نشریه ادبیات پایداری
پیاپی 17 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

Resistance Literature reflects the persistence and bravery of a nation or an ethnic group against any invasion or oppression. Taking a look at the Literature of those countries involved in civil or foreign wars, the great importance of this genre of literature among them becomes clear. Nasim-e Shomal, the poet of constitutional (Mashrooteh) era, wrote poems in defense of his nation against the foreighners and the civil oppression. He had a great interest in his homeland, and sometimes described it as Yusuf being a pray in the claws of a wolf, or as a mother whose body became nude and whose wealth was taken away. The poet has had great hope for a bright future, and has given people hope for the final victory of truth against falsehood, making use of religious symbols, such as the prophet Muhammad and Imam Mahdi. He has expressed his objection against the unsettled condition of the country, has been unhappy about the presence of The English and the Russians in his country, has referred to them by the symbols of raven and bear, has tryied to reveal their true faces for people, has attempted to awaken people from the sleep of ignorance, and has persuaded them to fight against the enemies. The present study aims at clarifying the reflections of resistance literature in Nasim-e Shomal’s Bagh-e Behesht (the Garden of Eden) book of poetry and revealing his art in resistance poetry to the readers by using a descriptive-analytical method.

This Study offers a critical analysis of Pol-e Mo’allaq (The Suspension Bridge), one of the greatest novels of Iranian Resistance literature by Mohammad Reza Bayrami. Phenomenological analysis intends to achieve the artistic fact hidden in the novel by taking a neomatic look at it, and revealing the writer’s experienced world and phenomenological relations of ego as the subject and the world as a phenomenal object by penetrating in the deep structures of the writer’s mind as represented in the form of themes and ideas in the form of text, interviews, events and carefully arranged scenes, To this end, the principles and different views proposed in this field have been presented. Then, research method, that is, the semantic description of phenomena, behaviors and emotions based on intentionality and content of each of them have been explained. Then, the elements of each process have been extracted and their position in the constitution of meaning have been analyzed and categorized. Based on the findings, the semantic process takes place at the position of other subjects, interacting with the subject and the phenomena, where language plays a special role. Also, The main basis of negative emotions is uncertainty and ambiguity, and the process of getting rid of this uncertainty takes place in traveling and encountering events and other individuals. Gradually, their cognitive bases and negative senses will change to natural states. This way of analysis, not only shows the place of stories in making meaning in resistance literature; but also, helps achieving error-free results much closer to the author’s perspective.

The book “Az Sharabe-haye Roosari-e Madaram”(From the Tassels of My Mother’s Scarf) is an outstanding work of Sayyed Hassan Hosseini (1956-2004) in the field of religious literature. In this book, written in blank verse, Hosseini has adopted a new point of view to emphasize Hazrat-e Zahra’s life and martyrdom as a role model throughout history. This paper tries to determine the structural features, which have formed this new point of view by using the method of content analysis. Meanwhile, besides clarifying the content of this work, its aesthetics has been expressed. Taking a look at this book, it becomes evident that “narration”, “repetition”, “personal language”, “symbol and generality”, “idea and mental form”, and especially the “mask technique” are the main element forming his poem. Therefore, all these aspects have been discussed, and his language is studied from different aspects: phonetics, lexical, syntax and semantics. While studying the sematic aspect of the work, some of the main concepts of his poem, which have been expressed by using the variety of words and images, have been explained in detail. In so doing, the effect of “how to say” rather than “what to say”, and the role of literary creations in successful expression of a new concept have been demonstrated.

