نشریه ادبیات پایداری
پیاپی 16 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

Literature, thoughts and feelings of a poet deals with the events that occur around the world. Poets follow events in the community first, then experience and feel them, and taste and, finally, with the help of literary taste and imagination, portray the incidents to lead the reader to an accurate understanding of the atmosphere. Simin Behbehani was one of the poets who were very successful in portraying the socio-political climate of the age, and who was concerned about the fate of her people. Her heart beats for the people and the country. Her ideas regarding resistance, reflecting her goal and reflected in her poetry include resistance against the tyrant regime, fighting against cruelty, and encouraging people to protect their homeland and their ideals, and spreading justice and fighting for identity. The question in this study is the reflection of resistance literature and the frequency of its features in her poetry. The results show that resistance against the enemy from outside, hatred toward war and internal enemies, and fighting against poverty are among the most important features in her poetry. She was a sympathetic poet of people who has composed poetry in praise of courageous warriors and great martyrs, and in support of the holy war.

Iran has always been the land of valorous feats, courage and brevity. Many national and religious epics have been composed to appreciate national and religious heroes and to describe gallantry, brevity and goals. The poetry of Holy Defense is a branch of resistance literature – itself a branch of epic literature – reflecting in a unique way in different eras. Although there are differences between poems with the theme of resistance within Holy Defense and post-Holy Defense poetry, and those of classical epic literature, they have the common subject matters of fighting against cruelty, domestic despots, and foreign enemies, and also seeking justice and calling for resistance against enemy. Most poems, composed in the early years of Holy Defense, aim at encouraging and persuading for fighting and resistance; therefore, they are of epic nature. This study examines the function of ranting in the epic poetry of different eras of Persian poetry, including Holy Defense poetry. The rantings were first chosen and then analyzed.

In the past three decades, changes and developments in mental and ideological beliefs of today’s poets have caused some fundamental transformations in linguistic and rhetorical structure of today’s poetry and sonnet, and opened a wide poetic scope for poets of resistance literature, in war sonnet - which is often divided into two categories of epic sonnet and red sonnet. This study discusses symbol as one of the most detailed artistic figures, and then deals with its meaning and origins in the sonnet after the Islamic Revolution. Finally, in addition to conclusions, symbols in this period have been classified and analyzed in terms of content.
Ten well-known poets of the sonnet from in post-Islamic Revolution period whose poems usually deal with revolution and war were chosen. They include 1.Mahmoud Shahrokhi (Jazbeh), 2.Moshfegh Kashani, 3. Hossein Esrafili, 4.Yusufali Mirshakak, 5.Alireza Qazveh, 6.Soheil Mahmoudi, 7.Qeisar Aminpour, 8.Nasrolla Mardani (Nasser),
9.Seied Hassan Hosseini, 10.Sepideh Kashani

Today, meaning and imagery in Arabic and Persian resistance Ashoura poetry are more powerful than the past and are going to be richer and more prosperous so that this poetry could pass ordinary boundaries and be more beautiful, symbolic, and imaginative than poetries of the past decades. Paying attention to these symbols makes us familiar with lessons and ideals of Ashoura and the Ashoura poets. “The Bird and Gabriel” composed by Seyyed Hassan Husseini and “Al-Hussein Loghah Sanieh” composed by Javad Jamil are two important symbolic works of Ashoura poetry. In the present study, these symbols are studied comparatively using analytic-descriptive method. From Hussein's view, Ashoura is not an elegy and dolefulevent; rather it relies on justice and defiance in Ashoura uprising by high frequency of symbols of larynx, pharynx, throat and red color. The thought and philosophy governing all poems of this collection is the statement “I see nothing except beauty”. Regarding national and mythical symbols, he composed his poems relying on Iranian and Islamic culture and believing in illuminationism philosophy.
Jamil regards Ashoura beyond time and place. In his poetry, lips, ash, and gray color visualize autarchy that rules in Iraq. Imam Hussein's wounds and injuries are an interpretation of the Prophet’s words and the revelation.

