت چربی انجام گرفت.
    روش کار
    سیصد قطعه جوجه گوشتی سویه راس 308 با آرایش فاکتوریل (2×3) با 2 سطح چربی خام جیره و 3 نوع افزودنی در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی به 6 تیمار، 5 تکرار و 10 پرنده در هر تکرار اختصاص داده شدند. جیره های آزمایشی عبارت بودند از 1) جیره پایه (حاوی 3% چربی)، 2) جیره پایه بعلاوه 2% چربی (جیره 5% چربی)، 3) جیره پایه بعلاوه 5/1% پودر سیر، 4) جیره 5% چربی بعلاوه 5/1% پودر سیر، 5) جیره پایه بعلاوه فلاوومایسین (200 گرم در تن) و 6) جیره 5% چربی بعلاوه فلاوومایسین (200 گرم در تن).
    نتایج
    نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که جیر ه های آزمایشی تاثیر معنی داری بر خوراک مصرفی، ضریب تبدیل خوراک، قابلیت هضم چربی، متابولیت های خونی، درصد اجزای لاشه و جمعیت سلول های خونی جوجه های گوشتی نداشتند (05/0P > ) اما جوجه های دریافت کننده جیره پایه همراه با آنتی بیوتیک فلاوومایسین یا جیره حاوی مکمل چربی همراه با پودر سیر دارای افزایش وزن بدن بالاتری نسبت به گروه شاهد بودند (05/0P < ). جوجه های دریافت کننده جیره دارای مکمل چربی دارای IgG اولیه و کل بالاتری نبست به جوجه های دریافت کننده جیره پایه بودند (05/0P < ). همچنین جوجه های دریافت کننده جیره های حاوی پودر سیر دارای IgM و آنتی بادی کل اولیه و ثانویه و همچنین IgG ثانویه بالاتری نسبت به گره شاهد بودند (05/0P < ).
    نتیجه گیری نهایی: در مجموع، سطح چربی جیره موجب کاهش معنی دار خوراک مصرفی جوجه های گوشتی شد ولیکن پودر سیر موجب بهبود پاسخ ایمنی هومورال جوجه های گوشتی گردید.
    کلیدواژگان: ایمنی، جوجه گوشتی، عملکرد، قابلیت هضم چربی
  • مهشید ترک زبان، غلامعلی مقدم، پرویز تاجیک، عباس برین صفحه 27
    زمینه مطالعاتی: فاکتور رشد اپیدرمال می تواند باعث افزایش تعداد سلول ها، اندازه کلونی ها و میزان زنده مانی سلولهای بنیادی اسپرماتوگونی گردد.
    هدف
    این آزمایش به منظور بررسی اثر فاکتور رشد اپیدرمال بر تعداد سلول ها، اندازه کلونی ها و میزان زنده مانی اسپرماتوگونی انجام گرفت.
    روش کار
    در این مطالعه سلول های اپیتلیوم لوله های منی ساز از بیضه گوساله با استفاده از مراحل هضم آنزیمی و DSA لکتین جداسازی شدند. ماهیت سلول ها علاوه بر ریخت شناسی و فعالیت آنزیم آلکالین فسفاتاز، از طریق نشانگرهای اختصاصی Oct-4 و ویمنتین در سلول های کلونی و سرتولی تایید شدند. برای تعیین شرایط مناسب کشت و غنی سازی سلول ها، تعلیق سلولی حاوی سلول های بنیادی به صورت هم کشت با سلول سرتولی و افزودن غلظت های متفاوت از فاکتور رشد EGF کشت داده شد. در طول 2 هفته دوره کشت، میزان کلونیزاسیون، با میکروسکوپ نوری اندازه گیری شد. در آخرین مرحله، این سلولها در محیط In vitro منجمد-ذوب شدند تا درجه خلوص و قدرت زیست سلول های بنیادی ارزیابی شود.
    نتایج
    در بررسی سطح به صورت کلی، در تیمار با غلظت 50 نانوگرم EGF افزایش سطح تغییر معنی دار بود (05/0P <)، در بررسی کلونی های با قطر بزرگتر از 114/0 میلی متر (± SE)، افزایش قطر کلونی ها در غلظت 50 نانوگرم معنی دار بود (05/0P <)، اما در اندازه کلونی ها در شمارش روز آخر تغییر معنی داری در هیچ کدام از گروه های آزمایشی دیده نشد (05/0 P ≥).
    نتیجه گیری نهایی: مطالعه حاضر نشان می دهد که می توان سلول های بنیادی اسپرماتوگونی را با درجه خلوص بالا از بیضه گوساله جدا کرد و همچنین از رابطه متقابل بین سلول های بنیادی اسپرماتوگونی و سلول های سرتولی و بعضی فاکتورهای رشد برای شروع، حفظ فرایند اسپرم زایی و غنی سازی سلول های بنیادی در طی کشت و افزایش درجه خلوص و قدرت زیست آنها در طی انجماد استفاده کرد. درتجزیه و تحلیل آماری از آزمون ANOVA استفاده شد و P <0.05، به عنوان سطح معنی دار در نظر گرفته شد.
    کلیدواژگان: سلول های بنیادی، اسپرماتوگونی، کلونیزاسیون، هم کشتی، EGF
  • حسینعلی قاسمی، ایمان حاج خدادادی، مهدی کاظمی بن چناری، مهدی خدایی مطلق، امیرحسین خلت آبادی فراهانی صفحه 41
    زمینه مطالعاتی: اسانس ها به عنوان محرک های رشد نقش مهمی در بهبود سلامتی در گونه های مختلف طیور دارند، اما در مورد تاثیر این فراورده های گیاهان دارویی مطالعه خاصی روی جوجه شترمرغ ها انجام نشده است.
    هدف
    در این مطالعه اثرهای استفاده از سطوح مختلف مکمل اسانس ترکیبی گیاهان دارویی (شامل سطوح مساوی از اسانس نعناع، ​​اکالیپتوس، رازیانه و آویشن) بر عملکرد رشد، هماتولوژی و پروفایل چربی خون در جوجه شترمرغ اهلی آفریقایی از سن 5 تا 7 ماه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
    روش کار
    سه تیمار آزمایشی عبارت بودند از: شاهد (بدون اسانس)، و سطح 200 و 400 میلی گرم اسانس در لیتر آب آشامیدنی. در مجموع 18 قطعه جوجه شترمرغ (6 پرنده برای هر تیمار) در این آزمایش مورد استفاده قرار گرفت.
