فصلنامه پژوهشهای علوم و فناوری چوب و جنگل
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (تابستان 1393)

This research was aimed to investigate the possibility of using deinked office waste paper as a partial replacement into imported long fiber admixture Populus nigr APMP. At first، APMP pulp was provided with Populus nigra chips. Deinking of mixed office waste paper was done by flotation method. Three types of pulp namely APMP، long fiber pulp and deinked pulp were refined to 300 ml، CSF and mixed to each other with different ratios، respectively that included A: (%80، %20، %0 as a control sample، B (80،15،5)، C (80،10،10)، D (80،5،15) and E (80،0،20) then used for making hand sheets. The Mechanical and optical properties of handsheets including tensile strength index، tear strength index، breaking length، burst strength index، brightness and opacity were determined according to TAPPI standard test method. Achieved results of measurements and also normalization equations had shown that a replacement of 5% deinked office waste paper with imported long fiber would result the paper with suitable mechanical and optical properties.

Trend of product point of wood and paper products is showing economic status of wood and paper industry and future situation prediction of these products is essential. Two methods of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) were compared and monthly product point was forecasted for 2011. Performance evaluation criteria and MAPE was measured. Our results show that MAPE is low، especially in the ARIMA method، but predicted inflation rate of ARIMA is the same of past periods (2002 to 2010) and also، predicted inflation rate of ANN is similar to target periods. Approximately، the same product point is predicted by both methods and product point will increase، inconsequentially. But the monthly time series data of both product points are non stationary from 2002 to 2010. So probably، economics shocks as the subsidies scheme will affect product point and this subject will cause of upward product point.

The quality of pulp and paper will be reduced by increasing the number of waste paper recycling and utilization of virgin chemical pulp is one method to upgrade the recycled pulp quality. Therefore، bagasse soda chemical pulp was used to improve the Latif deinked pulp (DIP) quality at present study. Bagasse has been supplied by Pars Paper Company and soda pulp was made at laboratory scale. The Bagasse produced pulp under the optimum cooking conditions (using NaOH 17. 5% and cooking time: 30 mins) had 51. 3% yield and 18. 6 kappa number، and bleached by HEH bleaching sequence. The pulp samples (bagasse، DIP، and imported long fiber pulp(LF))، were separately refined to 360 ml، CSF. Standard hand sheets were made from pure DIP pulp and also different ratios of 10 to 30% of any of bagasse and LF pulps in admixture with DIP pulp and the paper properties were determined. The results showed that the strength properties of DIP were improved by using soda bagasse pulp in DIP furnish. The physical and mechanical properties of paper made from 30% bagasse and 70% DIP pulps، except tear strength، were comparable with the properties of Latif paper (20% LF and 70% DIP pulps) and it can be used by elimination or remarkable decreasing of LF pulp.

Most tree characteristics such as annual growth ring are influenced by climatic changes. Dendroclimatology، a branch of Dendrochronology science، studies the effects of climate parameters such as temperature and precipitation on the characteristics of annual growth ring. To carry out this research، 30 Quercus persica coppice trees were selected in Oak forest in Khorramabad، Lorestan، Iran. We supply trees samples with disk format. Tree ring samples were taken to the laboratory and were prepared there by the handle cutter. Annual growth rings were measured by BINOCOLAR and LINTAB measurement table and TSAP software. Cross dating was performed among samples by TSAP software. Seven tree samples were deleted due to unsuitable Cross dating. Chronology of the site was prepared by ARSTAN. Temperature and precipitation data were collected from climatology station and their effects on annual growth ring were examined. The results indicated that precipitation and temperature had positive and negative effects on trees growth، respectively because of the arid and semi arid climate. Most positive and significant effect of precipitation was recognized in October and May but that of temperature was determined in September، October، November، December، July and August.

