نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 17، پاییز و زمستان 1396)

The developmental requirements of rural development and, in general, the whole country, are the existence of a rural development management system that has the least damage to an organization. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the damage of rural development management system in Iran based on developed McKinsey model. Qualitative method was used for the research. The research samples were selected purposefully and performed until the saturation of the findings into the data vector (n = 10). In selecting samples, informed people were used to discuss issues between university professors and those working in executive agencies. In order to measure the validity of the results, the identified damage was evaluated by a researcher-made questionnaire. Nvivo10 software was used to draw up the final model of research. The results showed that there were a total of 72 injuries in the system, of which the highest number of damage was attributed to staff and structure. Among the identified damages, the lack of a specialized village trusteeship organization and the vacancy of Rural Development Policy in the national strategy were described as damage by all samples. Another major damage can be the confusion and interference of the duties of the rural municipality, the multiplicity of institutions and organizations in rural development, the lack of sustainable financial resources, the incompatibility of values with the actual conditions of the indigenous community, the beneficiaries of the local community in the light of values, inconsistencies between the levels of decision, the existence a large number of untrained and specialist forces in the field of rural development, the inefficient skill training system in rural development and urbanization and industrialism policies and its impact on rural society.

The city as a city dweller needs to provide standards that poverty is not only one of the most important issues in the world, but also one of the most important domestic problems of all societies, whether wealthy or poor. The extent of poverty, inequality and environmental differences patterns in large metropolises are the results of a dual economy with free market capitalism rule in these cities. Urban spatial structure expansion and incoherent, irrational focus on different parts of the city and its facilities and services, economic development, social inequality in them. Maragheh urban space reflects the socio-economic imbalances and the spatial extent of poverty in the Border areas of the city. Therefore, the present study deals with the analysis of poverty and its spatial distribution based on social, economic and physical components. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is quantitative-analytical in terms of its nature and method. The data collection method is documentary-library and based on the data obtained from the statistical blocks of the Population and Housing Census of 2012, Based on 18 indicators in the form of three social, economic and physical components, it has analyzed the spatial distribution of poverty in Maragheh locals. In order to achieve the above goal, urban neighborhoods were graded using Wicker methods and Shannon Entropy and then the poverty distribution map was drawn up. The results show that 11.54% of the neighborhoods in Maragheh are very poor, 26.92% are poor, 42.31% are average, 11.54% are affluent and 7.69% are very wealthy. The results show that there are disparities between the blocks in Maragheh, where crystallization of social, economic, cultural, physical distinctions have been seen, additionally, unequal economic, social and cultural opportunities between residents of Kermanshah were found.

The traditional rural elites in the Kurdish regions are among the local community capacities, which, given indigenous knowledge and authority in the administration of affairs. Now days also play a leadership role in developmental activities such as participation, justifying, convincing, gaining agreement, removing barriers and field preparation. In this research, with the emphasis on these experiences in the villages of Sardasht, the source of legitimacy of their authority in leadership the developmental activities in the light of the theoretical approach of Weber's authority and local development, and drawing on qualitative methodology in collecting and analyzing data has been analyzed. Based on the findings, the clerics, as the traditional elites with a popular and spiritual character, has a charismatic legitimacy, while providing religious backing for their legitimacy, and this has led to a sense of authority over the history of the local community. Another phrase has the traditional legitimacy in authority. The elders also have traditional legitimacy according to the tradition of adherence to elders in the local community. The results represent a combination of the legitimacy of the traditional elites, which is rooted in the religious and cultural system governing the community. The law in the local community is not the basis for legitimacy. The reliance of Islamic councils and dignitaries on new rural development management, the legitimacy of the local community traditions, can strengthen them in the direction of development and lead to their authority in managing issues that are in a weak state.