    نتایج
    سطح 200 میلی گرم از اسانس به طور معنی داری وزن بدن و ضریب تبدیل غذایی را از 5 تا 7 ماهگی بهبود بخشید (05/0P<). سطح 200 میلی گرم از اسانس همچنین سبب افزایش معنی دار غلظت هموگلوبین خون شد (038/0P=). علاوه بر این، افزودن هر دو سطح 200 و 400 میلی گرم اسانس در هر لیتر آب موجب کاهش معنی دار (05/0P<) در نسبت هتروفیل به لنفوسیت، به عنوان یک شاخص تنش گردید. هیچ اثر معنی داری از جیره های آزمایشی بر روی دیگر فراسنجه های هماتولوژیکی مشاهده نشد (05/0نتیجه گیری نهایی: به طور کلی، استفاده از غلظت 200 میلی گرم اسانس ترکیبی در جوجه های شترمرغ برای بهبود رشد، مقاومت به تنش و متابولیسم کلسترول موثر بود.
    کلیدواژگان: اسانس، رشد، هماتولوژی، چربی سرم، جوجه شترمرغ
  • وحید واحدی، حسین عبدی بنمار، رضا قنبری صفحه 55
    زمینه مطالعاتی: افرایش نرخ تخمک گذاری در بزهای ماده منجربه بهبود عملکرد تولیدمثلی از طرق افزایش در نرخ دوقلوزایی و نرخ بزغاله زایی می گردد.
    هدف
    هدف تحقیق حاضر بهبود عملکرد تولیدمثلی بزهای ماده با استفاده از هورمون های GnRH و eCG بود.
    روش کار
    برای این منظور تعداد 150 راس بز ماده نژاد خلخالی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی به سه گروه تقسیم شدند. برنامه همزمان سازی فحلی شامل اسفنج گذاری بمدت 16 روز بود. بعد از خارج نمودن اسفنج ها، گروه کنترل (T1) بدون دریافت هیچ هورمونی به منظور جفت گیری در معرض بزهای نر قرار داده شدند. گروه دوم (T2) و گروه سوم (T3) به ترتیب 400 واحد بین المللی eCG و 400 واحد بین المللی eCG همرا با 50 میکروگرم GnRH به صورت عضلانی دریافت کردند. سپس بزها فحل یابی شدند و با بزهای نر جفت گیری کردند. همچنین غلظت هورمون های استروژن و پروژسترون در زمان های مختلف سیدر گذاری در گروه ها اندازه گیری شد.
    نتایج
    تیمار ها تاثیری روی نرخ زایش و نرخ آبستنی بزها در فصل تولید مثلی نداشت (05/0< P). از نظر آماری نرخ بزغاله زایی در گروه کنترل (106 درصد) نسبت به گروه های دیگر (تیمارهای دوم و سوم به ترتیب 158 و 188) کمتر بود. همچنین راندمان تولید بزغاله در تیمارهای 1 تا 3 به ترتیب 113، 175 و 188 درصد محاسبه شد که از این نظر نیز، تیمارهای گروه آزمایشی نسبت به گروه کنترل اختلاف معنی داری در سطح 05/0 داشتند. نرخ دوقلوزایی در تیمارهای دوم و سوم به ترتیب 49 و 56 درصد بود که نسبت به گروه شاهد (13 درصد) تفاوت معنی داری در سطح 05/0 داشتند. غلظت هورمون های استروژن و پروژسترون بین سه گروه آزمایشی در زمان های مختلف سیدر گذاری اختلاف معنی داری نداشتند (05/0< P).
    نتیجه گیری نهایی: استفاده از تیمارهای هورمونی در فصل تولید مثل در بز خلخالی عملکرد تولیدمثل را بهبود داد.
    کلیدواژگان: بز خلخالی، همزمان سازی فحلی، eCG، GnRH، عملکرد تولید مثلی
  • ایوب عزیزی، طاهره محمدآبادی، حسین معتمدی، مرتضی چاجی، حسن فضایلی صفحه 69
    زمینه مطالعاتی: روده موریانه ها حاوی انواع مختلفی از میکروارگانیسم های تجزیه کننده مواد لیگنوسلولزی است که امکان استفاده از آنها در بهبود ارزش تغذیه ای پسماندهای زراعی گامی بزرگ جهت پوشش دادن کمبود خوراک دام است.
    هدف
    این پژوهش به منظور تعیین دما و pH بهینه رشد باکتری های همزیست تجزیه کننده مواد لیگنوسلولزی جدا شده از دستگاه گوارش موریانه ها و بررسی قابلیت هضم و فراسنجه های تخمیر آزمایشگاهی کاه گندم و سرشاخه خرمای فرآوری شده با ایزوله های مذکور انجام شد.
    روش کار
    برای این منظور، از سه گونه باکتری Bacillus licheniformis ، Ochrobactrum intermedium و Microbacterium paludicola، استفاده گردید که باکتری های مذکور توسط کشت محتویات روده موریانه ها در محیط های کشت حاوی انواع مختلفی از لیگنین و مواد لیگنوسلولزی جداسازی شده بودند. منحنی های رشد ایزوله ها در محیط کشت نوترینت براث به دست آمد. و سپس کاه گندم و سرشاخه خرما توسط جدایه های مذکور عمل آوری شدند.
    نتایج
    رشد بهینه باکتری B. licheniformisدر دمای 40 درجه سانتی گراد بود، اما در دو گونه O. intermedium و M. paludicola رشد بهینه در دمای 37 درجه سانتی گراد مشاهده گردید. رشد بهینه هر سه سویه در pH برابر با 7 اتفاق افتاد. پس از عمل آوری، برای هر دو سوبسترای کاه گندم و سرشاخه خرما بیشترین حجم گاز تولیدی و قابلیت هضم ماده آلی در تیمار فرآوری شده توسط باکتری B. licheniformisو کمترین در تیمار شاهد مشاهده گردید (05/0P<). قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، سوبسترای تجزیه شده حقیقی، انرژی قابل متابولیسم، ضریب تفکیک، pH و غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی در هر دو سوبسترا تحت تاثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت.
    نتیجه گیری نهایی: نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که عمل آوری کاه گندم و سرشاخه خرما توسط باکتری های جداسازی شده سبب بهبود فراسنجه های تخمیر شکمبه در شرایط برون تنی گردید.
    کلیدواژگان: مواد لیگنوسلولزی، باکتری های روده موریانه، دما، pH، فراسنجه های تخمیر آزمایشگاهی
  • سیدموسی سعادت میرقدیم، میرداریوش شکوری، فرزاد میرزایی آقجه قشلاق صفحه 87
    زمینه مطالعاتی: گیاهان دارویی به عنوان یکی از جایگزین های مناسب برای آنتی بیوتیک های محرک رشد مطرح هستند.
    هدف
    این آزمایش به منظور بررسی امکان جایگزینی اسانس میخک به جای آویلامایسین و اثر سطوح مختلف آن بر عملکرد رشد، قابلیت هضم ایلئومی مواد مغذی، ریخت سنجی مخاط ژژنوم و برخی فراسنجه های خونی انجام شد.
