نشریه نهال و بذر
سال سی و دوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1395)

Identification and collection of germplasm of each crop is the first step in breeding programs and introducing adapted cultivars in each region. This study was carried out to characterized and register thirteen fig and caprifig genotypes in Fars, Markazi, Lorestan and Kermanshah provinces during 2009 to 2010. Fifty four morphological characters were evaluated based on National Distinction Tests Guidelines of Uniformity and stability of fig genotypes. Based on the results of the data cluster analysis and considering of the 50% similarities, studied fig genotypes were classified into five groups. In this classification, the highest similarity was between Sabz and Rono and the lowest between Sabz and Siah-e-Dorosht genotypes. The results also showed that 27 evaluated characters had the ability for separating the desirable genotypes, and key characters were determined for identification of each genotype. Practical cases of these results are the use of morphological characters for separation of complex cultivars in orchards and collections, introduction of key characters of each genotypes for easy and quick diagnosis, selection of parents for crosses in breeding programs and molecular identification facilitating.

Breeding of eleven Iranian eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) landraces was conducted via pure line selection method in two separate trials for three years. In the first and second years, trials were conducted separately in Varamin and in the third year a single experiment was carried out in four locations Varamin, Mashhad, Mazandaran, and Minab. Landraces of Varamin-Long, Chahboland-Neishabur, Sarkhon-Bandarabbas, Joybar-Mazandaran, and Ghasri-Dezful were studied in trial I, and landraces of Paboland-Yazd, Dastgerd-Esfahan, Jahrom, Lorestan, Shend-Abad and Borazjan in trial II. In the first year, some plants of each landrace (47 plants from trial I and 36 plants from trial II) were selected based on the quantitative and qualitative traits. In year two, selected plants of the first year (as treatment) and their landraces (as control) were planted in two augment designs and 35 lines (16 from trial I and 19 from trial II) were selected based on the yield and quality of fruits. In third year, selected lines of second year along with a control were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in four locations. Analysis of variance for each location and combined analysis of variance for all locations were done. Finally, 22 lines with best quality and highest yield were selected from studied landraces.

A total of 277 barley landraces belonging to barley collection of National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, originating from eleven provinces in arid-zone of Iran were evaluated for drought tolerance. The genetic materials were planted in two normal and stress experiments in augmented design scheme. The grain yield was measured and stress tolerance indices were computed. Results of descriptive statistics indicated that STI had higher coefficient of variation (56.56%) than the other stress indices. GMP and STI with large coefficient of correlation with grain yield under stress and normal conditions were identified as the best indices. Fifty-nine morphotypes were located at group A of Fernandez category, among them, 70227 from Yazd, 6507.2, 6436 and 6252.1 from Boshehr, 70013 and 70014 from Kerman, 6652.2 from Khozestan, 6421 from Khorasan and 70017 from Sistan and Balochestan had the largest STI and were identified as superior morphotypes in this research. Based on Euclidean distance between origins of the accession, morphotypes of Sistan and Balochestan had the lowest and morphotypes of Khozestan and Lorestan had the highest similarity. Provinces Lorestan, Fars, Hormozgan, Khozestan, and Markazi were located at the margin of scatter plot drawn based on multi-dimensional scaling, while Boshehr and Isfahan were located near to origin. Since the morphotypes in this research were all originating from arid climates, most of them exhibited high tolerance to drought stress, but a high genetic diversity was observed in local germplasm of barley for drought tolerance.

Identification of genetically resources variability is one of the key factors for conservation of germplasm and their potential of breeding for the future. In order to study the genetic diversity of chickpea, thirty genotypes were analyzed using 11 Conserved DNA-Derived Polymorphism (CDDP) and nine Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) Polymorphism markers. Genotypes were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Sanandaj Islamic Azad University farm. During the experiment, some morphological traits such as seed yield, biomass, harvest index, 100-seed weight, number of seeds/pod and plant height were scored. Based on the result, matrix of genetic distance ranged from 0.24 to 0.77 in CDDP and from 0.37 to 0.88 in SCoT markers. The level of polymorphism generated by CDDP markers (91%) was relatively similar to SCoT (88%) markers. Cluster analysis for CDDP and SCoT markers divided genotypes in three groups. Results of the study suggested superiority of CDDP and SCoT over other used marker techniques due to their high resolution and high variability in detection of genomic information, therefore, CDDP and SCoT are introduced as new molecular markers system for evaluation of chickpea germplasm.

