فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران
سال چهل و هشتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1396)

Along with the increasing world population, food supply required human society is faced with serious limitations this subject has cause that farmers use more pesticide for increase their products and combat plant pests. The use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers faced human life with more risk and affect their health. Therefore, in this paper attempts to Estimation of willingness to accept of organic Cucumber cultivation by farmers in Alborz province and examined the factors affecting it. The statistic population consisted of 78 cucumber producers in Alborz province which data are collected through a questionnaire. The results showed that 64 percent of farmers surveyed have tendency more than 10000 riyals for produce per kilogram organic cucumber. The results showed that job, cultivation, sale price, yield have positive relationship and income has negative and significant relationship with farmer's tendency for produce organic cucumbers.furthermore, results shows that there is lack of farmer's knowledge about organic's market and regulations. Regarding to results, Holding meetings and Seminar between farmers in agricultural service centers of the provinces by Agricultural Jihad and credit payment and encouragement to organic product producers and movement of insurance to effect on decreasing the risk and increasing of production has suggested.

Despite the growth of e-commerce processes as well as the undeniable advantages they still use traditional methods of buying and selling by some businesses such as agriculture would be preferable. Despite the advantages of e-commerce in agriculture that led to the latest information, including market price, the buyers, major shopping centers and other important information by producers and consumers of abuse by profiteers and the Cut-However adoption of electronic commerce in the sector are weak and need to change the attitude of its brokers. Among the important factors in this change of attitude is due to the risks of electronic commerce adoption. This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of demographic variables on the impact of perceived risks (financial, security, performance and time) attitude to Iran's acceptance of electronic commerce in the agricultural sector. This study is applied and the nature and methodology of the survey method is correlation. User research population large agricultural sector has been buying and selling on the market. According to the study the relationship between financial risk and security risk were not significant with age and experience use. The effect on attitudes toward e-commerce security risks in the agricultural sector was ignored. This study showed that other risk significant effect on the attitude to adopt electronic commerce in agriculture, which must be paid.

Agricultural products market is an interval market, where producers and consumers have been distributed at different places. The aim of this study was to analyze the one price law through evaluating the continuity and the type of coherence in the market of 2 depicted agricultural products (saffron and bean) at 12 important provinces of our country ( Mazandaran, Gilan, Golestan, Tehran, West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Semnan, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Fars, Kerman, Khoozestan) which represented the entire of Iran. In this study the monthly price index logarithm for a 9 year period (1384-92) was used. To estimate the amount of continuity, the Johansson’ co-integration method in vector error correction model (VECM) and Eviews software was applied. The results showed that the complete integration of the markets in the long run was rejected in the market of all 2 agricultural products and the hypothesis of the existence of one rice law among all the markets was not proven. In case of some products some of the provinces are the governors of the price. According to the results in order to increase the continuity of the markets, it is suggested to form production and distribution of the products cooperatives and also to develop the facilities and the underlying services.

This study investigate on the feasibility of new markets such as Surimi, Comobaco, fish Sausage based on lexicographic preferences in the provinces of Mazandaran and Tehran with using of logit model in the year of 2015. The results show that willingness to pay of deontologist people in Tehran is 193240 Rial and for consequentialist is 178130 Rial while willingness to pay of deontologist people in Mazandran is 186350 Rial and for consequentialist is 151490 Rial. So deontologist compared with consequentialist tend to pay more for these products and in Tehran province all the products have ability to enter the market. In Mazandran province Surimi product in both groups and Comobaco and fish sausage only in deontologist groups can enter to the market.