    روش کار
    از تعداد 320 قطعه جوجه گوشتی راس 308 (مخلوط دوجنس) در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی استفاده شد. چهار تیمار آزمایشی شامل 10 قسمت در میلیون آویلامایسین (شاهد) و سه سطح 150، 300 و 450 قسمت در میلیون اسانس میخک، در چهار تکرار به 20 قطعه جوجه در هر تکرار به مدت 42 روز تغذیه شدند.
    نتایج
    مصرف خوراک و افزایش وزن روزانه جوجه ها در اثر مصرف اسانس میخک کاهش و ضریب تبدیل خوراک آنها در اثر سطوح 150 و 300 قسمت در میلیون افزایش یافت (05/0P<). استفاده از اسانس میخک باعث کاهش قابلیت هضم ایلئومی ماده خشک و ماده آلی جیره مصرفی شد (05/0P<). pH محتویات سنگدان و سکوم و نیز فراسنجه های ریخت سنجی مخاط ژژنوم تحت تاثیر معنی دار تیمارها قرار نگرفتند. با افزودن سطوح مختلف اسانس میخک به جیره، غلظت کلسترول کل سرم خون جوجه ها کاهش یافت (05/0P<) ولی افزایش غلظت HDL کلسترول و کاهش غلظت LDL کلسترول در اثر سطوح 150 و 450 قسمت در میلیون معنی دار شد (05/0P<).
    نتیجه گیری کلی: به طور کلی اسانس میخک نمی تواند به جای آنتی بیوتیک محرک رشد آویلامایسین در جیره جوجه های گوشتی جایگزین شود و فقط می تواند برخی اثرات مفید را در کاهش کلسترول سرم خون نشان دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: اسانس میخک، آویلامایسین، ریخت سنجی ژژنوم، قابلیت هضم ایلئومی، جوجه گوشتی
  • علی قلی رامین، سیامک عصری رضایی، مهدی بوکان صفحه 101
    زمینه مقدماتی: تعیین مقادیر ریزمغذی ها در خون روند رشد، تولید و تولیدمثل را در دام ها نشان می دهد. در صورت مشاهده کمبود با اصلاح آن ها می توان از بروز بیماری جلوگیری کرد.
    هدف
    تعیین مقادیر مس، آهن و روی سرم تک سمی های ارومیه بر مبنای گونه، جنس، سن و تعیین ارتباط بین آن ها.
    روش کار
    مقدار 10 میلی لیتر خون از 100 راس نریان (43 راس) و مادیان (57 راس) اسب (78 راس) و قاطر (22 راس) از سنین 1 تا 21 سال از ورید وداج تهیه شد. مقادیر سرمی ریزمغذی ها به روش جذب اتمی ارزیابی شدند.
    نتایج
    میانگین غلظت سرمی مس، آهن و روی در تک سمی ها به ترتیب 5/14، 2/40 و 48/7 میکروگرم در دسی لیتر بود. غلظت ریزمغذی ها در قاطرها بیشتر از اسب ها بود اما معنی دار نبودند. میانگین غلظت ریزمغذی ها در نریان بیشتر از مادیان بود اما فقط آهن معنی دار بود (مادیان ها کمتر از نریان)، مس و روی متفاوت نبودند. بالاترین و پایین ترین غلظت سرمی مس به ترتیب در سنین 16 و 11 سالگی، آهن در 18 و 14 سالگی و روی در 16 و 14 سالگی بود. غلظت سرمی مس و آهن در سنین مختلف نزدیک به معنی دار (057/0P<) بود ولی روی متفاوت نبود. بالاترین و پایین ترین غلظت سرمی ریزمغذی ها به ترتیب در گروه سنی 21-13 و 6-1 سال بود که تفاوت معنی دار نبود. ارتباط مس/آهن (41/0=r)، مس/روی (92/0=r) و آهن/روی (47/0=r) مثبت و معنی دار بود که بالاترین ضریب همبستگی در مس/روی بود.
    نتیجه گیری نهایی: غلظت ریزمغذی ها در تک سمی ها در دامنه طبیعی بود. گونه، جنس و سن در میزان آنها موثر نیست مگر آهن که در مادیان کمتر از نریان بود و سنین 11 تا 14 سال در کمبود ریزمغذی ها احتمالا تعیین کننده باشد. لذا تک سمی های ارومیه از نظر ریزمغذی ها کمبودی نداشته اما آهن در مادیان با سن 14 سالگی بایستی مورد توجه باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: ریزمغذی ها، سن، جنس، اسب، قاطر
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  • J. Habashizadeh, Sa Rafat, Gh Moghaddam, A. Nematollahi, J. Shodja Page 1
    Received: July 28, 2015 Accepted: July 12, 2017 1MSc Student, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 2Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 3Professor, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran *Corresponding author: [email protected]
    Introduction
    Nowadays, beside of production traits, the characteristics of genetic resistance to diseases is considered as animal breeding aims in animal breeding. There is a growing interest by producers and consumers in the production of meat animals with minimal chemical input to reduce chemical residues in the meat and to increase the sustainability of livestock production. Selection of superior sires with identified resistance should be possible because parasite resistance that usually measured by fecal egg counts (FEC) or blood packed cell volume (PCV), is moderately heritable. One option to control helminth infections is to breed sheep that are resistant to these parasites. Genetic variation in response to parasite infection has been documented in the previous studies in some sheep breeds, mostly involving tropical and subtropical breeds, such as the Red Maasai, St. Croix, Florida Native, and Barbados Blackbelly. These breeds have consistently been more resistant to trichostrongyle infections than temperate breeds, such as Dorset and Rambouillet. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences between blood packed cell volume (PCV), parasitic nematode eggs per gram of feces (FEC) and FAMACHA scores of Ghezel breed and Ghezel-Baluchi crossbreds and determine that which group is more probable resistant to nematode parasites.
    Material and
    Methods
    Data were obtained from 24 one year-old lambs belonging to two genetic groups. Genetic groups including Ghezel (n= 12) and Ghezel-Baluchi (n=12) crossbreds. Ghezel × Baluchi group was containing 50% of Ghezel breed and 50% of Baluchi breed. Samples were collected at two different times on the 2012/2/19 and 2012/3/4 in the Khalat pooshan research station, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan. All lambs were born in the winter of 2011 and they were not given anthelmintic before and they were at the same environmental conditions. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of animals and samples were tested by the method of Clayton Lane. The FEC were obtained for nematodes of Nematodirus (spp.), Marshallagia(spp.), Trichuris(spp.) and unknown nematode eggs. The other measured traits included body weight, PCV and Famacha test. All data except PCV were analyzed by the MIXED procedure of SAS software.Birth weight and blood packed cell volume were analyzed by the procedure of the GLM.
