مجله علوم گیاهان زراعی ایران
سال چهل و هشتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1396)

In this study, for simulation and prediction the yield of chitti bean, it is necessary to assess sub models include of phenology, production and dry matter distribution, leaf area changes and equilibrium of water-soil. The sub model parameters were estimated by using information of date plantings, different plant densities and different years at khomein Research Station and data results of Scientists around the world. Using this model, daily changes of sub models were calculated based on daily meteorological statistics (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, radiation and rain) and finally the yield was predicted. The resulting range of observed yield was 2518 to 3066 kg.h-1 with average of 2832 kg.h-1; whereas the resulting range of predicted yield was 2260 to 2870 kg.h-1 with average of 2643 kg.h-1. R2, CV and RMSD were %83, %1.6 and 205 kg.h-1, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that this model have appropriate accuracy for prediction of the growth and yield of common bean in khomein. Also it is possible to predict growth and yield responses of other crops if the data of sub models and regional data results of density and planting date of seed crops are available.

A precise prediction of the phenological development of weed species in crops would provide timely control for more efficient management of weeds. In order to study, experimental design was a randomized complete block split-split-plots conducted in 2012-2013 at agricultural reaserch field of University of Tehran located at Karaj, Iran. With five planting dates (26Mehr, 14 Azar, 30 Day, 24 Esfand and 4 Ordibehesht) as the main plot treatments. The main plots were split with two moisture conditions (irrigated and rainfed) as subplots. Each subplot was further split with six population (Ahvaz, Shiraz, Qaemshahr, Karaj, Kamyaran and Kermanshah). Time to main phonological stages of the A. ludoviciana populations including emergence time, tillering, heading and maturing were compared using linear regression and multivariate methods. Comparing among populations, emergence rate in two population of Kamyaran (0.11) and Karaj (0.1) was higher than the other populations. Kamyaran population with average less temperature spent each stage of phenological development. A clear clustering was obtained based on rates of phonological development and location characteristics of the population’s origin. Kamayaran and Kermanshah populations were in one cluster, karaj and shiraz were more similar, and mazandaran and Ahvaz showed significantly different from other populations. Kamyaran and Kermanshah showed a higher correlation in the weight of seeds, rate of emergence, and altitude. Ahvaz population showed close relations with temperature. In the Mazandaran population the highest tillering rate and stem elongation rate occurred. Also GDD could use for precision time of application of herbicides and could recommend minimum herbicide application, after optimization of the application, the use of such pesticide would be environmentally safe, Due to the simultaneity of the growth of wild oat and wheat.

Quinoa (Chenepodium quinoa Willd) is a grain-like crop with high nutritional values and resistant to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, cold and heat. In order to study germination characteristics of quinoa seeds underdrought stress conditions at different temperatures, an experiment was conducted. Seeds were incubated on four water potential levels (0, -4, -8 and -12 bar) of PEG and germinated at constant temperatures ranging from 5 to 35°C (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) in Petridishes. Results showed that germination didn’t occur with decreasing water potential to -12 Bar at low temperatures, but germination percentage achieved to %85 in -12 Bar with gradual increase in temperature from 5 to 30°C. Seed germination rate decreased with decreasing water potential at all levels of temperature. Cardinal temperatures at all levels of water potential were calculated by using two nonlinear regression models (beta and dent-like), and then their accurate predictions and performances were compared by root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). With decreasing water potential, the permissive temperature range for germination was limited. To sum up, base temperature at (0, -4, -8 & -12) Bar increased to (1, 1, 2.5 & 15°C) and regarding for ceiling temperature decreased to (54, 41, 41 and 36°C), respectively.

Plant cell cultures have emerged as potential sources of secondary metabolites. Elicitors play an important role in challenging the plant defense system and altering the secondary metabolite production. Alkaloids are secondary metabolites that have been used as medicine since ancient times. Many Papaver species contain alkaloids such as papaverine, noscapine, morphine and codeine. In this study, we investigated the expression level of genes involved in the biosynthesis of alkaloids in suspension culture of Papaver orientale L. 24 and 48 hours after treatment by nano-Ag and nano-TiO2 with qRT-PCR. qRT-PCR analysis showed that DBOX, SDR, COR and CODM expression were significantly up-regulated at 24 h and 48 h in silver nanoparticles treatment while SaLAT and T6ODM down- regulated. Nano-TiO2 caused up-regulation of DBOX, COR and CODM after 48 h but SDR, SaLAT and T6ODM expression considerably up-regulated at 24 h. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated the nano-Ag is more effective than nano-TiO2 that increased papaverine, noscapine and morphine respectively 19-fold, 1.88-fold and 3.12-fold in comparison with control 48 h after treatment. This finding indicates that we can use the cell suspension culture of Papaver orientale L. as source of important alkaloids particular morphin and noscapine.