Resistance literature is composed of concepts like martyrdom, dedication, Jihad, resistance, and the like, the meaning formation of which has never been analyzed from the semantic aspect of language. In the other hand, cognitive semantics has been used as a framework for many studies of language and literature. Conceptual Blending is a cognitive theory proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to explain blended conceptual areas and their role in the creation of meaning and coherence. It is a useful tool in determining how meanings are created in resistance literature. The main question is what the function of Conceptual Blending is in the creation of the concept of martyrdom in poetry. Several verses belonging to Resistance Literature and conveying the concept of martyrdom have been discussed here. The results show that in many cases, the poets uses multi-area conceptualizations and blends them, instead of using double-area conceptualizations and writing from the source area to the target area, in order to create an area in which some of the concepts of input spaces are raised in an uncommon way, and to create the conceptual area of martyrdom in poem. The findings indicate that in the poetic conceptualization of martyrdom, the input space of martyrdom is has an overlap with the input space of flight, sunset, growth, and falling of leaves. These four input spaces, blended with the space of martyrdom create impossible blended spaces in real world, and refer to life after death, exaltation, and the eternality of martyr. In general, this study shows that by applying the Conceptual Blending theory, the creation of complicated, multi-area, and multi-component concepts of resistance literature can be clarified.

Resistance literature, which makes up a portion of contemporary literature, is considered among the most important cultural strongholds of committed poets. This approach in the Arab world was introduced gradually when Arabs became aware of the movements formed in Europe in the late nineteenth century. Meanwhile, the Palestinian territories, due to continuous invasions and numerous humanitarian disasters, has always been the focus of many poets and writers. Among these poets, Harun Hashim Rashid can be pointed out, the Palestinian committed and revolutionary poet who has never kept silence in the encounter of problems in his homeland. Also, his writings are placed within resistance poetry. On the other hand, along with Arabic countries, this approach has become increasingly popular among Iranian poets. Hossain Esrafili is among those Iranian poets clearly influenced by the resistance literature. The present study, using the comparative review approach and after briefly reviewing these poets’ lives, has introduced some of the motifs in the resistance literature used in these poets’ works. The obtained results indicate that patriotism, honoring martyrs and their status, call for fighting and resistance against oppressors, etc., are among the motifs used in their poetry, and Rashid’s style, in this regard, is simple and close to public understanding, while that of Esrafili is symbolic and vague.

Comparative literature is a field of literary studies, which deals with intertextual relations and similarities. Through comparative literature, cultural relations among nations are brought into light, and effect and the influence reception of literary works are studied. Palestine, its occupation by Zionists, and people’s resistance against them are among the most fundamental subjects of Palestinian and Arab poetry. Considering the political and ideological similarities between the two nations of Iran and Palestine, Palestinian resistance against the occupiers, as one of the main subjects of Iranian Islamic Revolution poetry, can be traced in the works of many committed, poets of revolution. This paper takes a comparative approach to the study of the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish, the prominent Palestinian poet, sand Hussein Esrafili, one of the significant poets of the Islamic Revolution. Also, common themes in their poems in encountering with the subject of the occupation of Palestine have been investigated. Despite using different languages and drawing on special symbols and metaphors, Their poetry share common themes, such as the linking of the concept of resistance with religious concepts, protesting against the occupiers, criticizing the silence of international communities and Arab leaders, hoping for victory and the freedom of Palestine, and remembering the martyrs. Mahmoud Darwish’s poems abound with humanistic emotions, besides some strains of hopelessness and despair, while Esrafili’s poems have more epic and revolutionary aspects and images. Perhaps this difference is a result of the poets’ different experiences in dealing with the issue of the occupation of Palestine.

Style, in the art of writing fiction, as style in other literary genres, is a super norm in language, which shows the writer’s special system of feelings, thoughts, and his personal way of looking at the world. In contemporary era, although stylistics has been used as in the past, it has changed in terms of language use and literary feature. This has made contemporary writers have their own personal style, as in the pas. The special style used by Amirkhani in his works¡ in the terms of linguistic and literary is notable. The use of war terminologies, displacement of sentence elements, references to the Quran¡ writing the connected words apart, etc., are some of the prominent features of his language. Also the use of metaphor, description, and image¡ are other examples of his style. The prevailing centrality of his thoughts is showing the contrast and paradox that some of the soldiers after returning from the war are involved in, and this makes them keep away from people. The adapted method for the stylistic study of the novel Ermia is layer stylistics approach. In this method, the text of the novel is analyzed stylistically in the three linguistic, literary, and mental layers. At the linguistic level, the frequent verbal and linguistic elements used as verbal motifs or themes; at the linguistic level, the literary elements that create image and music; and finally, at the mental level, the prevailing mental and literary elements in the text of the novel have been demonstrated. This study attempts to reach the stylistic representation of the novel¡ in the three linguistic, literary, and mental levels.