The purpose of this study was to assess educators’ perceptions of agricultural engineering and technical consultation services companies toward necessary professional competencies in training process. The research method was descriptive- correlation and used survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all educators of consultation services companies that had implemented training courses in Ilam and Kermanshah Provincies (N= 1853). Using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table and proportional stratified random sampling technique 317 educator selected as research sample. A questionnaire used to collect the data. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on opinions of some of agricultural extension and education experts. The data was analyzed using SPSSwin18 software. According to the research results educators’ perception toward desirable situation (importance) and current situation (having) of professional competencies is at high and moderate level, respectively. Based on the correlation results, there were positive and significant relationships between level of education, years of membership and education experience, with having professional competencies in trainig process. As well as, the results showed that there were significant differences between desirable situation (importance) and current situation (having) of professional competencies required for training process.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of social capital on the quality of life for farmers in Divandarreh city. The statistical population of this study included all the farmers in Divandarreh city (N=7931). Sampling volume was obtained using Cochran's sampling formula for 158 farmers. In order to increase the reliability of the results for this research, 180 questionnaires were distributed among farmers. Eventually,174 of the questionnaires were replied to and received. We utilized the stratified random sampling method. The main tool of the study was a questionnaire which was validated by a panel of experts. Also, its reliability was calculated by the use of Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient which was obtained α=0.78andα=0.83 for the social capital and the quality of life measures, respectively. The analysis of data was carried out by SPSSwin18 software. Our Results showed that the level of social capital and the quality of life among farmers was in a low level. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a positive and significant relationship among social capital components (cooperation and voluntary participation, collective identity, mutual cooperation, communications and responsiveness, trust, collective coherence, networks and common norms) and the quality of life. In addition, according to the results of the regression analysis, four variables can be concluded: cooperation and voluntary participation trust, and collective coherence can determine the variance of the dependent variables of the study up to 52/4 percent.

Rural housing is an important factor in sustainable development which is always more vulnerable in comparison to human settlements in urban centers. Considering the importance of this issue, the main purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors affecting vulnerability of rural housing in Hokerd Village in Jiroft County. The statistical population of the study consisted of all heads of households in the village (N= 420). According to the Bartlett et al. (2001) table, by taking higher accuracy a sample size of 180 was selected using a method of simple random sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the main scale of the questionnaire was equal to 0.81. The results of a factor analysis showed that five factors including: technical (with 24.14 % of variance), natural- geographical (with 17.19 %), cognitive- supervisory (with 14.75 %), economic (with 6.67 %) and quality of material (with 6.19 %) explained 68.94 % of total variances of the factors affecting vulnerability of rural housing in the village.

The main purpose of this research was to analyses of effecting factors on the tendency to fish farming between fish farmers in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiyari Province. This research was a sort of the survey studies and a questionnaire was compiled for collecting of data. Statistical population of this study was included 263 fish farming exploitation units; also sampling method was a sort of random sampling. Number of sample size was estimated by Kokran formula, 119 fish farming units. The data collection tool was questionnaire and its reliability has been estimated 0.73 by using Cronbach alpha. The data were analyzed using SPSS-win (version 11.5). The results of research indicate that the average age of fish farmers was 38 and the average experience was 5.5 years. Priority ranging tendency reasons to fish farming show that the important factor to tendency was personal interest and training course which was held by extension service centers were identified as the last factor. According to factorial analysis results, the effective factors on tendency to fish farming were classified in 4 groups that they determined 70.77 percent of total variance. Factors extracted from factor analysis by their importance’s respectively are: personal- social factor, nature factor, economic factor and education-extension factor.

The purpose of this descriptive-survey study was to investigate the final agricultural waste disposal behaviors of rural households and the effect of their knowledge on these behaviors in Qazvin Township. The target population consisted all rural households in Qazvin Township (N=31338) which 217 of them as sample were selected based on Cochran sampling formula and multi-stage randomized sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire Developed by investigator which its content and face validity verified by an expert panel in this field. A pilot test was conducted to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Chronbach's Alpha was estimated 0.75. The results showed that the majority of rural 'peoples had an average level of waste management knowledge and there were 15 different final agricultural waste disposal behaviors which are done by rural households. Most of these behaviors economically and environmentally were undesirable. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed that rural people's knowledge effect on final agricultural waste disposal behavior is meaningful. Based on findings, educational and extensional programs regarding effective management of agricultural waste should be designed and extended.

At the moment, using Social Network Analysis (SNA) has mentioned as one of the analytical methods of Innovation Systems. As agricultural problems have very complicated nature, this method applied in the Agricultural Innovation System (AIS) and their economic, social, and environmental sustainability studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate of Iranian dairy industry innovation system network by network analysis of its actors, semi-structured and in-depth interviews of key informants (n=26) and subject matter specialists (n=20). Also, ORA and Atlas. ti softwares have applied for analysis of the research findings. Research findings show that innovation system network of this industry includes: business organizations, government policy institutions, higher education institutions, research and technology organizations, bridging institutions, venture capital organizations, non-profit organizations, abroad sector, and their interactions. Results of the study display unsustainable situation in the network and interactions. So, in order to promote of Iranian dairy industry, current study has presented some suggestions.

