مجله علوم گیاهان زراعی ایران
سال پنجاهم شماره 1 (بهار 1398)

In this study, concentration, absorption and distribution of phosphorus, as most restrictive essential element after nitrogen, in these two stages of wheat and barley were studied.The experimental factors were fertilizer P rate (0, 8.4, 16.8, 25.2 and 33.6 mg P per kg dry soil equal to 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg P ha-1), inoculation or uninoculation with Streptomyces sp. bacterium and crop (wheat cultivar Morvarid and barley cultivar Sahra). In both growth stages of SE and Ant, P concentration was increased linearly in all plant parts by increasing the amount of applied fertilizer phosphorus. In all fertilizer P rates, plant parts in terms of P concentration were arranged as leaf > shoot > total plant > stem > root, and in term of P content were arranged as root< leaf< stem< shoot< total plant. Inoculation with Streptomyces isolate increased root P concentration in SE and leaf, shoot and whole plant P concentration in Ant, P accumulation in these parts of plants and stem in Ant, significantly. In both growth stages, P concentration and accumulation in different parts of plant except phosphorus has accumulated in the stem, in barley was more than wheat. Results showed that P allocation coefficient to different organs has higher stability than P concentration and accumulation. Findings of this study indicated a strong relationship between the amount of accumulated P in whole plant in SE and Ant with grain yield in two crops. This relationship well described by a segmented linear-plateau function.

Sunflower is an important crop that its oil has nutritional and high economic value. Sclerotinia is important fungal disease of sunflower that reduces its growth and yield. In this study, the reaction of 100 oily sunflower lines was studied to 6 fungal isolate of sclerotinia disease. Identification of gene loci related to resistance for disease was done with 120 retrotransposon-based primers (REMAP) locus. The results showed that some sunflower genotypes had the good resistant to sclerotinia disease. 8A×/LC1064C genotype showed low necrosis percentage against two A37 (S. sclerotiorum) and M1 (S. minor) isolates. In population structure analysis, 4 subpopulations were identified (K=4) using STRUCTURE software. As well as in associated analysis based on general and mixed linear models (GLM and MLM) using TASEEL software, 9 and 8 loci were identified respectively that are significant association (P≤0.01) with resistant genes that related to sclerotinia. According to the results, CF-UBC826, 1061LTR-UBC818 and 1061LTR-UBC857 markers were commonly related to the resistant genes to some fungal isolate. Identified markers after validation and tranfering to SCAR markers can be used important in sunflower breeding programs for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and developing resistant cultivars to sclerotinia disease.

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a subtropical medicinal plant belongs to the Malvaceae family, those sepals of them, due to its therapeutic properties and culinary, are used. To evaluate the effect of bio-fertilizer on quantitative traits of roselle under different levels of chemical fertilizer, an experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, University of Zabol, during growing season 2013 and 2014. The experiment was carried out in the split plot based on randomized coplete block design with three replications. The main plot was the use of chemical fertilizers, phosphorus, nitrogen and NPK and the subplots were inoculated with nitroxin, supernitroplus, superbiosulphate, mycorrhiza and non-bio-fertilizer. The effects of chemical, biological fertilizers and interactions of thems were significant (P≤0.01) for all studied traits. Calyx number per plant was the most important component in determining the sepals yield. The highest values for all studied triates belonged to the treatment NPK fertilizer in combination with the nitroxin bio-fertilizer. Thus, with respect to the production of medicinal plants in cropping systems, to improve plant growth and increase the sepals yield of roselle, chemical fertilizers NPK in combination with the nitroxin bio-fertilizer is recommended

Expansin protein is a component of the cell wall generally accepted to be the key regulator of cell wall extension during plant growth. Expansins loosen the cell wall in a pH-dependent manner. In this study transgenic AtEXPB2 plants were investigated in normal growth condition. Subsequently some of their physiological, biochemical and molecular traits were measured. Plant materials were transgenic lines; L3, l4, l9 and wide type plant as control. Seeds of three transgenic lines and control were cultured in selective MS and MS medium, respectively. Then transgenic seedlings were grown in greenhouse. Transgenic plants had better antioxidant enzymatic activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase as well as higher photosynthetic pigments and proline content. Control plant had higher membrane phospholipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. Result of relative expression of AtEXPB2 revealed that this transformed gene was being expressed in transgenic lines. Generally transgenic lines had better performance in comparison to wild type plant.