The most important purpose of alfalfa breeding programs is forage yield improvement. The objective of this study was to determine general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of alfalfa forage dry matter yield, plant height, number of stem, regrowth rate and leaf to stem ratio. A half diallel crosses (9×9) was performed by eight alfalfa ecotypes from different climatic regions of Iran and one cultivar from America. Experimental field was established in early autumn of 2013 which included 36 F1 hybrids with nine of their parents in a complete block design with three replications at Plant and Seed Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. The results of diallel analysis for two growth seasons (2014-2015) indicated high significant variation among crosses, GCA and SCA effects. Interactions of GCA and SCA with environment were significant for forage dry matter yield. The hybrids of Ghahavand × Nikshahri and Mohajeran × silvana indicated positive significant SCA for forage dry matter yield and regrowth, while, the hybrid of Kozare × Yazdi exhibited positive SCA for forage dry matter yield, plant height, re-growth rate and also leaf to stem ratio. This study indicated that the possibility of improvement forage yield and other agronomic traits through crosses among alfalfa ecotypes.

In this study, response of 64 Kabuli chickpea genotypes under drought stress was conducted by 8*8 simple lattice designs under non-stress and stress conditions on the Research Field of Koohin (Tehran University). According to MP, GMP, HARM, STI, YI, K1STI and K2STI, genotype No-51, according to SSI, YSI, YR and RDI, genotype No-18, according to TOL, ATI, SSPI and DRI, genotype No-16, according to DI and SNPI, genotype No-42 were identified as the most tolerant genotypes. Indices of MP, GM, HARM, STI, TOL, YI, DI, ATI, SSPI, SNPI, K1STI and K2STI had robust and positive correlation with yield in non stress and stress conditions and introduced for selection of tolerate and sensitive genotypes to drought stress. Factor coefficient in first factor with explanation of 62.57%, gave the highest scores to genotypes of 51, 60, 53 and 52 (Zone of A) as most tolerance gave the least scores to genotypes of 32, 27, 24 and 62 as most sensitive (Zone of D) and second factors with explanation of 33.28% gave the highest scores to genotypes of 29, 51, 60 and 28 (Zone of A) as most tolerance gave the least scores to genotypes of 18, 16, 42 and 24 as most sensitive (Zone of D and C). The cluster analysis based on drought tolerance indices, the genotypes were grouping in three clusters, so that tolerant genotypes grouped in cluster three, the sensitive genotypes grouped in cluster two and the semi sensitive genotypes grouped in cluster one.

In order to assess the genetic diversity of traits and to identify the relationships between quantitative traits in lentil, 760 accessions originated from lentil collection of pulses project evaluated at College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of University of Tehran located at Karaj during 2014. Statistical parameters comprised of mean, variance, standard error of means, maximum and minimum range and coefficient of variation measured. Traits included days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, seed weight, biological yield, and seed yield and harvest index. Each accession sown in one row with 3 meters row length, and cultivar Ziba used as check (control). The result of simple phenotypic correlations and stepwise regression indicated that the total biomass, harvest index and 1000 seed weight mostly affected the seed yield. Positive and significant correlation observed between days to flowering and plant height with seed yield, which resulted in expansion of vegetative period and increasing of plant height among the genotypes that were commonsensical. To clarify the relationship between the variables,a principal component analysis performed, the results of which indicated that seven traits studied in three components account for 70% of the grouping. In addition, to measure and determine the genetic distance between the lentil genotypes, cluster analysis classified them into four clusters.