    Results And Discussion
    Results showed that the effect of the genetic group on nematodes eggs per gram of feces and Famacha test was significant (P
    Conclusion
    The Ghezel-Baluchi crossbred ewes appeared to be more resistant to infection than the Ghezel breed in natural grazing condition. Crossbreeding of Ghezel and Baluchi sheep breeds increased resistance to internal parasites of the traits measured in this study. As a general conclusion, this research attempted to find resistance traits in relation to domestic parasites in the domestic environment. These characteristics have been investigated by veterinary parasitologists for many years, but animal breeders also need to consider the issue of improving the genetic resistance of sheep to nematodes, and more precisely how they measure the relevant traits and expressions to use in selection of breeder rams and ewes. It seems that crossbreeding of the Ghezel sheep breed with Baluchi breed increases the relative resistance to internal parasites in terms of Famacha, EPG and PCV as measured in this research. In the future there are two needed subjects in this area of animal science: a) to do more investigations to find exactly genetic explication for the relative superiority of crossbreds to pure breeds; and b) the discovery of the nature of the polygonal or non-additive nature of genetic resistance to nematodes in small ruminants.
    Keywords: Sheep, Parasite, Nematode, Diseases, Resistance, Crossbreeding, Famacha test
  • A. Khatibjoo, Z. Heydarzadeh, H. Jaefai, M. Aalaei Page 15
    Introduction
    The use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) in animal nutrition has been beneficial for the improvement of growth performance and prevention of diseases (Barton, 2000; Snel et al., 2002). Due to its antimicrobial properties, garlic has been tested as an alternative growth promoter in broiler chickens (Freitas et al., 2001; Demir et al., 2003 and Lewis et al., 2003). Freitas et al. (2001) showed that body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens, that received a diet supplemented with commercial garlic product at concentration up to 45 Kg/ton were not affected by garlic supplementation. However, Lewis et al. (2003) and Demir et al. (2003) reported a trend in improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens fed low concentration of commercial garlic product. Garlic (Allium sativum) is widely used as either a flavoring agent for food or as a medicinal agent for the treatment of a variety of diseases (Essman, 1984; Konjufca et al., 1997; Sallam et al., 2004). According to Lawson and Wang (2001), the increased benefits associated with garlic consumption can be attributed to the thiosulfinates, the single most abundant class of organosulfur compounds. Allicin, typically accounting for 70% of the total thiosulfinates (approximately 0.4% by fresh mass), is produced when fresh and raw garlic is chopped or crushed, rupturing the intercellular compartments that keep alliin and alliinase physically separated from each other (Lawson, 1998; Rybak et al., 2004). On the other hand ration fatty acid level may influence on effectiveness of medicinal plants and their extracts on broiler chickens performance. Aim of this experiment was to explore effect of garlic powder on broiler chicken performance and immunity fed diet with different levels of crude fat.
    Material and
    Methods
    This study aimed to investigate the effect of garlic powder and flavomycin antibiotic on performance and fat digestibility of broiler chickens fed diets with different levels of crud fat (CF). Three hundred one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design with a 3×2 factorial arrangements. Each treatment consisted of 5 replicates with 10 chicks each. Dietary treatments were 1) basal diet (BD) (3% CF), 2) high fat diet (HFD) (5% CF), 3) BD plus 1.5% garlic powder, 4) HFD plus 1.5% garlic powder, 5) BD plus flavomycin (200 g/kg) and 6) HFD plus flavomycin (200 g/kg). At the end of the experiment feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were recorded then feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Broiler chickens carcass traits (carcass, breast, thigh and abdominal fat percentage) and white blood cell count (heterophil, lymphocyte and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio) were determined. In order to investigate humoral immunity of broilers, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used as T-dependent antigen to quantify the antibody response. Two birds from each replicate were injected intramuscularly with SRBC (2.5% suspension in PBS, 1 ml/bird) at 23 d of age, followed by a booster injection at 8 days after the first injection. Blood samples were collected at 7 days after the first and second injection. At the d 42, blood samples collected from one broiler of each replicate then serum glucose, cholesterol, total protein, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were measured.
    Results And Discussion
    Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, fat digestibility, blood metabolites, blood cells count and carcass traits of broiler chickens were not influenced by dietary treatments (P 0.05). HFD increased broilers first IgM and total antibody contents against SRBC as compared to control birds (P 0.05). Similarly, some studies focused on growth, conversion and meat quality of different types of animals indicate positive effects. Cullen et al. (2005) examined the effect of garlic supplement in the amount of 1% in pig feed and recorded an increase in growth, conversion and meat quality in comparison to the control group. Horton et al. (1991); Freits et al. (2001) and Bampidis et al. (2005), had similar results in their study of broilers, but they also concluded that lower concentrations, ranging between 1 and 2%, were actually more effective. In contrast to our results some studies, however, suggested that commercial garlic oil, garlic powder, and commercially available garlic extract may not be hypocholesterolemic (Berthold et al., 1998; Isaacsohn et al., 1998; McCrindle et al., 1998). Although the reason for this is unknown, it likely relates to preparation methods, the stability of chemical components, and the duration of the study (Amagase et al., 2001). Many studies indicated that allicin was the potentially active component of garlic; however, it was observed that allicin was unstable and poorly absorbed from the digestive tract (Lawson et al., 1992).
    Conclusion
    These results suggested that dietary fat percentage significantly decreased broiler chickens feed intake whereas garlic powder improved broiler immune response and it maybe use as an alternative to flavomycin.
    Keywords: Broiler Chicken, Fat digestibility, Immunity, Performance
  • M. Torkzaban, Gh Moghaddam, P. Tajik, A. Barin Page 27
    Introduction
    Mammalian spermatogenesis is a complex process of germ cell development within the seminiferous tubules, including the mitotic phase in which type-A spermatogonial stem cells renew themselves. The process of spermatogenesis is regulated not only by gonadotropins, i.e. FSH and LH, but also by the interactions between spermatogenic cells and somatic Sertoli cells (Skinner 1991 and Griswold 1995). Culture systems for recapitulating spermatogenesis in vitro enable us to identify and characterize the factors or genes involved in germ cell proliferation, meiosis and spermatogenesis. In mice, undifferentiated germ cell lines have been established by immortalizing the germ cells with the simian virus 40 large tumor antigens, or with telomerase catalytic component (Fenget al.2002), Type A spermatogonia include a very small number of SSCs and their more numerous differentiating daughter cells. Initial attempts to isolate SSCs started with the isolation of type A spermatogonia and SSC purification. Type A spermatogonia can be obtained in large numbers from young prepubertal bulls, and it is important to note that there are breed differences. Type A spermatogonia isolation can be achieved through mechanical dissociation and enzymatic digestion of the testicular tissue followed by two purification steps, with a final typical bovine type A spermatogonia suspension of 70%. An evaluation for SSC activity using a transplantation assay adapted for bovine SSCs is described. Bovine Type A spermatogonia can be maintained in vitro for short periods (7 to 15 days) with simple culture conditions. However, expansion of SSC can only be achieved under certain conditions such as specially supplemented medium, specific growth factors, and serial sub-culturing for longer periods of time. After expansion, bovine spermatogonia can be cryopreserved while retaining the ability to proliferate and survive (.Aponte&de Rooij 2008). Bovine culture systems require some form of feeder layer to support the germ cells. Autogenous Sertoli cells (Aponte et al. 2006) or embryonic fibroblasts (Oatley etal. 2004) have been used.
