فهرست مطالب

Preventive Medicine - Volume:8 Issue: 5, May 2017

International Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume:8 Issue: 5, May 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/02/18
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
|
  • Brian J. Morris, John N. Krieger Page 1
    Penile inflammatory skin conditions such as balanitis and posthitis are common, especially in uncircumcised males, and feature prominently in medical consultations. We conducted a systematic review of the medical literature on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cohrane databases using keywords “balanitis,” “posthitis,” “balanoposthitis,” “lichen sclerosus,” “penile inflammation,” and “inflammation penis,” along with “circumcision,” “circumcised,” and “uncircumcised.” Balanitis is the most common inflammatory disease of the penis. The accumulation of yeasts and other microorganisms under the foreskin contributes to inflammation of the surrounding penile tissue. The clinical presentation of inflammatory penile conditions includes itching, tenderness, and pain. Penile inflammation is responsible for significant morbidity, including acquired phimosis, balanoposthitis, and lichen sclerosus. Medical treatment can be challenging and a cost burden to the health system. Reducing prevalence is therefore important. While topical antifungal creams can be used, usually accompanied by advice on hygiene, the definitive treatment is circumcision. Data from meta‑analyses showed that circumcised males have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis than uncircumcised males and that balanitis is accompanied by a 3.8‑fold increase in risk of penile cancer. Because of the high prevalence and morbidity of penile inflammation, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients, circumcision should be more widely adopted globally and is best performed early in infancy.
    Keywords: Balanitis, circumcision male, foreskin, infection, inflammation, lichen sclerosus
  • Nafiseh Mozafarian, Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh, Ramin Heshmat, Siavash Karimi, Morteza Mansourian, Fatemeh Mohebpour, Mostafa Qorbani, Roya Kelishadi Page 2
    Background
    Prolonged screen time is frequent in children and adolescents. Implementing interventions to reduce physical inactivity needs to assess related determinants. This study aims to assess factors associated with screen time in a national sample of children and adolescents.
    Methods
    This nationwide study was conducted among 14,880 students aged 6–18 years. Data collection was performed using questionnaires and physical examination. The World Health Organization‑Global School Health Survey questionnaire was used. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between demographic variables, socioeconomic status (SES), family structure, physical activity, unhealthy eating habits, body mass index, and mental distress with screen time.
    Results
    The participation rate was 90.6% (n = 13,486), 50.8% were male, and 75.6% lived in urban areas. Mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 12.47 (3.36) years. The SES, eating junk foods, urban residence, and age had significant association with screen time, watching television (TV), and computer use (P
    Conclusions
    In this study, higher SES, unhealthy food habits, and living in urban areas, as well as aggressive behaviors and insomnia increased the risk of physical inactivity.
    Keywords: Children, adolescents, determinants, screen time
  • Ata Pourabbasi, Jalal Farzami, Mahbubeh Sadat Ebrahimnegad Shirvani, Amir Hossein Shams, Bagher Larijani Page 3
    Background

    One of the main usages of social networks in clinical studies is facilitating the process of sampling and case finding for scientists. The main focus of this study is on comparing two different methods of sampling through phone calls and using social network, for study purposes.

    Methods

    One of the researchers started calling 214 families of children with diabetes during 90 days. After this period, phone calls stopped, and the team started communicating with families through telegram, a virtual social network for 30 days. The number of children who participated in the study was evaluated.

    Results

    Although the telegram method was 60 days shorter than the phone call method, researchers found that the number of participants from telegram (17.6%) did not have any significant differences compared with the ones being phone called (12.9%).

    Conclusions

    Using social networks can be suggested as a beneficial method for local researchers who look for easier sampling methods, winning their samples’ trust, following up with the procedure, and an easy‑access database.