Suhrawardi (549?-587 AH) is one of the most influential mystical and philosophical figures in the history of Iranian and the Islamic world as well as the founder of the Suhrawardi School of thought (Spiritual Enlightenment). According to Suhrawardi, being aware of the absolute loneliness of human in this world and his desire to return to his primordial homeland is of much importance. This theme is very beautifully projected in his mystical works; especially in Qissat al-Ghorbat al-Gharbiyya (A Narrative of Western Solitary). In this study, an analytical and critical approach is employed to analyze a poem by Taqi Pournamdarian titled "Ay Shauq-e Wasl va Shoor-e Shahadat" (Thou, Ecstasy of Reunion and Passion for Martyrdom) taken from his poetry collection named "Rahrowan-e Bibarg" (Wayfarers of the Desert) 2003. The overall theme of this poetry is martyrdom. The subject matter of this poetry is more or less similar to that of Suhrwardi's mystical work mentioned above. The results of this study indicate Taqi Purnamdarian's deep knowledge of the mystical philosophy of Suhrawardi and his “Qissat al-Ghorbat al-Gharbiyya” which is the primary source for Purnamdarian’s above mentioned poem, composed with an atmosphere of "life and death", specially a chosen death (shahadat) based on the philosophy of enlightenment.

The Iraqi political and committed poet, Mozafar Al-Navab, is one of the poets who consider their technical features and social commitment in line with each other. Using the existing capacity of lyrics, he seeks to turn against and break down the barriers of Arabic communities. Therefore, the cornerstone of his thought lies in his disobedience strategy against the tolerance-oriented attitude of Arab leaders and their inefficiency. He also takes advantage of the foundational issues such as poetic style influenced by his own goals. Furthermore, among conditions necessary to gain deeper insights into the mind of the poet are the meta-perceptions of the symbols used in the collection of his poems. To present attitude and awareness and also a vivid image of contrast between these issues and the reality of Arabic societies, Mozafar has acquired codes from the collective consciousness of the Arab communities, and expresses abstract concepts through those codes. In this study, through studying the poet’s Divan (collections of poems), an attempt was made to consider mutual solidarity and coherence between the function of symbols and his worldview.

Literature in the form of prose and poetry has served as the narrator of realities and happenings of the society, especially the struggles and resistance of heroic men and women against cruel oppressors. Meanwhile, Islamic and Holy Defense literatures have had a prominent and effective role in narrating and depicting the resistance of women. Therefore, dealing with resistance literature has been an obsession for contemporary authors who have experienced war at first hand, and witnessed the oppression of their people, especially of women. Ali Ahmad Bakasir, the committed cotemporary Arab novelist, and Hossein Fatahi, the cotemporary Iranian novelist, are among these narrators of resistance who have spoken perfectly about women and their role in the issue of resistance. They have depicted Muslim women to relate their acceptance of war and its conditions with a realistic view. Through a descriptive-analytical method, and relying on two novels: “Sirat Shojae” by A. Bakasir and “Love of War Years” by H. Fatahi, this study discusses the resistance of strong and combatant women especially “Somayeh” and “Narges”. The results show the resistance of these two heroine women in various aspects and prospects of individual and social lives including resistance against problems of personal life and practical participation in struggles behind the frontier.

Islamic awakening means to revive in the light of authentic Islam and Islamic revival through which, independence, justice and noble values can emerge. In the process of Islamic awakening, Muslim world tries to restore its Islamic identity through resistance and gaining power and protect its faith, ideals, and their identity against foreign invasion and domination. Iranian poets of resistance, along with other committed poets, try to defend the Islamic awakening by poetry to help Muslim people and other defendants in this field. The “Awakening Verses” is a selection of Islamic awakening poetry compiled by Razieh Rajaei containing more than 80 poems. This study tries to examine the most important features of resistance in Islamic awakening poetry with a review of the book “Awakening Verses”. The main question in this study is “what are the main expressions and manifestations of resistance in Islamic awakening poetry in this book, and how the Islamic awakening poets deal with it?” The research methodology is analytical-descriptive and library sources are used. The findings show that, in addition to inviting people to stand against crimes and injustice of enemies, and description of opponents oppressions, Islamic awakening poets believe that valuable guidelines of Imam Khomeini has created and strengthened the Islamic awakening movements across the world.