    Material and
    Methods
    Initially, sertoli cells and SSCs were isolated from 3–7-month-old calvesand, and The minced pieces of testis were suspendedin DMEM, which contained 0.5 mgmL−1 collagenase/dispase, 0.5 mgmL−1 trypsin and 0.08 mgmL−1 DNase, for 60 min (with shaking) at 37◦C.). After three washes in DMEM medium and removal of most of the interstitial cells, a second digestion step (45 min at 32◦C) was performed in DMEM by adding fresh enzymes to the seminiferous cord fragments. Separated from the remaining tubule fragments by centrifugation at 30g for 2 min at 37◦C. After filtration through a 70-μm nylon filter, the medium was aspirated, the cells were washed twice and fresh medium was added. Coated plastic dishes were prepared by incubation with a solution of 5μgmL−1 of datura stramonium agglutinin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37◦C for 60 min, followed by extensive washing with PBS, supplemented with 0.5% bovine serum albumin The Sertoli cells were isolated using a procedure described by Scarpinoet al. (1998.) with some modifications. The mixed population of the cells obtained byenzymatic digestion was placed on lectin-coated dishes at a concentration of 1.5×105 cells cm−2 and incubated for 1 h at 32◦C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. After the incubation, the non-adhering cells were collected by being washed twice with medium. After the incubation, the Non-adhering cells were collected by being washed twice with medium. Alternatively, 48 h after being plated on the lectin-coated dishes, the Sertoli cells were detached by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)–trypsin treatment (0.02% EDTA–0.1% trypsin in Ca2+ and Mg-free PBS) for 5 min at 37◦C, counted and adjusted to desired densities into each well of a 24-well multidish for secondary culture in DMEM at 32◦C in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco). This method helped isolate the Sertoli cells with more than 95% purity. After the Sertoli cells had been isolated by DSA lectin, the spermatogonia that remained in suspension were collected and kept at 32◦C in a humidified atmosphere and the presence of 10% FBS. More than 95% of the cells were spermatogonial cells. The number of the Sertoli and spermatogonial cells was determined with a hemocytometer. Cell viability was evaluated by means of the dye exclusion test (0.04% trypan blue solution). Two days after the above-mentioned procedure, the Sertoli cells formed a confluent layer, and spermatogonial cells were co-cultured on top of them. Highly purified human FSH and) were added to spermatogonial cell (EGF supplementation: three groups received 4, 12, 20 and 50 ngmL−1of fresh EGF every 3 days for 2 weeks). The diameters and the number of colonies were determined every 3 days after the appearance of the colonies for 2 weeks. An inverted microscope (Zeiss, Germany) was used to determine the number of the colonies, their diameters being measured by ocular grid. The nature of cells in addition to the morphology and the activity of alkaline phosphatase were confirmed through specific markers Oct-4 and vimentin in colonies and Sertoli cells. In the last stage these cells were frozen-melted in the in vitro environment until the purity and strength of biological stem cell is evaluated.
    Results And Discussion
    The number and diameter of colonies increased more rapidly in the sertoli coculture, that it agreed with results of Anjamrooz et al., 2006 and Mohamamadi 2010. The numbers of colonies in the EGF-supplemented groups were not significantly different with the control group (P ≤0.05) (table 1-3), that they were Similar to results of Anjamrooz et al.2006 .The diameters of the colonies in the EGF-treated, in4, 12, 20 ngmL−1, had not significantly different with the control group (P ≤0.05) but in 50 ngmL−1 increased the diameters of the colonies slightly (P ≤0.05) that were Similar to results of Anjamrooz et al.2006 and Koruji et al.2009. In the EGF-treated groups, two pathways seem to have affected the spermatogonial cells. In these groups, the number of the colonies was lower than that of the control group.
    Conclusion
    The results of this study show that spermatogonial stem cells can be separated with high purity from the testicles of calves and also the mutual relationship between spermatogonial stem cells and Sertoli cells and some growth factors can be used to initiate, maintaining the process of spermatogenesis and the enrichment of stem cells during the culture and increasing the purity and viability of them during solidification.
    Keywords: Stem cells, Spermatogony, Colonization, Co-culture, EGF
  • H. A Ghasemi_I. Hajkhodadadi_M. Kazemi-Bonchenari_M. Khodaei-Motlagh_A. H Khaltabadi Farahani Page 41
    Introduction
    Ostrich industries have been recently developed in many countries around the world, especially for the production of meat due to its favorable fatty acid profile and low fat content as compared with other kinds of red meat (Angel 1996). Modern strategies in ostrich production are improving health status and consumers’ requirements and also promoting their growth performance. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the use of herbal products, especially essential oils, in poultry diets as natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. In addition to growth promoting effects of these compounds (Windisch et al. 2008; Brenes and Roura 2010), they can stimulate immunity (Habibi et al. 2014). Essential oils as a growth stimulant play an important role in improving health in different species of poultry; however, no specific study has been done regarding the dietary inclusion of herbal products in the ostrich diets. In this study, the effects of different levels of essential oil (EO) mixture supplement (containing an equal level of peppermint, eucalyptus, fennel and thyme) were examined on growth performance and hematological and biochemical parameters in African domestic ostrich chickens from ages 5 to 7 months.