Effective evaluation has been always a serious and problematic issue in agricultural extension system. Although there have been some erratic efforts to develop indicators to assessing the public agricultural extension services, it seems there is not a contextualized study to identify appropriate indicators to measuring the status of private enterprises involved in agricultural extension system, if any. So that, a common weakness with the routine evaluation programs upon private extension enterprises is that they mostly rely on irrelevant blueprint criteria. In this regard, the main purpose of this study was to develop the relevant and situation-specific indicators which can be used for assessing the status and performance of private enterprises who are engaged in agricultural extension and advisory delivery system. A mixed method research design was conducted, and key informant were purposively selected in both phases. Qualitative data were gathered by using semi-structured interviews and analyzed according to the fundamental assumptions of grounded theory. In contrast, quantitative data were collected through a survey using a researcher-made questionnaire and compared by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). According to the results, 90 indicators were developed and classified into nine distinctive categories. In terms of their importance and priority, acquired indicators’ categories were nominated: services’ profitability, market efficiency, institutional development, accountability, professional expertise, enterprises’ resources, professional interactions, entrepreneurial innovation and coverage level, respectively. These indicators can be used by policy-makers of agricultural services system and private enterprises in extension evaluation and adjustment projects in a contextualized manner.

Bam region is one of the main regions for Mazafati Date production in Iran. Because of limitation of Date production inputs in Bam region application of optimum production management in input utilization is necessary. The main objective of this study is to estimate the technical, scale, allocative and economic efficiencies. The efficiencies were estimated using data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1240 Dates producerd of Bam county that 142 of them were chosen as statistical sample by applying Stratified Random Sampling and Cochran formula. The data were collected by questionnaire that designed with open question and its face and content validity was approved by a panel of experts. Research results revealed that mean technical, scale, allocative and economic efficiency scores of the sample orchards were 61.15, 66.2, 46.14 and 28.22 percent, respectively. Findings revealed that the farmers were inefficient in the use of all the resources; and all producing inputs are uses higher than optimum consumed amount and the most discrepancy of consumption respectively are in animal fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, machinery use and water use. An econometric analysis based on Tobit Regression models indicated that age of farm operator, years of schooling, number of contacts with extension agents and orchard capital were had significant impact on of technical efficiency.

The purpose of this research was identifying favorable characteristics of supporting organizations of water resources management extension system for date palm growers in Khuzestan province of Iran. The population of experts in this study are included all agricultural extension experts (N=150) of agricultural-Jihad Organization of Khuzestan Province. A survey study was applied as a methodology of research work. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure reliability of the instrument which was showed the instrument reliability. Based on the results, current characteristics of supporting organizations of extension system regarding all items of water resources management for date palm growers in Khuzestan province is not favorable. Wilcoxon signed ranks were used for analyzing causal comparative of water resources management, between current and favorable conditions which showed that there were significant differences between current and favorable conditions (P≤0.01). The results of this study indicated favorable characteristics of supporting organizations of water resources management extension system for date palm growers in Khuzestan province that are respectively: The presence of popular organizations and agricultural associations, Considering the team learning and team work in the organization, attention to the interpersonal skills in the organization and creating a common goal of the organization.

The purpose of this study was investigation of potential diversification of productive activities in rural areas at Ghory Ghale district with emphasis on home jobs and factors influencing its development. Statistical population consisted of rural households of Ghory Ghale district (N=624). According to Krejci and Morgan sampling table and by the stratified sampling method, 240 families selected as research sample. Research instrument was questionnaire that it’s validity confirmed by content validity method with a panel of experts and its reliability confirmed by implication of pilot test and calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.94). SPSS19 and Excel2010 software was used for data analysis. Results showed that in all villages, production potentials were more than region’s capacities and human abilities. Also results showed that the most important factors influencing diversification of productive activities in this district relatively consisted of economic, educational, managerial, motivational and sociological factors. The main barriers to diversification of non-agricultural activities are economic, social, educational, structural and managerial that these factors in total have been explained 61/5 % of all barriers.