The purpose of this research is investigation on، spatial distribution of tree and shrub species diversity using richness، evenness and heterogeneity indices in different condition of topographic، suborder soil types، forest type and influence of management in the district 1 of Doctor Bahramnia forest. Trees and shrubs attributes obtained from 518 sample plots of forestry plan. Species diversity indices were determined in each plot based on tree frequency and basal area. The topographic primary attributes maps were derived from a digital terrain model of study area. Suborder soil and forest type maps obtained from database of Dr. Bahramnia forestry plan. Mean of indices in different class of variables calculated using GIS functions. Data were analyzed using statistical software by analysis of one-way variance (ANOVA) and the homogenous groups were determined with Duncan’s test in significant level of p‹0. 05. The results indicated that rat of diversity indices in major of tree based species diversity indices calculated with both way، number of trees and basal area of trees were significance statistical difference (p‹0. 05) in different class of altitude، slope، aspect، forest type and suborder soil. Comparison of value diversity between managed stand and unmanaged stand (parcel 32) indicated that these stands in heterogeneity indices that calculated with basal area of trees، exhibiting significance statistical difference (p‹0. 05).

The essential problem of Judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum L.) is due to double dormancy (membrane dormancy and embryo dormancy) causing delay of germination and enhance of germination period. This investigation was conducted in order to seed breaking dormancy and improvement of germination characteristic. The experiment was done on scarified seeds with boil water and halopriming technique with concentrations of 0، 250، 500، 750، 1000 mM salt KNO3 (for 24 hours). The experiment was as completely randomized design with four replications in germinator (16 hours of light، 20 °C and 65% relative humidity). The results showed that boil water and halopriming technique (KNO3) in a 30-day halopriming could remove dormancy whereas scarified seeds with boil water and primed with 750 mM KNO3 improved germination percentage، germination speed and seed vigor index، respectively 3، 1. 5 and 2. 5 fold as compared to non-primed seeds. Likewise، in this salt concentration، in comparison with other ones، the least mean germination time، the greatest germination speed، shoot length and vigor index were appeared. For reducing the seed dormancy period and increasing the germination percentage of C. siliquastrum in nurseries، it is advised that the seeds before planting are to be scarified with boil water and then applied with KNO3 (essentially 750 mM for 24 hours) in halopriming technique.

Foofel has been used in making instruments in Iran from ancient times. It is thought that this hardwood comes from the palmaceae family which doesn’t have any woody structure. To ascertain what this species really is، some Foofel samples were prepared from an instrument maker for examination. In this investigation، transverse، radial، and tangential microscopic samples were taken from three sides of 1x1x1 Cm pieces of wood by using a microtome. The same preparation method was applied to each section. All anatomical characteristics were measured and determined according to the IAWA Hardwood Feature List. After using the INTKEY software، the samples’ anatomical features displayed more similarities with Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. To make sure if the identified sample is exactly Dalbergia Latifolia، some pieces of it were transferred from India (the origin of this species) to Iran. Comparing the microscopic samples of Dalbergia with the prepared samples، and macroscopic observation supported the conclusion that the sample is indeed Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Results of this study regarding to knowing this wood characteristics would enable the instrument makers to find the real Foofel wood or its equivalents easier.

In this study the decay resistance of Populus deltoides sapwood heat treated in air and rapeseed oil were investigated. For this purpose، the samples of Cottonwood with dimensions 19×19×19mm in according to ASTM D 1413 standard were prepared. Heat treatments were performed at 180، 200 and 220°C temperatures for 2 or 4 hours in air and rapeseed oil. Then samples volumes losses were measured. The experimental samples were exposed to brown rot fungus (Coniophora puteana) and white rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) for 12 weeks. Then weight loss and moisture content of the samples were measured. Results showed that heat treatment improved the decay resistance of cottonwood. With increasing treatment time and temperature، the decay resistance increased. So that heat treatment with rapeseed oil at the temperature of 220 degrees for 4 hours، improved the decay resistance against C. puteana and T. versicolor 91. 5 and 90. 6 percent، respectively. The results also showed that، heat treatment in rapeseed oil had a better effect in comparison to air heat treatment on the improvement of Cottonwood decay resistance.