The variation that exists within living plants and animals, is the result of natural mutation at the DNA level, with subsequent recombination and selection occurring, much of it over millions of years. The aim of this study is to create genetic changes in chick pea plants using laser radiation. Laser radiation can cause changes (morphological and physiological) in plants with their high permeability. In this experiment, laser lights: ND:YAG with a wavelength of 530 nm, helium-neon laser with a wavelength of 632 and UV laser with a wavelength 308 nm were used on seed of “ILC482” variety of chickpea. After irradiation and planting the seeds (m1), characters: days to germination, days to flowering and podding, percent of germination, total number of pods, number of stem, number of empty and full pods, number of seeds , 100 KW weight, plant height, plant dry weight and grain yield per plant were measured. M1 seeds and control were planted in the next generation (M2) and above traits were measured. At the first generation the results showed that in the three traits (height, number of empty pods and dry weight) there is no difference between treatments. But in other characters, the treatments were differed in compared to control at first and second generation. In general, radiation reduced the characters in comparison to control. Molecular analysis confirmed the mutations occurred in DNA by the laser radiation.

In order to study effect of mycorrhiza fungi application to mitigate adverse effects of nickel (Ni), a greenhouse experiment was conducted in Varamin, Iran during 2015 growing season on wheat. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design, with four levels of nickel (0, 60, 120 and 180 mg per kg of soil) and two levels of mycorrhiza fungi application (with and without mycorrhiza fungi application), in three replications. The results showed that the effect of nickel treatment was significant for all measured experimental traits. The increase of nickel contamination caused a significant decrease of plant height, total dry weight per plant, root dry weight per plant and total chlorophyll content whereas, increased catalase enzyme activity and the accumulation of nickel in leaves and roots. Also mycorrhiza fungi application increased plant height, total dry weight per plant, root dry weight per plant, total chlorophyll content and the accumulation of nickel in roots whereas, decreased catalase enzyme activity and the accumulation of nickel in shoots. Generally the results of the present study indicated that mycorrhiza fungi application reduces the harmful effects of nickel stress and decreased oxidative stress damage in wheat plant.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the important forage crops producing highly nutritious biomass and adaptability. In this study the genetic diversity among 19 genotypes of Medicago sativa was evaluatedbased on the molecular and cytogenetic markers. Molecular studies were carried out based on eight Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers. Cytogenetic data were obtained by karyotype analysis with mitotic chromosomes. There were significant differences between cytogenetic characterictics (P≤0.01). The genotypes ES-211, ES-027, ES 037, ES-065, and ES-199 had the greatest chromatin content and the highest asymmetrical value as well. The greatest amount of asymmetry index (AI) belonged to ES211, E119 while the least value of AI was ES037. The genotype ES119 had the greatest CVCL, Mean centromeric asymmetry (MCA), r-value and relative length (RL%) characterictics. Analysis of banding patterns of eight ISSR primers revealed 29 polymorphic bands. A total of 29 polymorphic fragments were scored and the average of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.32. The number of polymorphic fragments for each primer varied from three to six with mean of 4.62 polymorphic fragments per primer. The mean polymorphic percentage was 86%. The Cluster analysis of molecular data classified all 19 genotypes into three different groups. According to the karyotypic characterictics, all genotypes were grouped to three clusters as well.

Bread wheat is a valuable food sources that has been attacked by many diseases and reduces its quantity and quality. One of the major diseases of wheat is wheat take-all caused by Gaeumannomycs graminis var. tritici that is often prevalence in humid regions. Aim of this study was to evaluate bread wheat cultivars with different levels of resistance to take-all that had been selected from screening at greenhouse, in field conditions and study on relationship between the disease resistance index and agronomic traits and micronutrients. For this purpose, 15 genotypes were planted in infected and non-infected conditions at field and the traits: chlorophyll, carotenoids, flag leaf area, height, number of spikelets per spike, spike length, peduncle length, 100kernel weight, seed weight per spike, number of grains per spike, total grain weight per plant, biological weight, harvest index and micronutrients in grain (Fe, Mn and Zn) were measured. The amount of Fe (in grain) in infected treatment showed a significant increase in compared to control. Finally genotypes 485, 1528, 501, 8031 and 585 were better than the others in the point of above traits at infected environment. The results showed that disease index measured in the greenhouse had a negative correlation with plant height, seed weight per spike, flag leaf area, 100kernel weight and amount of grain iron in infected conditions at field shows that greenhouse evaluations can be used for selection of tolerant genotypes to take-all disease.