Ta’azieh's is considered as one of the most important subgenres of religious drama. In addition to the restoration, preservation and dissemination of Ashura, it has been known as the most important drama genre in Iran after Islam. Due to the influential role of Ashura teachings in the formation of the Islamic Revolution and the importance of restoration, preservation and dissemination of Ashura culture, Ta’azieh attracted much more attention after the revolution. Also, starting the imposed war and the emergence and promotion of Sacred Defense dramatic literature, playwrights in this field tried to take advantage of Ta’azieh to increase the richness of their works. In fact, because the war was considered as the sequence of Hossein's movement taking effects from Ta’azieh as one of the most important cultural-artistic tools to promote the teachings of Karbala incident was inevitable in theatrical works of this field. This paper has investigated and analyzed the way Ta’azieh has affected the Sacred Defense dramatic literature. To achieve this goal, the effects on the most important plays of this field has been analyzed from both structural and content aspects, and the quantity and quality of this effect has been explained from each of the two aspects.

After the Islamic Revolution, according to the religious beliefs of the revolution, Islamic beliefs, especially Shia beliefs were promoted in Iran. One of these beliefs is waiting for the promised savior whose reappearance and rule has been mentioned and emphasized in all divine religions. Therefore, the poets of the Islamic Revolution in picturing the future of the human being, have focused their attention on the reappearance of Imam Mahdi (ATF) and have asked him justice and help in their poems, in addition to complaining about his long absence, the occultation era, the oppression of the arrogant, and depicting the reappearance era and the abundance of justice. What is interesting about these poems is the public’s belief in the connection of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and its martyrs with the preparations for the reappearance of Imam Mahdi (ATF). Of course, the poets have not been merely satisfied with this belief, but they protest against injustice and deviations existing in society. This way, they perform their duty in paving the way for the reappearance of Imam Mahdi (ATF).

The Ottoman Empire is one of the few great empires of the world, which during more than 6 centuries has brought a vast portion of the world of those days, including Muslims and non-Muslims, under its rule. The aforementioned empire had a significant influence over the regions and countries under its control, in political, economic, cultural, social, and military aspects. Addressing the subject of the military policy of the mentioned empire, the present study tries to discuss and investigate the basics and methods of creating resistance in corpsmen through a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings indicate that Ottomans, since the beginning of their military activities and conquests, have employed various useful methods in mobilizing and stimulating the corpsmen and creating resistance in them during their dispatch, before and during battles. Some of these methods include the usage of holy Islamic sources and texts, respected literary and spiritual symbols and characters, the promise of material gifts and access to the wealth and booties of hostile pagans, the active presence of high-ranked officials of the Ottoman empire in battle fields, assuming the right of vote for commandants in taking decisions and tactics for war.

From the beginning of history, man has always believed in the substantial nature of binary contrasts. Perhaps for this reason, novelists have intentionally or unintentionally made use of this point in the narrative structure of their stories. This subject has sparked a special interest in structuralist theorists. One of the major categories of structuralist criticism is content analysis through the meaning of binary contrasts, which has been introduced by Gaston Bachelard in literary criticism, especially in narration. War stories form one of the narrative fields, which are a result of man’s close experience with binary contrasts and the main concern of which is working on the content. Therefore, They have been largely the subjects of structuralist criticism. Structuralist criticism helps these works, which have a wide range of hidden contents and signifieds in their contexts, get properly analyzed. “Golab Khanoom” by Qasemali Farasat is an example of war novels, which has took advantage of this category in its narrative structure. For this reason, it has been chosen as the subject of analysis and criticism in this study. The present research, first, attempts to explain the relevant theories, and then, analyze the content contrasts extracted from the context of the story with the help of narration elements, while looking at text samples.