    Material and
    Methods
    There were three treatments as follows: control (without essential oils), and levels of 200 and 400 mg EO per one liter of drinking water. A total of 18 ostrich chickens were used in this experiment (6 birds per treatment). The basal diet was formulated to meet nutrient requirements for the optimum growth conditions as recommended by Brand and Olivier (2011). Body weights and feed intake were recorded on a monthly basis for the 2-month duration of the trial. Feed conversion rate (FCR) was also calculated as the ratio of feed intake and body weight gain of respective groups. Blood collection was made from the wing vein from six birds per treatment by using vacutainer tubes, following about 12 h fasting to avoid diurnal influences. For hematological determination, blood samples were placed into EDTA anticoagulant-treated bottles (3 mg/2 ml) to prevent clotting. For serum biochemical analysis, blood samples were put into tubes containing a clot activator and serum gel separator. Samples containing EDTA were stored in ice box and immediately transferred to the laboratory for analyses. The other samples were centrifuged at 2,000×g for 10 min and frozen at −20°C until analysis. To determine blood leukocyte profiles, 100 leukocytes per samples were counted by an optical microscope. The heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was calculated as stress indicator. All data obtained from the trial were analyzed by General Linear Model (SAS Institute 2001), based on a completely randomized design. When, a significant probability value (P
    Results And Discussion
    The level of 200 mg of EO significantly improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio from 5 to 7 months of age (P0.05). Among different levels of EO, only 200 mg of EO mixture (peppermint, eucalyptus, fennel and thyme essential oils) in the drinking water improved growth and body weight gain compared to the control group, during the whole experimental period. There are conflicting effects on the use of herbal essential oils in other studies. For example, Khaksar et al. (2012) reported that the addition of thyme essential oils at 100 g/kg diet increased the weight gain of Japanese quail chickens during the 35-day period. In contrast, Kirkpinar et al. (2011) showed that body weight gain was not affected by the garlic essential oils or garlic and oregano essential oils mixture, and even the oregano essential oils caused weight loss in the broiler chickens. Improving the performance due to the application of herbal essential oils can be due to various factors, including the presence of active compounds in herbal essential oils, which have beneficial effects on digestive activity and improve the feed efficiency and also eliminate harmful microorganisms in the digestive system and feed products (Hashemi and Davoodi 2011). In a study in pigs, it has been reported that the blood hemoglobin concentration is not only dependent on the dietary protein level, but other nutrients, especially iron, are also effective on its concentration (Jolliff and Mahan 2011). Therefore, the increased absorption of nutrients, especially protein and iron, can be effective in increasing the blood hemoglobin level of broiler chickens receiving 200 mg essential oils. Increasing the absorption of nutrients, especially protein, has been reported by supplementation with vegetable essential oils in the other studies (Cao et al. 2010; Amad et al. 2011). Reducing the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in the 200 and 400 mg of essential oils groups indicates that the addition of these essential oils to the drinking water of ostrich chickens has a positive effect on resistance to stress and even improving the immunity of the birds. Similar to the results of the current study, Hassan et al. (2011) reported that the addition of eucalyptus to the Japanese quail diet reduced the blood cholesterol and total lipids compared to the control group. The terpenoids from essential oil components extracted from the herbs have been reported to have a hypocholesterolemic effect (Elson and Yu 1994). This property is attributed to the inhibiting effect of these compounds on the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, which is the first enzyme in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis (Elson 1995).
    Conclusion
    In general, the addition of 200 mg EO to the drinking water of ostrich chickens was particularly effective in improving the growth, resistance to stress and cholesterol metabolism.
    Keywords: Essential oils, Growth, Hematology, Serum lipids, Ostrich chicken
  • V. Vahedi, H. Abdi Benemar, R. Ghanbari Page 55
    Introduction
    Increment of ovulation rate in farm animals improves reproductive performance through increasing in litter size and fecundity rate. Estrus synchronization or the induction of estrus is a valuable management tool for increasing the pregnancy rate in goats. Stimulation of ovulation using different methods can improves reproduction performance by increasing the proportion of goats having twin ovulations and thereby increase kidding percentage (Khaldari 2008; Rahman et al. 2008). It has been suggested to use new reproductive approaches such as controlling and synchronizing of estrus and using hormones by applied Artificial Insemination (AI) to increase prolificacy leading to gain practical and economical advantages. Recently, Progesterone or its analogues is generally used to synchronize estrous during the breeding and non-breeding season. Administration of gonadotropins such as equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) after stopping progesterone treatment, causes an increase in rate of ovulation (Lopez-Sebastian et al. 2007). Also using Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) with eCG leads to a raise in ovulation rate and litter size in different goats breed (Akifcam and Kuran 2003). The objective of this study was to improve the reproductive performance using GnRH and eCG administration in breeding season.
    Material and
    Methods
    The experiment was carried out on 150 mature (2–5 years of age), non-lactating does with a body weight varying between 37 and 39 kg. The current study was performed in the natural breeding season under natural photoperiod environment. Synchronization of estrus was done by inserting intravaginal sponges containing 40 mg flugestone acetate (FGA, Chrono-Gest, Intervet International B.V., Holland) for 16 days. Goats were randomly assigned to three groups. The control group (T1) exposed to Khalkhali bucks without any treatments for mating after sponge removal. Goats in second (T2) and Third (T3) groups were injected intramuscularly 400 IU eCG (Serogonadotropin®, Biowet S.A., Poland) and 400 IU eCG with 50 mg GnRH (Vetocept®, Aboureyhan Co., Karaj, Iran) respectively in sponge removal time. Then the does were mated naturally with Khalkhali bucks. Five fertile Khalkhali bucks were introduced to each group twice a day, starting about 24 h after CIDR withdrawal, and left with them for estrus detection and natural mating. Does were observed continuously for 3 h when bucks were introduced to them and their mating were recorded. The date of birth, numbers of kids born per does and weight of each kid were recorded at kidding time. Reproductive parameters, including pregnancy rate, kidding rate, fecundity rate, twinning rate was determined as well. Blood was sampled from the external jugular vein into heparinized test tubes. The first blood samples were collected before inserting intravaginal sponges, the second, 7 days after inserting sponges and the third, one day after intravaginal sponge withdrawal. Samples were immediately transferred to the lab and centrifuged in the tubes for 15 min at 1000 ×g to separate the plasma. Plasma samples were stored at −20 ◦C for less than 2 months until analyzed for estrogen and progesterone concentrations. All assays were carried out in duplicate. The reproductive parameters were analyzed by ProcGenmod using SAS 9.2 in completelyrandomized design. The means of all reproductive traits were compared by using Chi-Square test. Born weight of kids and hormone concentration data were analyzed using the General Linear Models procedure of SAS and P 0.05) in breeding season. Control group had lower fecundity rate (106%) than the treatment groups (158% and 188 % in second and third groups respectively). Lambing rate in 1 to 3 treatments were calculated 113, 175 and 177% respectively that the treatment groups had higher (P 0.05). There was no significant difference in plasma estrogen and progesterone concentrations between treatments as well (P>0.05). eCG has biological activity of FSH and LH hormones and luteinizing effect of eCG promotes the maturation of follicle that lead to increase the production of estrogen hormone. Estrogen is effective in causing the estrous cycle (Godfery et al. 1997). Results of the current study showed that the injection of 400 IU eCG after sponge removal had no effect on kidding rate and pregnancy rate. But Zaiem et al (1996) observed that the goats treated with eCG had a higher pregnancy rate compared to the control group. Although some studies have reported that administration of eCG can improve the kidding rate and pregnancy rate in breeding season (Kermani Moakhar et al. 2012) as well as non-breeding season (Husein and Ababneh 2008). On the other hand, some studies reported that eCG has negative effects on pregnancy rate (Zeleke et al. 2005; Menchaca and Rubianes 2004). In the current study, treatment with eCG and eCGᩴ increased twinning rate. This result agrees with those reported by Ali et al (2007). Zarkawi et al (1999) reported that using eCG at CIDR withdrawal increased twinning rate from 7% in control group to 30% in treatment group. Also they observed no significant difference in twinning rates for high eCG doses. In another study using eCG in breeding season led to significant increase in twinning rate (61.9% vs 29.2%), lambing rate (86.2% vs 68.6%) and fecundity rate (127.6% vs 71.4%) compared with the control group (Koyuncu and Ozis Altıcekic 2010). These results were similar to the findings in the present study. There was no significant difference in weight of kids at kidding between treatments groups and control and this result shows that weight of kids was not affected by hormones treatments.