In order to evaluate eight bean genotypes for drought tolerance, an experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Iran in 2014. Drought stress was applied by cutting irrigation for two week at pod filling stage. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes in terms of stomata resistance, number of pods per plant,weight of dry pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant dry weight, 100 seed weight, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant and leaf area index at 1% and harvest index at 5% probability levels. Weight of dry pods per plant had the highest correlation with seed yield (r = 0.89). In regression analysis for seed yield, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, leaf area index and weight of dry pods per plant as effective traits were entered into the model. Path analysis for seed yield showed that number of seeds per pod, weight of dry pods per plant,100 seed weight and leaf area index had the maximum influence on the seed yield, respectively. The maximum Crop Growth Rate (CGR) and maximum Relative Growth Rate (RGR) in drought stress and non-stress conditions were recorded in Goli cultivar. According to GMP, MP, STI, and HARM indices, Goli cultivar was evaluated as the most tolerant genotype.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is one of the hosts for root-knot nematodes. In this study, two open-pollinated populations and their half-sib families (37 families), two hybrids of sugar beet and the commercial resistant cultivars to cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii), including Tucan, Cactus, Saneta, Pauletta, Paulina, Fernando, Sucarra and Shokufa, were evaluated against Meloidogyne javanica and M. arenaria in the separate experiments under greenhouse condition. Seedlings were inoculated with 500 and 750 second-stage juveniles. About 70 days after inoculation, the plants were taken off and the number of root-galls in roots was counted. Individual plants with 10 and less than 10 galls in root were considered as a resistant. Results indicated that SB33 and SB34 open-pollinated populations and total their half-sib families were resistant to root-knot nematode and the resistance in SB33 population is inherited in a dominant manner. Also the all resistant cultivars to cyst nematode, were susceptible to root-knot nematode.

This study was conducted during 2011-2014 at the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University and Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Fars Province. A cross between MO17 and K1263/1 was conducted as susceptible and resistant lines against MIMV. Following the production of F1 and F2 populations, BC1 (F1 × MO17) and BC2 (F1 × K1263/1) generations were produced by backcrossing of F1 with either parental lines. Evaluation of different generations was performed by inoculation of plants by Laodelphax striatellus in greenhouse and field trials in two years. Traits related to MIMV resistance were measured as area under disease progress curve (AUPDC), the percentage of chlorotic disease symptoms, and absorbance value of samples at 405 nm in ELISA test. Based on the results, the highest and lowest amounts of neasured trails were scored in parental lines MO17 and K1263, respectively. Results of GMA and scaling tests indicated that 3-parameters model including mean (m), additive [d] and dominance [h] effects had the best fitness in both experiments. In genetic model, m, [d] and [h] were significant for all traits. Not-significant epistatic effects indicated the lack of inter-genic interactions in inheritance of traits in segregating populations derived from parental lines. Dominance ratio close to unit (1) confirmed complete or partial dominance gene action in genetic control of traits. Heritability of traits was higher that 90%. Therefore, production of resistant inbred lines via selection methods for benefaction of additive effects of resistance genes and dominance effects in production of resistant hybrids would be useful in breeding programs of resistance to MIMV.

Common smut is an important disease of maize that occurres in many maize growing countries as well as in Iran and causes considerable damages on yield. Damage of the disease varies by race of the pathogen, susceptibility of host, agronomic procedures and nitrogen fertilizers application on crop. Damages up to 50% on susceptible cultivars have been reported frequently. Control of the disease through common methods is difficult and use of resistant cultivars is the best method for control of the disease. In the present study response of 29 maize genotypes including 16 hybrids and 13 parents to prevalent races of the pathogen was evaluated in field condition in Karaj and Isfahan in 2014. All ears of plants in each plot were inoculated with a suspension of sporidia of five isolates of the pathogen and disease severity was scored at the end of the season and respose of genotypes was evaluated. Based on the results, only line S61 was resistant and the remaining were moderately resistant except OH43/1-42 and KE 78008/212 which were highly susceptible. Among hybrids, KSC 201 (K1263/17 × S61) was highly resistant, KSC 400 (KE 72012/12 × KE 1263/1), KE 75016.321 × K 1264/5-1 and KSC 260 (K 615/1 × K 1264/5-1) were resistant and the remaining hybrids were moderately resistant or moderately susseptible.