To investigate the mechanisms of tolerance and sensitivity to salinity stress in canola (Brassica napus L.), two spring canola cultivars such as SW5001 as tolerant cultivar and Sarigol as sensitive cultivar were evaluated at two levels of salinity in factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications using a hydroponic culture system into green house. Sampling of leaves was performed in the rosette stage and two weeks after starting of salt stress. Proteins were extracted from leaf tissues and two-dimensional electrophoresis for the study of expression of proteins in both control and salt stressed plants was performed. Staining with commassie brilliant blue and quantitative analysis of protein spot by PDQuest software was performed and protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry using MALDI TOF/TOF MS method. 17 protein spots with significant expression differences between control and treatment plants to salinity, were identified that Of these, 10 protein spots was common between two cultivars and four and three proteins were assigned only to tolerant and sensitive cultivars respectively. Common proteins identified were classified in the functional groups of photo reaction of photosynthesis, Calvin cycle, proteins involved in remove of antioxidant, signal transduction and structural stability of proteins. In generally, in the tolerant cultivar of SW5001, sustainability factors of structure, maintaining of carbon metabolism efficiency and defense against to oxidative stress under stress conditions were effectively creates resistance. The highest strength point tolerant cultivar to rely on the unique proteins was in the light reaction of photosynthesis and the most of damage suffered in sensitive cultivar related to Calvin cycle.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different tillage methods and residue management on physiological properties of wheat at Mashhad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research center of Khorasan Razavi province in 2013-2014. This experiment was arranged in a split plot design based on randomized complete block with three replications. Main factor was tillage systems in three levels (conventional, reduced and no tillage) and sub factor was residue management in three levels (0, 30 and 60%). Length of stem, spike, peduncle, penultimate, length, weight and area of flag leaf were measured. The results showed that tillage systems had significant effect on them. The highest length of stem (91.18 cm), length of spike (10.04 cm), length of peduncle (28.37cm), length, weight and area of flag leaf (22.48 cm, 0.194g, 26.3cm2) were obtained from no-tillage method. Residue management had no significant effect on these treatments. The results showed that tillage systems and residue management had no significant effect on, dry matter transferred from the stem, partitioning assimilates to spike, present of assimilates participation storage before anthesis in seed filling, remobilization efficiency. Interaction effect tillage system and residue management had significant effect on length of stem. The highest grain yields were obtained under no-till (6912.2 kg/ha) and 60% residue treatment (6980.8 kg/ha). It is concluded that conservation tillage with more residue aboveground could improve wheat yield and some of agronomic properties and so way to revive the resources and stability of the product.

The current study was implemented by using general circulation models (GCMs) aiming at predicting the future climate change as well as its impacts on wheat yield in seven locations of Khuzestan province including Ahwaz, Dezful, Ezeh, Behbahan, Bandar Mahshahr, Ramhormoz and Omidiye. Accordingly, general circulation model of HadCM3 (United Kingdom Met Office Hadley) under three emission scenarios (B1, A1B and A2) for three time periods (2011-30, 2046-65, 2080-2099) were investigated. LARS-WG software was used to generate daily climate parameters. The outputs of LARS-WG were used as inputs for APSIM crop simulation model to simulate growth and development of wheat under future climate change. According to the results obtained, the future minimum and maximum temperatures in Khuzestan will have increasing trend. Simulation results also showed that grain yield, biomass yield and leaf area index (LAI) substantially increased in all locations under future climate compared with the baseline period. Compared to the baseline, the highest wheat grain yield in the future would be obtained in Izeh and Ramhormoz (7691 and 6596 kg ha-1, respectively). Overall, it is concluded that over the coming decades, the wheat grain yield in Khuzestan province will have increasing trend largely due to an increase in LAI (which is highly correlated with grain yield). Other growth characteristics such as length of growing season had less impact on grain yield compared with the LAI under climate change in all study locations. Also, locations with cooler temperature in the baseline (i.e. Izeh) will produce higher grain yield in the future.