Accurate prediction of seedling emergence in the field is crucial for the performance of growth models. In order to determine thresholds of seedling emergence response to temperature, two replicated field experiments were carried out at Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resource University of Khuzestan during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. In these experiments, seedling emergence of two spring canola cultivars (Hyola 401 and Sarigol) was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in fifteen planting dates (as environment). Thermal-time model was developed based on the Weibull probability distribution function, and thermal thresholds for seedling emergence response of two spring canola cultivars in field conditions was modeled based on this function. Based on model outputs, the base temperature for seedling emergence (Tb) was estimated to be 5.83 °C in the hybrid Hyola 401 and 4.16 °C in the cultivar Sarigol. The thermal-time required to initiate seedling emergence at sub-optimal temperature range (θT(0)) and the thermal-time needed to complete seedling emergence at supra-optimal temperature regimes without significant differences between two cultivars was estimated to be 55.5 and 5.65 °C d, respectively. Maximum temperature for the 50% probability of the thermoinhibition of seedling emergence (Tm(50)) in hybrid Hyola 401 and cultivar Sarigol was estimated to be 33.02 and 33.30 °C, respectively. The optimum temperature for 50% seedling emergence in the field (To(50)) for hybrid Hyola 401 and cultivar Sarigol was determined to be 30.99 and 31.22 °C, respectively.

In order to study the photosynthesis, gas exchange and chlorophyll content of bean by application of Brassinosteroid, an experiment was conducted during 2016-2017 at the research farm of the University of Zanjan, in split factorial base on randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment, irrigation levels (in two levels of optimal irrigation and drought stress) were applied to main plots and bean cultivars (at two levels of Kusha cultivar and COS16 genotype) and different levels of Brassinosteroid (at four levels of 0, 2, 4 and 6 μM) were allocated to sub plots as factorial. In the flowering stage, by cutting irrigation, drought stress was applied and simultaneously with drought stress, bean plants, were sprayed with Brassinosteroid (Epibrassinolide) at the indicated concentrations. The results showed that drought stress had negative effects on the intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content, but with the elimination of drought stress and re-irrigation, the plants were recovered. The use of Epibrassinolide minimized the negative effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, gas exchange, chlorophyll content and seed yield of bean. The highest seed yield was obtained by application of 2 μM of Epibrassinolide (with an average of 2068.2 kg.h-1). Therefore, the use of this hormone can be suggested as a solution to increase drought stress resistance and increase the seed yield of bean under optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions.

Appling different methods to increase seed vigor and seedling establishment of crops are a suitable approach for quantitative and qualitative increasing of crop yield. In order to evaluate the effects of various tillage systems, seed per-treatment and mycorrhizal fungi on some agronomical and physiological traits of maize (Zea mays L), a split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in 2014 at Experimental Farm of Shahrood University of Technology. In this experiment, three systems of tillage (conventional, reduced and minimum) were considered as main plots. Seed pre-treatment levels (pretreatment with salicylic acid in 0.5 milimolar concentration and non-treated) and seed inoculation with mycorrhiza (inoculated and non-inoculated) were considered as a subplot factors. The results indicated that there were significant effects of the triple interaction of tillage systems× seed pre-treatment × mycorrhizal fungi on LAI, carotenoid content and grain yield. The interactions of tillage systems × seed pre-treatment were significant on seed protein, leaf relative water and chlorophyll a and b contents. The treatment combinations of conventional tillage×seed pre-treatment × mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased the LAI and maize grain yield. Application of salicylic acid along with mycorrhizal fungi improved the traits, including the protein and chlorophyll a and b contents.

The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, is one of the major tomato pathogens in Iran. Using resistant varieties is one of coping method to this disease. In the current study, tolerance of some tomato cultivars to root knot nematode was evaluated in greenhouse. In this research resistance of 8 tomamo cultivars called (CH- Falat, Y- Falat, Eden Petopride 2, Petopride 5, Xaman, Comodoro and GS12) were evaluated to root-knot nematode in greenhouse in completely randomized design with four replications. The 4-6 leave’s seedling of tomato was inoculated with 5000 larva of nematode per each kg of pot soil. After 2 months, disease index were evaluated on tomato plants. Cluster analysis showed the range of susceptibility to resistance of tomato cultivars to M. javanica. Results based on pathogenicity traits indicated that the cultivars were divided into four groups: very sensitive, sensitive, semi-sensitive and fairly resistant. CH- Falat cultivar was very sensitive, culticars Y- Falat and Eden were sensitive, cultivars Petopride 2, Petopride 5, Xaman and GS12 were semi-susceptible and Comodoro was relatively resistant to root knot nematode.