    Conclusion
    In conclusion, using of synthetic hormone caused improvement of reproductive efficiency of Khalkhali goat in breeding season.
    Keywords: Khalkhali goat, Estrous synchronization, eCG, GnRH, Reproductive performance
  • A. Azizi, T. Mohamadabadi, H. Motamedi, M. Chaji, H. Fazaeli Page 69
    Introduction
    There is a shortage of animal feed and water resources in several developing countries. Thus, proper use of agro industrial by products is a useful means to overcome this problem. Agricultural by products can use as animal feeds, but because of high lignin and low protein content, their digestibility and palatability is low. Several processing method has been used to improving nutritive value of such materials (Rahal et al. 1997 and Fazaeli et al. 2004). Recently, biological delignification of lignocellulosic material has been considered as an alternative approach (Fazaeli et al. 2004). Termites gut contains different kinds of lignocellulose degrading microbes, which the possibility of their use in improving the nutritive value of agricultural by-products is a major step in compensation of animal feed shortage.
    Material and
    Methods
    The present study was conducted to determine the optimum temperature and pH for growth of symbiont bacteria degrading lignocellulosic material isolated from termite gut, and to investigate their effects on the digestibility and in vitro fermentation parameters of wheat straw (WS) and date leaf (DL). For this purpose, three bacteria including Bacillus licheniformis, Ochrobactrum intermedium and Microbacterium paludicola were used, which isolated by culture of termite guts contents in mediums containing different types of lignin and lignocellulosic materials. Sterile basal media was used as a medium for isolation process and contained the following ingredients per litre: 7.0 g K2HPO4, 3.0 g KH2PO4, 1.0 g (NH4)2SO4, 0.1 g MgSO4·7H2O (Borji 2003). Growth curves of isolated bacteria for optimum temperature and pH were obtained using nutrient broth medium. Three temperatures of 30, 37 and 40 oC and four pH of 5, 6, 7 and 8 were evaluated. After that, WS and DL were processed with these isolates in media 9 (M9) medium with following composition (per litre): 6.2 g Na2HPO4, 3.0 g KH2PO4, 0.5 g NaCl, 1.0 g NH4Cl (Kato et al. 1998). After processing, residues were collected, dried and used for in vitro gas production experiment according to Makkar (2010). For this purpose, rumen liquor was collected from two ruminally fistulated cows. Animals were maintained on a 60% hay and 40% concentrate diet according to their requirements for two weeks. Rumen contents were collected from the ventral sac of rumen before morning feeding. A completely randomized design was used to determine the optimum temperature and pH for bacterial growth as well as effects of different bacteria on in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters of treated substrates. Data were analyzed by General Linear Model (GLM) procedures of SAS (SAS Institute, 2001),
    Results And Discussion
    All of isolates were capable of grow at all of examined temperatures (i.e., 30, 37 and 40 oC). The optimum growth of B. licheniformis occurred at 40 oC, but the optimum growth of O. intermedium and M. paludicola was observed at 37 oC. All of isolates grew at different pH ranges (i.e., 5, 6, 7 and 8) and their optimum growth was observed at neutral pH of 7.0. At this neutral pH, highest growth for B. licheniformis, O. intermedium and M. paludicola was obtainedafter 30, 34 and 36 h of incubation, respectively. After processing, in both WS and DL, highest and lowest gas production and organic matter (OM) digestibility were observed by B. licheniformis and control treatment, respectively (P
    Conclusion
    Results of present study showed that optimum growth for Ochrobactrum intermedium and Microbacterium paludicola isolated from termite gut was observed at 37 oC while it was 40 oC for Bacillus licheniformis. Optimum pH for growth of all of isolates was 7. Processing wheat straw and date leaf with bacteria, especially B. licheniformis improved rumen fermentation parameters in vitro. Research for upgrading the nutritive value of by products with ligninolytic bacteria isolated from termite gut is in infancy. Thus, further works in this field of study is needed.
    Keywords: Lignocellulosic materials, Termite gut bacteria, Temperature, pH, In vitro fermentation parameters
  • S. M Saadat Mirghadim Shakouri_F. Mirzaei Aghjeh Gheshlagh Page 87
    Introduction
    Due to being safety and possessing beneficial effects on wellbeing, efficiency and gut microbial population of poultry, phytogenics have been increased attention in recent years (Hashemi and Davoodi 2011). Dried flower bud of clove tree (Syzygium aromaticum) is used in food industry as a spice because of its aromatic property. Eugenol is the main component of clove essence, comprises 72 to 90 percent of the essence, and has antioxidant (Lee and Shibamoto 2001) and antimicrobial (Devi et al. 2010) properties. The studies on clove powder (Agostini et al. 2012), essence (Mohammadi et al. 2014a) and extract indicated the positive effect on broiler performance. Although the lack of clove derivatives effect on birds growth response has been also reported (Najafi and Torki 2010). Increased useful bacteria in gut (Agostini et al. 2012), improved nutrients digestibility (Dalkiliç and Güler 2009) and no effect on blood lipid parameters (Azadegan Mehr et al. 2014b) have been illustrated in broilers receiving clove components. Avilamycin, is a growth promoting antibiotic, improves growth performance (Kim et al. 2011) and nutrients digestibility (Saleh 2014) in broiler chickens as well. In few available studies, using clove extract (Dalkiliç and Güler 2009) and essence (Azadegan Mehr 2014b) have been shown similar effect on broiler performance to avilamycin. Hence, the experiment was carried out to investigate the possibility of replacing clove essence to avilamycin and its effect on growth performance, ileal nutrients digestibility, intestinal morphometry and some blood parameters of broiler chickens.