In order to study the effects of rates and timing of nitrogen application on grain yield, drought tolerance (DT) and water use efficiency of rain (WUE) in rainfed wheat, two experiments were carried out including rainfed and suplimentalirrigation conditions.Treatments were different rates of nitrogen consist of 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg.ha-1 as sub-plots and time of nitrogen application included T1- total in the fall, T2- 2/3 in the fall 1/2 in the spring and T3- 2/3 in the fall 1/3 in the spring as main-plots with three replications in splitplot test as randomized complete block design in Kurdistan province during (2012-2014). The results showed that application of nitrogen was increased drought tolerance of wheat rainfed. Nitrogen increased water use efficiency (WUE) of rain, nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and DT of rainfed wheat. Fall application of 60 kg N.ha-1 had the highest grain yield, NAE, WUE and STI index and was the best treatment with respect to DT. There was synergistic relationship between N and K concentrations in leaf. This is could be confirmed increasing of DT of rainfed wheat by nitrogen optimized management.

Regarding to the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers in agroecosystems, sustainable management of nutrients and non-chemical inputs are the priorities of sustainable production systems. In order to study the effects of manure and foliar application of amino acid on growth characteristics, seed yield and essential oil of coriander, an experiment was conducted at Firouzkuh, Iran in 2013. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks design with factorial arragment in three replications. The factors were manure application (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 t/ha) and amino acid spraying (control, spraying). Measured traits were consisted of plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, biological yield, seed yield and essential oil content in the seeds. Results showed that the highest plant height (62.83cm) and biological yield (9281.71 kg/ha) obtained by using 9 ton manure per hectare. But, applying 12 ton manure per hectare caused maximum leaf area index (1.42), seed yield (1399.84 kg/ha) and essential oil (0.56%). Also, amino acid spraying had significant effects on all traits. Mean comparison showed that amino acid spraying caused maximum plant height (61.27 cm), leaf area index (1.28), biological yield (7693.15 kg/ha), seed yield (1110.92 kg/ha) and essential oil (0.50 %). Results of this investigation showed that applying manure and foliar application of amino acids have a important role in providing nutrients for coriander in sustainable production systems.

One of the ways to achieve sustainability in farming systems is to use the potential of beneficial microorganisms for improving crop growth and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. So to evaluate the response of yield and yield components of two chickpea cultivars to mesorhizobium and mycorrhiza under different levels of nitrogen starter fertilizer, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in spring-summer of 2015 at Agricultural Research Station of Bu Ali Sina University. Factors examined were included mesorhizobium (inoculated and no inoculated), mycorrhiza (application and no application) and nitrogen starter fertilizer (0, 30 and 60 kg N ha-1). In this study two chickpea cultivars (Hashem and Azad) were investigated but analyzed separately. The evaluated traits included the number of pods per plant, pod weight, seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. The results showed that maximums of grain and biological yields in Hashem cultivar (2013.46 and 5341.3 kg/ha respectively) were achieved in application of two biofertilizers simultaneously with the application of 30 kg N ha-1 similarly in Azad cultivar the maximums of grain and biological yields (2283.6 and 4042.8 w kg/ha respectively) were achieved in application of two biofertilizers simultaneously with the application of 60 kg N ha-1 but there was not a significant difference with 30 kg N ha-1. According to the results separate or simultaneous (emphatic) application of studied biofertilizers can lead to reduced use of nitrogen starter fertilizer by 50% in two studied chickpea cultivars.

The AquaCrop model has been used for optimum sowing date determination for maximum yield production based on historical climate data in Moghan plain, Ardabil province, Iran. Based on phonological data for the eight main cultivated crop gathering from Moghan plain and thirty years climate data, the optimum sowing dates were determined after model calibration. The model used cumulative growing degree days, effective and active base temperature and calculated harvest index to perform each crop yield. Determination coefficient, normalized root mean squared and index of agreement were 0.99, 29.16 and 0.97 respectively. The statistics showed that the model could accurately perform the crop yield estimation in this region. Based on the results the simulated sowing window for winter wheat was a little bit shorter. The winter barley also performed as winter wheat. The spring maize simulated sowing window was longer than usual period. But the simulated sowing window for winter canola, cotton, soybean and maize was the same as actual sowing window. The net Irrigation requirement in the determined planting dates have been calculated by the AquaCrop and compared with the NETWAT software outputs. In this Comparison, determination coefficient, normalized root mean squared and index of agreement were 0.92, 14.07 and 0.99 respectively. The results showed the importance of using winter precipitation in crop production in the region and lower water irrigating input using winter cultivation should be noted.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) on the tuberization in potato (CV. Agria) under greenhouse conditions. The potato mini-tubers (without any infection) were planted in pots containing pasteurized soil. The 4 weeks-old plants (7-8 leaves) were treated by spraying the foliage with 0, 5 and 10 µM (IAA) and with 0, 2.5 and 5 µM ABA weekly for 3 weeks. The results showed that application of IAA decreased the leaf area, but application of ABA increased the leaf area. With increasing concentrations of both hormones also increased the leaves numbers and tubers numbers. In addition, by increasing the concentration of ABA reduced the shoot weight and tuber weight. The results showed that total chlorophyll and carotenoids increased in leaves with increase in IAA applied, but they are reduced by increasing ABA levels. Also, by increasing IAA, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities in leaf is a downward trend, while with increasing ABA, the activity of these enzymes is a upward trend. It seems that the influences of hormones auxin and abscisic acid on the tuberization in potato as an antagonistic effect however, this effect is not completely (100%) and depends on applied concentrations of hormones, conditions and growth stages and plant organs examined.