Regarding the issues of divine leadership, belief in the unseen, heeding the teachings of Quran, spiritual-mystical tendencies, and martyrdom-seeking youths, revolution, and especially Holy Defense, with its potentialities, provided the ground to reflect mystical themes in resistance literature. With his mastery in the fields of religious and traditional literature, the contemporary occasional poet, Qazeh, could find his way into in this area well, as he has frequently used mystical words and phrases in his poetry. Employing these elements in his works, in various ways such as interpretations, Qranic-mystical allusions, and the names of books by mystics and Sufis suggest the extent of his knowledge. His criticism of pretenders to mysticism, and his unveiling of their passive way of thinking and his own thought system have provided a special place for practical Sufism. The present study, carried out based on library research method and content analysis, is an approach to the importance of mysticism in resistance literature and the poet's literary capacities that could be the reviver of the forgotten prominence of moral virtues of the Holy Defense.

After the triumph of Islamic Revolution in Iran, the most significant historical event was the eight-year period of imposed war of Iraq against Iran known as Holy Defense which contained many translations; investigation into these translations would open new insights for better understanding of that period and its effects on the present era. Among all, the study of translations of political news would be of great benefit for the reflection of war news and the situation of the society. The purpose of this study is to scrutinize the influence of norms on translating Holy Defense newspapers. A number of political news from Persian Ettelaat newspaper are analyzed parallel with their English translations based on Toury’s theory of norms of translation behavior. The research method is descriptive based on a comparative analysis of ST-TT pairs to identify recurrent patterns and regularities for reconstructing norms. The results reveal how norms govern translation process. Moreover, they clarify the ideology overriding translations in Holy Defense era.

Arabic countries such as Iraq, for their possession of petroleum, natural gas and other natural resources are, undoubtedly, among rich countries. However, as far as industry, technology, and culture are concerned, they are lagging behind. This has given rise to uprisings and the continuous collapses of regimes in such countries. Recognizing cultural and political factors behind such backwardness, which is rooted in the monarchial structure of these countries, can lead to new illuminating experiences useful for those interested in political discourse. Among famous poets whose poetry might yield such knowledge is the Iraqi poet, Ahmad Matar. Studying his collection of poems reveals that, probably more than any other political poet, he has been able both to familiarize the addressee with the undemocratic political structure in Arabic countries and warn the reader of the consequences of such a structure for the individual and the community – consequences such as normalizing fear and sadness among the community, passivity and disappointment, spreading hypocrisy and insincerity, bringing about identity crisis and social and economic corruption.

Qeisar Aminpour is an honest poet dealing with the world and society. His poetry is an exact report of the poet’s relations to the society and socio-cultural transitions. He is firmly committed to religious values and believes in the goals of the society. The outstanding features of this poetic language are the use of conversational words, new compounds, objective and concrete words, and simple structure of words and sentences; they have turned into his individual style. Music and musical harmony of words, and the structure of interpretations are other features of his poetic features. Therefore, in order to explain his style, the poet’s linguistic features, his rhetorical figures, and his thoughts are examined simultaneously. Based on a descriptive-analytical method, this study examines Qeisar Aminpour’s poetic features with regard to two books of poems from his third poetic phase, i.e. “All Flowers are Sunflower” and “Syntax of Love”, and investigates his stylistic evolution on four levels, i.e. phonetics, lexical, syntactical, and rhetorical levels. Based on the results, Qeisar Aminpour has had innovations as to words, syntax, and images.