    Keywords: Case finding, clinical studies, diabetes, sampling, social network
  • Farideh Vaziri, Mahsa Shiravani, Fatemeh Sadat Najib, Saeedeh Pourahmad, Alireza Salehi, Zahra Yazdanpanahi Page 4
    Background
    Busy care providers focus on the serious complications of postpartum period. This issue causes the seemingly trivial complications, such as mother’s pains, fatigue, and psychological status, to be less taken into account. The study aimed to determine the effect of lavender oil aroma in the early hours of postpartum period on maternal pains, fatigue, and mood in primiparous mothers.
    Methods
    This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 56 participants; 29 in intervention group and 27 in control group. The intervention group received lavender oil in three doses during the first 24 h after delivery. Sesame oil was used in the control group. Intensity of pain, fatigue, and distress level was measured by visual analog scale before and after the interventions. Besides, mood status was assessed through the positive and negative affect schedule.
    Results
    The mean age of all the participants was 23.88 ± 3.88 years. After the first intervention and also in the tomorrow morning assessment, significant differences were found between the two groups regarding perineal pain (P = 0.004, P
    Conclusions
    Lavender oil aromatherapy starting in the first hours of postpartum period resulted in better physical and mood status compared to nonaromatic group.
    Keywords: Fatigue, lavender oil aromatherapy, mood, perineal pain, postpartum
  • Soheila Khodadadi, Nafseh Sobhani, Somaye Mirshekar, Reza Ghiasvand, Makan Pourmasoumi, Maryam Miraghajani, Somayeh Shahraki Dehsoukhteh Page 5
    Recently, interest in targeted cancer therapies via metabolic pathways has been renewed with the discovery that many tumors become dependent on glucose uptake during anaerobic glycolysis. Also the inability of ketone bodies metabolization due to various defciencies in mitochondrial enzymes is the major metabolic changes discovered in malignant cells. Therefore, administration of a ketogenic diet (KD) which is based on high in fat and low in carbohydrates might inhibit tumor growth and provide a rationale for therapeutic strategies. So, we conducted this systematic review to assess the effects of KD on the tumor cells growth and survival time in animal studies. All databases were searched from inception to November 2015. We systematically searched the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholars, Science Direct and Cochrane Library according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses statement. To assess the quality of included studies we used SYRCLE’s RoB tool. 268 articles were obtained from databases by primary search. Only 13 studies were eligible according to inclusion criteria. From included studies, 9 articles indicate that KD had a benefcial effect on tumor growth and survival time. Tumor types were included pancreatic, prostate, gastric, colon, brain, neuroblastoma and lung cancers. In conclusions, although studies in this feld are rare and inconsistence, recent fndings have demonstrated that KD can potentially inhibit the malignant cell growth and increase the survival time. Because of differences physiology between animals and humans, future studies in cancer patients treated with a KD are needed.
    Keywords: Cancer, ketogenic diet, survival, tumor growth
  • Vida Mohammadi, Sirous Dehghani, Gholamreza Askari Page 6
    Although several animal and human studies have investigated the effect of alpha‑lipoic acid (ALA) on blood pressure (BP), these fndings are inconsistent. This systematic review of randomized clinical trials was conducted to summarize the evidence on the effect of ALA on BP. PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases were searched based on MESH term (“Thioctic acid” in combination with “Hypertension” and “Blood pressure”) to identify related papers published up to December 2015. We summarized the results of the relevant studies in this review. In total, nine studies included in this review, seven parallel‑designed trials and two crossover‑designed trials. The results of parallel‑designed studies are inconsistent. Five studies indicate no signifcant effects for ALA supplementation on BP, but two trials show effects on BP. Unlike parallel‑designed trials, two crossover‑designed trials have shown similar results and both report no effect for ALA on BP. Several studies investigated the effect of ALA on BP. Most of the papers show no signifcant effect for supplementation and the studies have shown that associations are limited. However, these fndings are limited and there is a need for further and more accurate researches to be clarifed.
    Keywords: Alpha‑lipoic acid, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, thioctic acid
  • Farahnaz Fatemi Naeini, Mina Saber, Ali Asilian, Sayed Mohsen Hosseini Page 7
    Background
    Lichen planopilaris is an inflammatory cicatricial alopecia, and its management is a challenge for dermatologists. We aimed to compare the effcacy of methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine on refractory lichen planopilaris.
    Methods
    In a randomized clinical trial, 29 patients were randomly allocated to receive either 15 mg methotrexate/week or 200 mg hydroxychloroquine twice a day for 6 months. Side effects, symptoms/signs, and laboratory tests were assessed periodically. Lichen Planopilaris Activity Index (LPPAI) was measured before intervention and at 2, 4, and 6 months after. The changes from baseline to the end of the study were analyzed within each group and between the two groups by per‑protocol and intention‑to‑treat analysis.
    Results
    After 2 months, mean (standard deviation [SD]) decrease in LPPAI in methotrexate group was signifcantly more than that in hydroxychloroquine group (1.68 [1.24] vs. 0.8 [0.71], respectively, P = 0.047). Furthermore, after 6 months, mean (SD) decrease in LPPAI in methotrexate group was signifcantly higher than that in hydroxychloroquine group (3.3 [2.09] vs. 1.51 [0.91], respectively, P = 0.01). The following symptoms/signs showed signifcant improvements in frequency and/or severity in methotrexate group after intervention: pruritus (P = 0.007), erythema (P = 0.01), perifollicular erythema (P = 0.01), perifollicular scaling (P = 0.08), spreading (P = 0.001), and follicular keratosis (P = 0.04). In hydroxychloroquine group, only erythema (P = 0.004) showed signifcant improvement.
    Conclusions
    Methotrexate was more effective than hydroxychloroquine in treating refractory lichen planopilaris.
    Keywords: Hydroxychloroquine, lichen planopilaris, methotrexate
  • Toba Kazemi, Morteza Hajihosseini, Hamidreza Mashreghimoghadam, Nahid Azdaki, Masood Ziaee Page 8
    Background
    Hypertension (HTN) is a major cause of noncommunicable diseases. In this study, we report the prevalence rate of HTN in Birjand population.
    Methods
    This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 1286 individuals in Birjand in 2014. Individuals with systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg were considered as hypertensive. Data were analyzed using Chi‑square test, independent t‑test, and one‑way ANOVA. P
    Results
    Among the 1286 participants, 659 were women (51.2%). Prevalence of HTN was 20.1% (10.3% systolic HTN and 6.9% diastolic HTN). Prevalence self‑reported HTN was 12.3%. SBP and DBP means were higher in men (P
    Conclusions
    Prevalence of HTN in our study is high. About one‑ffth of the participants had HTN. In addition, BP is higher in men, elderly, and diabetic individual. Therefore, it is necessary to control BP regularly in different groups in society.
    Keywords: Diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, Iran, prevalence, systolic blood pressure
  • Saurabh Rambiharilal Shrivastava, Prateek Saurabh Shrivastava, Jegadeesh Ramasamy Page 9