In order to evaluation of simultaneous effects of planting dates and methods and ecofriendly inputs application on yield and yield components of Iranian Ox-Tangue (Echium amoenum Fisch. & Mey.), a split split plots experiment in time based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2011-2014 growing seasons, in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Two different planting dates (10 March 2011 and 4 Aprill 2011), three different types of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers (mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae), Biosulfur, chemical fertilizer and control), two different types of planting methods (direct seeding and transplanting) and two agronomic year assigned to main plots, sub plots, sub-sub plots, sub-sub-sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the highest dry flower yield obtained in March planting date and seeding method and in conditions of mycorrhiza application. Application of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers in both of planting dates and both of planting methods increased seed yield, so that application of mycorrhiza, biosulfur and chemical fertilizer in transplanting planting method and Aprill planting date increased seed yield 45, 42 and 35% compared to control, respectively. In general, the results of this research, it seems direct seeding of Echium amoenum in March and application of ecological inputs especially mycorrhiza and biosulfur in Mashhad conditions is better than other treatments.

In the present experiment in order to identify tolerant rice genotypes to drought stress using tolerance indices, 53 rice genotypes including 31 aerobic rice and 22 lowland rice evaluated under normal and drought stress conditions by withholding water since 30 days after transplanting of the maximum tillering stage of rice until the end of growth period on cropping seasons of 2014 in the Sangar section of Rasht. The results revealed four indices; mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and yield index (YI) have the highest correlation with grain yield under normal (YP) and drought (YS) stress conditions. Grouping of genotypes using cluster analysis divided all of genotypes to three groups including tolerant, semi tolerant and sensitive. The seven genotypes contain genotypes IR81024-B-254-1-B, IR82590-B-B-32-2, IR82635-B-B-82-2, IR82639-B-B-140-1 and Panda and two lowland varieties Dorfak and Sadri assigned to tolerant group. Out of these seven genotypes, the minimum of yield loss were for IR82590-B-B-32-2, Panda and IR81024-B-254-1-B with 1.28, 4.28 and 4.86 percent yield loss.The principle component analysis on the indices showed two first components explained 58 and 40 percent (totally 98 percent) of all variation. The biplot derived from graphical analysis in addition to confirmation of cluster analysis results showed the GMP, MP, YI and STI are the best indices in detecting of tolerant genotypes. Also the best genotypes under normal condition were included Dorfak, IR82639-B-B-140-1, IR82635-B-B-82-2 and IR82590-B-B-32-2 and under drought stress genotypes of IR82590-B-B-32-2, Panda, IR81024-B-254-1-B and Dorfak identified as the best genotypes.