Palestinian resistance literature grew in the cultural ground of Palestine’s revolt against Israeli cruelty. This branch of literature was formed based on the struggle against, and portrayal of tyrants in order to defend Palestinian identity against aliens. The present descriptive-analytical study aims to illustrate themes of resistance in a collection of poems called “Qazeh fi Khat-e Naar” (“Gaza in the Line of Fire”) by Harun Hashem Rasheed, the Palestinian poet, who is one of the pioneers and developers of the poetry of resistance in Arabic literature and the Islamic world. He has witnessed Palestine’s invasion and chaotic conditions of neighborhood countries, and he long been awaiting peoples’ revolutionary movement. Harun Hashem Rasheed reacts to his country`s oppression and cries out for freedom from these conditions; he believes in struggle and trust in Allah as the only ways to this goal and rejects any kind of agreement. With the most beautiful and the most creative, yet the most tragic words, he draws all nations’ attention to Palestinian orphans.
Oppression of Palestinian children‚ God's divine intervention‚ endurance of the difficulties, remembering Arabic glorious history, Zionism’s lack of identity, and opposing colonialism are the most outstanding themes in Rasheed’s poetry.

Affection or feeling is a spontaneous and emotional reaction against the outside world events. Sometimes these emotions rise explosively which is directly related to human psyche. Shafii Kadkani is a prominent contemporary poet who has developed epic affection obsessively and with noble thoughts in his poetry. During his lifetime, many social-political incidents occurred in Iran and this led the poet to be sensitive to the events around him, and due to his attitude to social issues, these emotions are expressed as dynamic, exciting and revolutionary. Some of the most significant manifestations of epic affection in the poetry of Shafii Kadkani discussed in this study are call for people’s awakening and freedom from passivity, exciting the audience to sacrifice and martyrdom for the cause of freedom, sensitizing contemporary poets to social and political events, creating hope for the future and the promise of freedom.

Ahmad Azizi can be introduced as a mystic and a revolutionary Shiite philosopher. A sort of red and revolutionary Shiism expressed in the language of mysticism and Islamic philosophy. Azizi has the passion and happiness of Mowlana and that could be the reason why he reveals his love of Mowlana more distinctly than others. His love of music is the result of his passion most manifest in the language of music. Another feature of Azizi’s mysticism is his being a naturalist which is indicative of Sohrab's influence on him. The principle of Unity of Existence can be observed in the ideas of Azizi; this principle is based on the independence and separation of things from each other, and states that this world is an illusion and all things manifestations of one reality. The first person who introduced this principle into theoretical discussions was Sheikh Akbar Mohi-o-Din Arabi, the founder of the school of Unity of Existence.
This study thematically examines the poetry of Azizi. The themes include Mahdaviyat, Ashoura, love of the Imams, martyrdom, velayat, mysticism, Sufism, life and death.

There are some primary models in real life of each author, which on some levels motivate his mind to create an artwork. Through using these primary models and his imaginative mind, the author creates characters. In this study, the prototypes of two novels, i.e. ‘Zemestan62’by Ahmad Mahmoud and ‘Zamin Soukhte’ by Ismael Fasih, will be specified in a descriptive-analytical method. Firstly, the main and minor characters will be identified and structurally analyzed. Then the type of prototypes will be specified and compared with each other. Results show that Ismael Fasih created his characters in ‘Zemestan62’by using ‘classified’ and ‘private life’ prototypes. Ahmad Mahmoud, on the other hand, in creating his characters in ‘Zamin Soukhte’ used ‘classified’ and ‘historical’ prototype. Both authors in creating story characters used ‘leveled prototyped’ with the difference that they have chosen different social groups of people. ‘Fasih’ in his ‘Zemestan62’used ‘intellectual’ and ‘educated’ social class people. On the other hand, Mahmoud illustrated ‘vulnerable groups of the society’ during war time. They have tried to illustrate social, political, economic, and mental qualities of these classes in their characters.