This study was targeted on investigating the effect of sizing agent and PCC، GCC، clay fillers on properties of printing and writing paper. Therefore، Alkyl Ketone Dimer (AKD) by 0. 5%، and mineral fillers including precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC)، ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and kaolin by 30% were used in furnish consisted of 70% Hardwood chemical-mechanical pulp (CMP) and 30% bleached softwood Kraft pulp (BSKP) produced by Mazandaran Wood and Paper Mill، based on dry weight of fibers and also according to TAPPI Standard. Results showed that filler type affected the paper properties and sizing agent significantly، and PCC containing handsheets also had less negatively affected by fillers، and its optical properties have positively affected by mineral fillers. It noteworthy that sizing agent causes intensified undesirable impact of various fillers on paper.

Awareness of the impact of forest various management methods on forest regeneration is necessary for forest maintenance and sustainable development. Gaps occurs in the forest canopy when trees dry out and die. Canopy gaps have great importance in forest ecosystems and increase the forest biodiversity by establishment of new species and development of natural scenery. This study aimed to investigate the effect of canopy gaps size and dead trees on natural regeneration in control compartment of the Experimental Forest Station of Tarbiat Modares University (Aghozchal district). Therefore، after an initial forest survey and determination of canopy gaps location، plots of 400m2 were sampled in the canopy gaps and adjacent to the existing dead trees and seedlings in the plots were studied in two separate parts: short (50cm height) seedlings. Also، species، number of dead trees، quality status (decay class) and destruction status of canopy gaps were recorded. The results showed that maximum and minimum number of dead trees based on the size of canopy gap was in very large group and small group respectively، and based on decay class is related to class 2 and 4. Logs become much more frequent than snags and the highest and lowest frequency of logs was beech and alder respectively and in contrast، for snags was alder and beech respectively. In comparison with other species، beech has the highest frequency in both parts of natural regeneration. Thus the presence of dead trees in the forest has a significant impact on the natural regeneration and forest biodiversity، high attention should be given for the important role of dead wood in order to achieve forest sustainability.

A large area of world soil have salinity problem. Salinity affects establishment، germination and emergence of plants. Planting salt tolerant species and cultivars is a very convenient and economical way to overcome the problems associated with soil salinity. Various species of Eucalyptus introduced as salt tolerant trees and have widely used around the world. The most important elements dissolved in saline soil that inhibit the growth and crop production are reduced sodium chloride and calcium chloride. In this study has been investigated the effect of calcium chloride as a salt stress on germination and seedling growth of three species (E. camldulensis، E. microtheca and E. saligna) in two substrates، sand and MS medium. The results showed that seed germination has continued until 250 mmol of salinity in both substrates in E. microtheca while the species E. camaldulensis and E. saligna، germinated respectively until 200 and 150 mmol. The maximum and minimum total mean germination (percent and speed germination and seed vigor) and seedling growth (root and shoot length) characteristics in both substrates belong to E. microtheca and E. saligna. Thus، according to the results of this research E. microtheca can be introduced as a more resistance species to salt stress than two other species، E. camaldulensis and E. saligna in germination and primary growth stages.

Recreation planning is not only as a tools for enhancing of socio-economy levels of the people but because of its conservational functions can provide a dynamic conditions for conservation of natural resources. With respect to this point that the first step in recreation planning like planning for any activity is the evaluation of land potential for that activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of ecotourism of Babolrood watershed in Mazandaran province by using of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). For this regard، firstly the most important effective criteria and sub-criteria in evaluating of the potential for recreation in the study area were determined by using prior researches، conditions of study area and expert knowledge. After that، some questionnaires were provided and between different experts were distributed. The weight of criteria in each questionnaire was calculated and then the averaged weights were estimated. With applying of AHP method and Expert Choice software the final weight for each criteria and sub-criteria was determined. After that، the needed maps for this evaluation were provided in GIS environment. At the end، with help of Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) technique the final potential map for the ecotourism development of region was provided. The results showed that 19/33 percent of study area has a high potential and 52/81 percent has a good potential for ecotourism. In addition، 23/19 percent has an average potential، 1/84 percent has a weak potential and 2/82 percent is not suitable for recreation land use.