    Materials And Methods
    To perform the in vivo work, a total of 320 mixed sex broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to 4 dietary treatments with 4 replicates and 20 birds each by employing a completely randomized design. Four experimental treatments including avilamycin (control) and three levels of 150, 300 and 450 ppm clove essence were fed to broilers for a period of 42 days. The birds were reared under standard conditions on deep litter pens with free access to water and feed. The diets based on corn and soybean meal were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements recommended by the National Research Council (1994), for starter (0 to 21 days) and grower (22 to 42 days) phases (Table 1). Feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) of birds were recorded at the end of each feeding phases, then feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. To determine the ileal nutrients digestibility, the birds were fed with diets contacting 0.3% chromic oxide for three days, then two birds (one male and one female) form each pen were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation on day 28 to collect the ileal contents. The contents were frozen (-20 °C), dried and along with feeds used for subsequent chemical analyses using the standards procedures (AOAC 2000). Chromic oxide content of feed and excreta samples was also measured by Fenton and Fenton (1979) method. Gizzard and cecal samples of the slaughtered birds were also collected to measure their pH values after preparing a suspension (1:10) with distilled water. To determine the morphometric parameters of the jejunal mucosa, a tissue sample (2 cm) of the proximal part was obtained and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The samples were processed and embedded in paraffin and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The morphometric parameters including villus height, villus width, crypt depth and thickness of muscle layer were made from 9 adjacent and vertically orientated villi and crypts (Iji et al. 2001). On day 35, two birds from each replicate were bled from their wing vein to measure the serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations using the commercial kits. LDL cholesterol level was calculated using the equation suggested by Friedewald et al. (1972). All data were subjected to statistical analyses using SAS (SAS Institute, 2002). The difference between means was compared by Duncan’s multiple range test.
    Results And Discussion
    Throughout the experimental period, daily FI and WG of broilers were decreased by all levels of clove essence, while the FCR was increased by 150 and 300 ppm (P
    Conclusion
    In overall, even though the clove essence can reduce the concentration of serum cholesterol, it cannot be replaced for the growth promoter antibiotic, avilamycin, in broilers diet.
    Keywords: Clove essence, Avilamycin, Jejunal morphometry, Ileal digestibility, Broiler chickens
  • Ag Ramin, S. Asri Rezaie, M. Bukan Page 101
    Introduction; Evaluation of mineral concentrations in blood (Biricik and Ocal 2005) are assumed as an easy, safe, proper and cheap method to determine the health of animals (Hansen et al 2008). Minerals have vital role in the efficiency of growth, production and reproduction performances. The major duties of Cu and Fe in hematopoiesis and Zn in body tissues health, which means that the health status is directly influenced by the mentioned minerals. Different studies in many aspects of minerals activity and their interrelationships have already been carried out in ruminants though not completely in equines (Radostits et al 2007). Variation and diagnosis of the trace minerals is complex and their blood values are considered as the pathological criteria. Thus, the assessment of the blood mineral concentrations in physiological status assumes the diagnostic criteria in horses of the different geographical areas. The interactions between minerals reveal different aspects on physiological aspects or pathological status (Yousef et al 2012) such as direct correlations between Cu/Fe in hematopoiesis and reverse correlation between Cu/Mo (Blanco et al 2006). Study on the relationships among minerals in horses is not abundant and requires further investigation. The aims are to determine and comparison of the serum mineral concentrations in Urmia equines and mules and finally, the relationships among minerals in equines.
    Material and
    Methods
    Ten ml blood was collected randomly from 100 horses and mules in 2013. Horses belonged to kurd breed and mules were local indigenous. Sera were separated for mineral analysis. Overall, equines were 78 horses and 22 mules, 43 stallions and 57 mares. Age frequency was 1-6, 7-12 and 13-21 years old (Table 1). Animals were fed forages, dry and wet alfalfa in closed pens or pasture. They did not receive salt, minerals and electrolyte supplementation. Horses were not pregnant, foaled or in lactation period. Serum Cu, Fe and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry machine using Cu, Fe and Zn in mg/dl. Mean minerals were compared by ANOVA and t-test to determine the species, gender and age variations. Correlations were run to determine the relationships among minerals.
    Results And Discussion
    The overall mean serum trace-mineral concentrations were 14.5, 40.2 and 7.48 μg/dl, respectively (Table 2). Serum Cu was normal and consistent with Kavazis et al (2002), but greater than Biricik et al’s (2005) report. The role of Cu in horses is about 7 times less than in cows and important in hematopoiesis and milk yield (Laven et al 2007). Low Cu is responsible cause for anoestrus in mares (Farah et al 2013). Serum Fe concentration in equines was less than that reported by Radostits et al (2007) but higher than Sema et al’s (2010) findings, meaning that Fe deficiency is exists in Urmia equines. The role of Fe in hematopoiesis (Laven et al 2007), health status and milk production is important (Hansen et al 2008). One of the reasons for low Fe in the Urmia equines is perhaps the mineral competition in food and lack of concentrate feeding as mentioned by Farah et al (2013) in pregnant and non pregnant mares. The amount of serum Zn was consistent with Kavazis et al (2002), less than Murase et al (2013) and higher than Massanyi et al’s (2014) findings. No Serum Zn deficiency was expected in Urmia equines. The world findings show low serum Zn in equines which is possibly due to the seasonal variation in Zn food (Biricik and Ocal 2005), mineral competition and lack of concentrate feeding (Norouzi et al 2013). The amounts of minerals in mules were non significantly higher than in horses, which means that species did not affect on mineral values (Murase et al 2013 and Sema et al’s 2010). The age of animals had also no influence on mineral levels but the ages 11 to 14 years old could be critical in trace mineral reduction in horses (Okumura et al’s 1998). Age variations in serum Cu and Fe in Urmia equines was greater than in Zn and indicates that these animals are probably more susceptible to trace mineral deficiency. Trace mineral concentrations vary during the equine diseases. In respiratory disease Fe and Zn reduce but Cu increases, Zn declines following shipping fever, babesiosis and cellulitis (Yousef et al 2012). In babesiosis Fe and Cu increase while in equine herpes virus 1, Cu and Zn reduce and Fe increases (Yörük et al 2007). For this reason serum Zn is assumed as an index in inflammatory diseases in equines (Murase et al 2013). This suggests that during the treatment procedure of diseases Zn supplementation must be considered. None of these disorders were included in the horses and mules of this study. The main advantage of the study was to determine the relationships among minerals and to identify the premier indices existing in the blood of horses which have not been reported before. The interrelationships among minerals in blood, tissues, bones, muscles, urine and CSF require further investigation in horses. The correlations between minerals demonstrate an optimal coordination or contrast among minerals. Similar results have been reported by Bigras and Tremblay (1998) in cows, but not in horses (Massanyi et al 2014). Among minerals, the role of Cu, Fe and Zn are vital in animal survival. The presence of the strong relationship of Zn with Cu and Fe showed that Zn probably be considered as the most important index in equine health (Murase et al 2013).
    Conclusion
    Trace minerals in Urmia equines were at the normal range, and were not influenced by spices, gender and age parameters, except for serum iron which was low in females and the ages of 14 years old could be considered as probable trace mineral deficiency in horses. The correlations among minerals reveal their close corporations in the equine body. Therefore, Urmia equines did not suffer copper, iron and zinc deficiency, although mares at 14 years old probably susceptible to iron deficit.
    Keywords: Trace-minerals, Age, Gender, Horse, Mule