The international carbon sequestration project is a joint initiative between the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the United Nations Development Program and the Global Environment Facility, whose global goal is to reduce greenhouse gases and the effects of climate change, national goal, is to combat desertification and, at the regional level, is to improve the quality of Rural communities life through micro financing the poor people, and providing skilled and practical training to diversify their income. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to study the role of microfinance on the rural women’ quality of life as the main target audience for International Carbon Sequestration Project in South Khorasan Province. The statistical population was all rural women belonging to micro-credit funds in Sarbisheh County with 313 people. The sample size was calculated to 188 using Cochran formula and selected through random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data whose validity was confirmed by a committee of experts and its reliability was confirmed by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient to more than 0.7. Data analysis was done by IBMSPSS21 software. The results showed that the most impact of micro financing was on the environmental aspects of rural women's living and then on the social and economic dimensions of their life respectively. Also, membership in microfinance funds has led women to earn more income and increase the number of women with independent fiscal revenues. The results of regression analysis also indicated that "the number of employment created," "perceived adequacy of microfinance", "the number of training courses" and "monthly income from occupation" had a significant effect on the rural women quality of life, while "the number Training courses" was known as the strongest predictor of rural women's quality of life.

This study has carried out with purpose of sociological explanation of the relations between local-ethnic social identities and the people's voting pattern in the elections. The study has conducted with a survey method and sample of 382 people among citizens over the age of 18 years in the city of Selseleh. The findings declare that, as far as ethnicity and tribalism of peoples be higher and have adhered to their values and beliefs, they have voted for candidates who have been the ethnic and local co-ancestry. Local Identities-oriented have been less voted to their candidate on the basis of common criteria such as meritocracy, efficiency, education, and the power of expression. In the studied society, voting is a function of local-ethnic culture and social identities more than anything else, and other social factors such as class, income, type of occupation, gender, religion, and family have found meaning via relation to the ethnicity. Therefore, one can find out the political culture of individuals in local communities by cognition the system of values, norms and behavioral traditions of ethnic groups, and through that specified their type of attitude and reaction to political phenomena.

This research was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the CBR in empowerment of rural women with disabilities in Birjand County, South Khorasan Province. This descriptive research was done using survey method. The statistical population of this research included all rural women with disabilities which covered by CBR in Birjand County (N=591). According to Cochran formula, sample size was determined (n=204). The respondent was selected by multi-stage sampling technique. Content and formal validity of the researcher-made questionnaire as research tool was approved by an expert panel. Its reliability was confirmed by calculated Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (between 0.72 and 0.98). According to research findings, 18.10% of the respondents have assessed the effectiveness of the CBR very high and high. Also, 5.10, 12, 41 and 5/23% of the respondents have assessed the effectiveness of the CBR, moderate, low and very low, respectively. Results of compare means tests revealed a significant difference between respondents in terms of effectiveness assessment of the CBR: the respondents who have received training services, the respondents who used hearing aids, and the respondents with hearing and speech disabilities assessed the CBR more effective. Factor analysis of the influencing factors on effectiveness of the CBR was led to extract three factors, including: need-based approach of CBR, social supporting of CBR and institutional coordination and cohesion. These factors explained 78/33 percent of total variance of influencing factors on effectiveness of the CBR. Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed a significant positive correlation between assessment of CBR effectiveness and life satisfaction, skills, education, need-based approach of CBR, institutional coordination and cohesion of the CBR, income and social support to the CBR as independent variables.

The purpose of this study is to know ways to expand the home-based rural women's businesses by studying and analyzing two levels of socio-institutional solutions and economic-support strategies. The study method is qualitative in terms of research objectives, which is done using the Delphi technique. Sample size includes 37 academic scholars and executive trustees in the field of domestic employment that have been selected randomly and purposefully. The results indicate that the sub-sector "Enhancement of Entrepreneurship Culture" as the Social-Organizational Strategy has ranked first with a (100) score, as well as the sub-dimension "Marketing Support Policies" as an Economic-Protective Approach First rank (80 points) and ultimately in Delphi process (priority index) analysis, the sub-section "Strengthening institutional, competitive and environmental structures" as the socio-institutional solution ranked first with (score 57.87) As well as the "Improvement of Work Rules and Procedures" ("100 points"), have received the highest priority over other sub-dimensions.