Chamomile is a valuable medicinal plant, with several therapeutic applications. To investigate the effects of sulfuric acid (0, 4, 5 and 6 L.ha-1), biological nitrogen fertilizer (non application and application) and biological phosphorous fertilizer (non application and application) with three replications an experiment was conducted in Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan (2013-2014). The best level of sulfuric acid in all traits was five L.ha-1 and beyond it were obvious negative effects of sulfuric acid. Also, nitrogen and phosphorus biological fertilizers application increased traits. The most quantity of all investigated traits included the number of flowers per square meter (805), flower fresh weight (3705 Kg.ha-1) and dried flowers (741 Kg.ha-1), harvest index (% 27.6), essential oil percentage (% 0.88), essential oil yield (4.50 ml.m-2), plant height (65.10 cm), seed yield (147.17 Kg.ha-1) and chamazulene percentage (14.06) observed in application of nitrogen and phosphorus biological fertilizers sulfuric acid (5 L.ha-1). The lowest quantity of number of flowers per square meter (503), flower fresh weight (3104 Kg.ha-1), dried flowers weight (620 Kg.ha-1), essential oil percentage (% 0.47), essential oil yield (2.07 ml.m-2), plant height (40.60 cm), seed yield (120.43 Kg.ha-1) and essential oil chamazulene percentage (13.61) obtained in non-application of nitrogen and phosphorus biological fertilizers plus sulfuric acid (6 L.ha-1). In general, the best qualitative and quantitative yield showed in application of nitrogen and phosphorus bio-fertilizers plus sulfuric acid (5 L.ha-1).

the experimental was conducted as a split in 20015 in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Nitrogen in five levels (0, 150, 300, 450, 600 kg per hectare) and density at three levels (10, 15 and 20 plants per square meter), respectively, of primary and secondary, respectively. As a result, the maximum leaf area index was achieved by consumption of 450 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The lowest growth rate in terms of consumption and the highest figure obtained by applying 450 kg N per hectare. The highest LAI (6.32 unit) and dry matter accumulation (3623 g m-2 day-1) were observed on account of 20 Plant m-2. Irrespective of the plant density, height of corn significantly increased when nitrogen was applied by 450 kg ha-1; however, more nitrogen application had a negative effect on mentioned trait. The highest yield (72.68 tons per hectare) in treatment 450 kg nitrogen per hectare with 20 plants per square meter and the highest grain yield of (10.76 tons per hectare) in treatment 450 kg N ha-1 at a density of 10 plants per meter square was observed. It seems that despite the environmental impacts resulting from the use of nitrogen application up to 450 kg per hectare with a very high density, yield will increase.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most important vegetable plants in Solanaceae family. In this research, androgenesis by anther culture has investigated in two eggplant cultivars including Chantal and Valentina. For this reason the effects of the BAP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mg l-1), Kin (4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5 and 7 mg l-1) and NH4NO3 (0, 1238, 1547.5, 1857, 2166.5 and 2476 mg l-1) concentrations were investigated in the independent experiments. These experiments were performed according to a factorial experiment in a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) layout with three replications and each replication contained a unique Petri dish containing 9 ml C medium with 12 anthers. The results of analysis of variance showed a significant interaction between the cultivars and treatments. The highest plant regeneration in cultivar Chantal was obtained by the use of 6 mg l-1Kin and 4 mg l-1 BAP (27.7 and 25 %, respectively). The highest plant regeneration in cultivar Valentina was produced by the treatments containing 7 mg l-1 Kin and 5 mg l-1 BAP (27.8 and 19.6 %, respectively). Also results indicated that the increased concentrations of NH4NO3 has improved the anther culture efficiency in eggplant. In cultivars Chantale and Valentina 31 and 13 plants were obtained, respectively. Then 10 plants were randomly selected in each cultivar, and their ploidy levels were determined through flow cytometry. The results showed that in cultivars Chantale and Valentina, 40 and 50% of the plants were haploid, respectively.

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of different tillage operations, seed priming and application of mycorrhizal fungi on yield, yield components and some growth characters of corn. For this purpose, a split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design was used with three replications in research farm of Shahrood University of Technology, in 2014. Three levels of tillage, conventional tillage (moldboard, disk and furrower), reduce tillage (disc and furrower) minimum tillage (furrower) as a considered main factor. The combination of pretreatment levels (salicylic acid spraying in 0.1 normal concentration and non-spraying) and levels of mycorrhiza (inoculated and non-inoculated) were treated as subplot factors. Analysis of variance showed a significant triple interaction effect of whole treatments on biological and seed yield. Soil bulk density was significantly affected bydifferent levels of tillage. The interaction effects of tillage and fungal symbiosis was significant for soil respiration, the percentage of colonization and 100 seed weight. The results of mean comparison showed that both biological and seed yield was significantly increased in treatment combining of conventional tillage, seed pretreatment and fungal symbiosis. Moreover, the interaction of conventional tillage and fungal symbiosis caused a significant increase in soil respiration and seed weight. Soil bulk density was also significantly increased by conventional tillage.