Resistance literature is a prominent and impressive genre of literature in lran, which has played an important role in expressing and inspiring resistance concepts throughout this country's history. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh as a bridge to get acquainted with the old roots of this literary genre in Persian classical works, while having an epic spirit and a heroic nature, represents a meaningful relation between its epics and the themes of resistance literature. By using the content analysis method, these themes become evident in the middle part of Shahnameh, as call for unity and empathy, patriotism, Fighting against oppression, disclosure of crime and tyranny, warning, and etc. These are the general and distinctive themes of resistance literature among all nations. Definitely, Shahname is among the first and the most perfect Iranian resistance sources in the field of resistance literature, when comparing these themes in the mentioned part and presenting relevant examples as evidence.

This article aims at identifying the reflections of two ideologies present in the story " Deep Roots " by Ebrahim Hassanbeigi, based on Althusser’s, Gransci’s, and Marx’s viewpoints. This work is reviewed based on these scholars’ ideas. Generally the presence of two ideologies can be seen in this story, i.e., national ideology and local ideology. Each of them has their own characteristics. But, At the end, It is the religious ideology which finds control and hegemony through making the intended person or the target accept its ideas, inviting him/her to competition with the former ideology, and diminishing its legitimacy. The opposition of these two ideologies is evident on both events and characters. In other words, ideology is not something to be omitted, and human without ideology is senseless. This ideology displays its hegemony through sentimentalization, which can separate the familiar group from the strange group. Shapook is someone who has replaced one ideology with another. In class struggle between the two ideologies, the former ideology paves the way for the penetration and recreation of national ideology by decreasing and discarding the strange groups and as a result of cultural poverty.

Studying the works of Holy Defense demands a specialized and scientific study from different perspectives. The literary works of this field have a special significance among all other works. On the other hand, the important section of the book, which actually addresses it, is its title. This study tries to analyze the book titles of Sacred Defense literature. The frequency of the words in these titles has been analyze from the content analysis perspective and depicted in charts and tables. Then, the numbers and statistics have been analyzed from the literary perspective, and some strong and weak points in these titles have been offered. Generally, this study shows that the authors of these works had a tendency to use repetitive structures and limited words, which is a seriously harmful in this field. Some suggestions have been offered to improve some problems present in the titles of the books, which will prove to be useful for improvement, if taken into serious account by the Holy Defense authors.

One of the manifestations of resistance literature is story writing, be it a short story or a novel. Lebanon has always been the target of the Zionist attacks Among Muslim countries, and that is why many writers have expressed the bravery and resistance of the Lebanese against their enemies. One such piece is the book “Anaqid-o-al-Atash” written by Ali Hijazi, a collection of short stories regarding the resistance of the Lebanese. The study of this book is important, as the writer has developed a semiotic language in his real stories when referring to this resistance based on the dominant political and social conditions of his society. This Study seeks to answer the following questions: 1-What are the most important symbols used in the stories of “Anaqid-o-Al-Atash? 2- Why has the writer chosen very specific symbols for the Zionist enemy? In the end, It can be conclude that the writer has employed specific animate and inanimate symbols, such as snake, hyena, Satan, scarecrow, etc., in accordance with each arrogant characteristic of the enemy. Also, the writer has used specific symbols to depict the Lebanese resistance and their love of their homeland. The present study aims at discussing and encoding the symbols of resistance in “Anaqid-o-Al-Atash”, while pointing out the main reflections of resistance literature in the writing of this short story collection.

George Chaccour is a Christian poet who is lovers of Ahl al-Bayt. This love is depicted in some of his works, namely "The Epic of the Prophet "(Malhamat-al-Rasul(PBUH)), "the Epic of Ali"(Malhamat al-Ali (AS)), and "the Epic of Hussein" (Malhamat-al-Hussein(AS)). The book "the Epic of Hussein" was chosen as the corpus of this study. In the poet’s belief, there is a kind of commitment to Lebanon and Palestine, and abhorrence of the old Zionist enemy. This study aims at finding the themes of resistance literature in Chaccour’s poetry, especially the literature of Palestine and Labonan, through an investigation of his Ashura poetry. The features of the movement of Imam Hussein in Chaccour’s poetry are, actually, the same features that he wishes the Palestinians and the Lebanese have. Composing "the Epic of Hussein" and taking the themes of Ashura Movement give him the ability to revive freedom, resistance, dedication, and Fighting against oppression in the youth of Palestine and Lebanon.