فصلنامه فناوری آموزش
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 16، پاییز 1389)

A relatively large number of 4th-grade public primary school students in Iran did not perform at acceptable levels in the national and international assessment of mathematics (such as, TIMSS, 2003, 2007). One concept that poses significant difficulty for these students and negatively affects their overall mathematics achievement is fractions. Many researchers have attributed these difficulties primarily to traditional instruction of fraction that emphasizes on procedural rather than conceptual knowledge. Therefore this study was designed to investigate the effect of a multi-representational instruction on student conceptual understanding of fraction concepts. The participants of the study were 40 students at two primary schools. This study utilized a quasi-experimental design in which students at one school (control) learn fraction concepts with a traditional instructional approach while students at the other school (treatment) learn these concepts with an instructional approach simultaneously introducing multiple representations. The effect of a multi-representational instruction on students’ understanding was assessed with a pretest and posttest. For deeper investigation of the process of understanding and thinking of students, qualitative interviews were also conducted with three participants from each school.  The findings of the study indicated that students in treatment group scored significantly higher, and develop of the conceptual understanding of the concept of fractions, and therefore they have less misconception when learning fraction concepts. Besides the findings of the study, indicated that students in treatment group have resistant learning of concept of fractions.

The focus of this study was to clarify the degree of relationship between field Transfer of Learning by means of application in the modern physics (laser) and common field. To achieve this goal an intact group of 85 students in introductory level college in Shahreray zone in Tehran in Iran participated in test. The major objectives of the test were to investigate students’ transfer of physics learning from their experiences of watching laser applications to the provided physical models, from one model to the other and from the models to the modern physics (laser) problems. To find the degree of relationship between tow variables point- biserial correlation coefficient was used. To compare the mean scores of the tow variables the independent T-test technique was used. The result of the statistical analyses revealed that in the knowledge domain that was significant difference between the control and the experimental groups.

Considering that teacher is important and the most important factors in the development of effect qualitative education system, the present research have assessed methods of elementary school teacher’s training. In this research, the quantitative and quality methods of study have been utilized. The statistical population of this research includes the principals of elementary schools, experts, and teachers of teacher training center of Qom in the educational year of 2008-2009.  In order to select the principals, classified sampling method was used in congruency with the size; purposeful sampling method was used to determine the experts' sample. In this regard 162 principals', 20 experts and members of the faculty's view analyzed who had a great research background. The validity of the questionnaire and the interview has been confirmed by some of the professors and PhD and M.A students. The reliability of the questionnaire has been estimated in selection as 0.87 respectively, using the Crunbach alpha. In order to analyze the results descriptively and analytically, the SPSS software has been used; in order to analyze the interview, the categorization method has been utilized. The results show that In order to teach and train the teachers, up- to- date and implicational subjects and courses should be prepared, experienced and qualified teachers should be employed, training courses should be held, equipments should be provided in accordance with the teachers' needs to improve the generic and technical qualification of both students and teachers. In this regard, using the experience of developed countries (Paying attention to cultural differences); in teacher training programs were underlined to make the reviewing, amending and developing possible. Finally, some recommendations were suggested to improve the training of the elementary teachers.