Temperature and water are the most important environmental factors controlling seed germination in ‎plants. In order to investigate the effect of temperature and drought stress on seed germination and ‎quantifying of germination; a factorial experiment was conducted with eight temperature levels including ‎‎5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 degrees Celsius and the seven levels of drought stress including 0, 0.5-‎‎0.0, -0.2, -0.3, -0.4, -0.5 and -0.6 MPa, respectively. The results showed that the germination was ‎decreased by decreasing osmotic potential at all temperature levels. However, the intensity of this ‎decrease was less in the range of 20 to 30°C. Using two different methods, the base and maximum ‎temperature of dill germination was estimated in the range of 2.3 and 2.9 °C and 43.0 and 47.3 °C, ‎respectively. The optimum temperature for dill germination was 26 °C. The estimated value of base ‎water potential for germination was -0.53 Mpa with the hydrothermal time model. The results also ‎showed that water base potential for dill germination was increased by -0.5 Mpa as temperature ‎increased. Finally, it was found that if the base water potential taking into account variable in response to ‎changing temperature, then the hydrothermal time model can be good enough to quntify dill germination ‎response to temperature and water.‎

In order to study the effect of irrigation regimes and zinc foliar application on some physiological traits and yield of soybean, an experiment conducted in 2009 at Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University as randomized complete block design arrangement in split factorial with three replications. Main factor was irrigation regimes containing three levels (non stress, water deficit stress in vegetative growth stage and water deficit stress from flowering stage to 10 percent pod set) and subordinate factor was a factorial combination of foliar zinc application containing three levels (non foliar application, water foliar application and zinc sulfate (5000 ppm)) foliar application and cultivars containing two levels (L17 and Clarck 63). Water deficit stress significantly decreased the grain yield. Water deficit stress decreased further Fv/Fm, chlorophyll and soluble protein content in leaves of cultivars, but increased soluble carbohydrates, proline content and antioxidant enzymes activity. Zinc sulfate foliar application increased Fv/Fm, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content in leaves and superoxide dismutase activity in both cultivars, but decreased soluble carbohydrates, proline content, catalase and peroxidase activities. In general, foliar application of zinc decreased harmful effects of oxidative stress due to water deficit stress and improved growth conditions for soybean plants.

This study conducted to evaluating adaptability and seed yeild stability of 19 soybean purelines and Kousar cultvar (check) in three regions: Karaj, Khoram abad and Moghan in during 1392 and 1393 years. For this purpose after preparing soil and planing experimental design, genotype seeds planted in the respective plots. The usual agronomic attentions carried out at growth stages and each genotype yeild estimated after harvest. Combined analysis of variance according to AMMI model, ASV parameter, Biplot Genotypes & Environments means versus IPCA1 and Biplot IPCA1 versus IPCA2 computed by Genstat Ver.12 . the results of ANOVA and AMMI analysis showed that genotye and environment additive effects and “Genotype x Environment” multiplicative effect are significant in % 1 level. Sum of squares of genotype, environment and Gen. × Env. factors founded % 4, % 46 and % 13 of total Sum of squares respectivily. Also according to ASV parameter and results of 1 and 3 biplots three genotypes: G10 (Spry × Nemaha/7) , G16 ( Spry x Savoy/3) and G20 (Kousar) were the most stable and genotype G10 (Spry × Nemaha/7) selected as the best genotype considering the yeild (2764 Kg/ha) and stability.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on the antioxidant production and physiological-biochemical properties of Chelidonium majus under drought stress condition. For this, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications in Imam Khomeini International University during 2016-2017. Three factors included drought stress in two levels (non-stress and drought stress with 100% and 50% field capacity irrigation, respectively), elicitor in three levels (control, 100 μm methyl-jasmonate and 2 mM salicylic acid) and plant organs (root, stem and leaf). Analysis of variance and mean comparisons showed that methyl-jasmonate and salicylic acid reduced the activity of CAT enzyme. Both salicylic acid and methyl-jasmonate did not affect the activity of SOD, but methyl-jasmonate increased the activity of GPX and salicylic acid reduced APX activity under drought stress. Also, methyl-jasmonate and salicylic acid reduced APX activity compared to control treatment. The highest amount of protein content was observed in root and then in leaf. Salicylic acid increased total protein content up to 34% compared to control treatment. Both Methyl-jasmonate and salicylic acid increased chlorophyll chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids and anthocyanin compared to control treatment, but salicylic acid was superior in increasing of chlorophyll and carotenoids whereas methyl-jasmonate was superior in increasing of flavonoids and anthocyanin. In conclusion, methyl-jasmonate and salicylic acid have increased the ability of celandine in response to drought stress, and also, in addition to the protective effect against drought-induced oxidation, they increased photosynthetic pigments and some of metabolites.

