نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 14، بهار و تابستان 1395)

Persistent scientific study of happiness has attracted the attention of scholars to the concept of happiness and factors related to it, which are instrumental for managers and socio– cultural planners in order to select desirable policies. The study attempts to utilize theoretical suggestions of sociology and urban planners to examine the impact of urban space (somatic and non-somatic) on happiness of its citizens. Non somatic aspects consist of social environment and cultural environment. Hypothesis suggests that urban space is effective on feeling of happiness by sustaining the needs of its populace. Methodology used was a descriptive survey. Instrument comprised of a questionnaire. Sample consisted of 270 residents out of 9 districts from three areas (3, 12, and17). Findings revealed that individual’s feeling of happiness is at the intermediary level. Also, level of happiness in the 12th area is higher than the other two areas. The effective variables of feeling happiness are: satisfaction of need for security; satisfaction of need for feeling of belonging; and satisfaction of physiological needs, respectfully. Satisfaction of needs for security has the most effect on feeling of happiness. Independent variable of study was a clear indicator of happiness. Non somatic aspect of urban space consist of social (measure and type of social relations) and cultural (performance of programs and ceremonies) environment, and somatic aspect indirectly effect on feeling happiness.

This paper aims to find out how the poor met their needs in the market during tough times post- economic liberation era. This qualitative study draws upon theories of everyday life and by ethnographic method. Findings indicate that market development in poor communities made marginal groups, facing a rigid and brutal market, take shelter in more flexible and customer-friendly market for survival; this is something the researcher calls initialization of market, which is a way of realizing needs in a market consistent with the insecure and unstable conditions of the poor. However, the liberation shocks left a set of paradoxes and resistances in poor communities, which in turn led to further weakening of the intimate market’s scope of activities.

Many countries in recent decades have promoted neighborhood development strategies in urban management. Neighborhood development strategies have developed in Britain and there are some experiences in Iran in recent years, including the neighborhood management in applied by Tehran Municipality. The current paper compares neighborhood management in Tehran and Britain to diagnose challenges and provide advices for promoting sustainability of the process. Documentary, qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used to analyze the subject. Findings show that there are clear differences between the experience in Iran and Britain and the major difference is for the concept and aim of neighborhood management. Neighborhood management in Britain have been directed toward social integration and empowerment of deprived people in urban local areas, and the people in the neighborhood have effective participation in the decision making process about services, programs and management activities, but in Tehran, public participation means participating in classes and educational programs which has been defined by municipality officials.

Development of sports and physical education due to the positive effect on physical and mental health, spend leisure time and its dramatic effects on various aspects of social, economic, political, cultural, can be considered as one of the main tools to be considered human beings as central to sustainable development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the main elements of indigenous and local sports In order to exploit the rural sustainable development. The present study uses a qualitative approach with a naturalistic worldview. The games and sports in Kermanshah, Iran were analyzed. The data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews and semi-structured, individual interviews and focus groups, direct observation and complementary methods such as photographs and video. The results showed that local and indigenous games and sports, in various aspects, includes a series of activities are interesting, So that planning in order to revive and promote Games, can handle a wide range of rural development goals, because of sports and recreational activities associated with rural development programs, by providing healthy and active workforce, enhance social capital, increase participation of rural people, improving social cohesion, preserve local values and beliefs, as well as villagers enrich leisure time and reduce social abnormalities, leads to the formation of a dynamic and vibrant community with improved efficiency and productivity and improving the quantity and quality of rural life.

Sense of place usually refers to the experience of a place, which is gained through the use of, attentiveness to and emotions towards the place. The concept of sense of place characterizes the complex connections people have with the environments they encounter. Thus, explanation of sense of place as phenomena in rural areas should be done from the perspective of rural people. This research aimed to explain the sense of place and to identify constraining and fostering influencing factors on sense of place among rural people. For reaching a deep and analytical understanding of this phenomena, a qualitative methodological approach (descriptive phenomenology) was used to collect, analysis and synthesis of research data related to rural people perceptions of sense of place and related influencing factors. The target population includes 26010 of rural people in Zabol County (including Sae-Ghalea, GAEM-Abad, Allah-Abad, Khomak, Gehantigh, Sarhadi, Jhalehi, Karbask and Mansouri villages) and the interviewees were selected through purposeful sampling technique (n=17). Semi-structured deep interviews were implemented in order to collect data. The data collection process was continued until reaching theoretical saturation and usefulness threshold of available information. Furthermore, concepts and theories from Relph, Proshansky, Canter and Steele were used in this research. According to Colaizzi's method, qualitative thematic content analysis was carried out to analyze the collected data. Findings of this phase, including representative codes, frequency and percent of each code are described and summarized in tables. The fostering and hindering factors of sense of place among rural people were categorized in several subjective categories, including: socio-cultural, service-welfare, geographical -ecological and economic factors. These results indicate that the places can be thought of as made up of a range of quite different types of factors which extend from the built environment to people’s emotional and psychological engagement with place. Thus, understanding the “rural place” involves physical, as well as sensory factors – incorporated in rural people’s emotional and psychological engagements.

One of the issues discussed recently in the field of migration, is the impact of migration on the women left behind in origin as a vulnerable group, women who are not immigrants, but are affected by its consequences, seriously. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of left behind women and the issues and challenges have faced due to wife's immigration to the other cities. This study has been done with the interpretive phenomenological method on six women living in Khanmirza villages (Lordegan), who were selected by purposive sampling for interviews. Smith's interpretive phenomenological analysis was used for analysis and data management. After analyzing the interviews, ten primary themes and two master themes including "living in limbo" and "unpleasant emotional experiences," was emerged. The results show that although cannot deny the positive economic impact of men migration to prevent their families from falling into poverty, but the emotional and sexual poverty, limited freedom in making decisions, the double burden of maternal and paternal role, the relative independence, psychological burnout, loneliness and deep fear, a sense of constant worry and meaningless life, is the serious cost that women and children left behind should pay. Finally, some research and policy recommendations provided.

Dropout occurs at all stages of school life; however, it is challenging and complex in elementary school because the dropped out student is deprived of subsequent education and progress. To this end, this qualitative article aimed to identify the causes of dropout of elementary students. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were employed. The statistical population consisted of dropped out students and their parents. A sample of 37 was selected using purposive sampling and theoretical saturation.Datawere collected using the grounded theory in three stages: coding (open), procedural, and selective. Finally, 8 main categories were identified, developed through a paradigmatic model, known as integrated poverty of the rural environment as a dropout field. According to the findings, different types of "economic challenges" were found as the causes. Other factors such as "specific cultural beliefs" and "tribal conflicts" were also effective in dropout. Intervening variables were family disorganization, improper interactive environment between teacher and student, and internally and externally educational environment which led to certain strategies and approaches such as frequent absences, lack of interest in studying, and blame of academic promotion system, all known as education harms. Finally, these factors led to certain consequences including education uselessness, adequacy of literacy, dropout promotion, all known as literacy disbelief.