Nowadays, the use of organic fertilizers is very important to optimize the use of chemical fertilizers, as well as increasing the production and preservation of soil fertility in sustainable agricultural systems. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of vermicompost and nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative yield of S.C 704 corn in a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors consisted of three levels of base fertilizer (application of chemical fertilizer, vermicompost and combined application of 50% chemical fertilizer and vermicompost) at sowing time, and Side dress fertilization (non-consumption, one stage and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer). The results showed that basic fertilizer and side dress fertilizer had a significant effect on traits. The application of fertilizer as well as the application of combined fertilizer and vermicompost had a significant advantage over pure vermicompost application. Most of the increase in grain yield dressing with an increase in plant height, grain yield and its components. The highest grain yield (8935 kg. ha-1) and protein (8.6%) were obtained in the application of combined basic fertilizer application. The results showed that the combined use of basic fertilizer in addition to increasing yield and protein content, can optimize the use of nitrogen fertilizer on corn as well as a one-stop side dress fertilizing can grow and economic performance of the plant to significantly improve.

The increased areas under cultivation of genetically modified plants have proponents and opponents in the international arena. According to potentially usefulness and harms of these products, organizations have established regulatory rules to safety use of them for feeding humans and livestock. Hence, genetically modified products have been distinguished from non-GMOs through labeling. Two more applicable genetic elements in plant transformations, 35S promoter and nos terminator, were considered as targeted elements for detection of GMO products in this research. Three maize grain cultivars, one soybean meal sample, and three bird’s food samples were used as experimental materials. The two-targeted genetic elements were detected in all samples. The Invertase and Lectin sequences as endogens were used for determining the presence of corn and soybean genomes as criteria. The two endogens were identified in all those of samples, which have the related genomes. In accordance to accepting of Cartagena Protocol in Iran, it’s been hopped that labeling rules of GMO products follow more seriously.

To evaluate the grain yield stability of rapeseed promising lines in different environmental conditions, thirteen spring oilseed rape genotypes were assessed in a randomized complete block design with three replications in four locations (Karaj, Sari, Gorgan and Zabol) during two years (2015-2017). Simple analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between rapeseed lines in terms of grain yield at a probability level of 1%, which indicates that there is enough genetic diversity between them. In combined analysis of variance, the effects of year, location, year × location and genotype × location were also significant at 1% probability level. The comparison of mean grain yield showed that the rapeseed lines Simba, L104 and RGS003 produced the highest grain yield of 3105, 3058, 3032 kg ha-1, respectively. For stability analysis, different methods of stability including one-variable and regression methods (12 methods in total) were performed. Based on the integration of the results of these methods, three rapeseed lines Simba, L104 and RGS003 were stable and high yielding. For complementary studies, it will be recommended that these stable and high-yielding rapeseed lines be used in farm trials in target areas under farmer's conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of planting arrangement on lodging and yield in rice cultivars, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design was conducted in four replications. The main plot was five rice cultivars (Tarom Mahalli, Tarom Hashemi, Tarom Deylamani, Tarom Langrudi and Sang Tarom) and three plant density (40, 80, 120 plant. M-2) were design as sub-plot. The lowest total spikelet’s and sterile spikelet’s were obtained in Tarom Langrudi and the lowest tiller number per hill and panicle number.m-2 were produced in Tarom Mahalli and Sang Tarom, respectively. Shortest length of first, second and third internode and biggest third internode diameter and also the least plant height were obtained in Tarom Langrudi. As a result the most lodging resistance and the least lodging index for third and fourth internode were produced in Tarom Langrudi. Total tiller numbers were decreased with increasing of plant density but in this case the panicles numbers were increased significantly. Node number, the length first, second internodes, the fourth internode diameter and also the third, fourth internode bending movement were decreased with increasing plant density. Minimum lodging index in the third and fourth internodes were produced in 80 plants per m2. Interaction of variety and planting density had significant effect on all agronomical traits and morphological characteristics that related to lodging traits. Therefore, there were significant differences between different rice cultivars in different planting arrangement.