فهرست مطالب

Iranian Economic Review - Volume:8 Issue: 9, Summer 2003

Iranian Economic Review
Volume:8 Issue: 9, Summer 2003

  • 106 صفحه،
  • تاریخ انتشار: 1382/11/22
  • تعداد عناوین: 6
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  • Esmaiel Abounoori Pages 1-11
    This is the first study to attempt to explain income inequality using unemployment and inflation and international cross-sectional data. Using a SURE system, inflation is found to have an increasing impact on the shares of the lower 80٪ of the income distribution, while reducing the share of the highest 20٪. Unemployment has a negative effect on the share of the first 40٪, while increases the share of the highest 60٪. When unemployment and inflation are controlled for, the level of inequality is significantly lower in developed countries.
  • Ebrahim Hosseini Nasab Pages 13-30
    The quantitative relationship between higher education and economic growth in the tradition of “growth accounting equations” and also “neoclassical production function” approach have occupied a pride of place in economics of education, particularly the literature on more advanced countries. However, production function type models that allow for isolating the “indirect” (external) effects of higher education on economic growth and for measuring factor productivity differences between higher and non - higher education sectors appear to be lacking. This paper is a contribution towards filling this gap and also towards meeting the demand of Iranian educational planners for having educated manpower forecasts, based on alternative forecasting models including the more traditional “factor demand approach”. The methodology of this paper might also be of use to other developing countries that might wish to endeavor educational programming.
  • Nezamaddin Makiyan Pages 31-43
    Since 1984 Iranian banks has been operating under Islamic principles. This paper investigates dynamics of loans and the difficulties that Iranian banking system was facing. During the period of Islamic banking in Iran, banks experienced a significant increase in the supply of loans. Many factors have affected the behavior of banks in lending operations, the most important of which include rate of return, inflation, and governmentintervention. In this paper, a descriptive analysis and an errorcorrection model are carried out to investigate the behavior of lending activities in Iranian banks. The results indicate that government intervention, which aims managing of funds has played the most more important role than that of economic factors.
  • Hossein Pirasteh Pages 45-72
    The historical experience of many developing countries show that many developing world has not paid enough attention and is not giving serious thought to its agricultural sector. In fact, nearly all the countries that have “undervalued” their agricultural sectors not only failed to grow rapidly, but they all encountered domestic food shortages, balance of payment crisis and some sort of political instability. To develop, industrialization is not enough. Industrialization as a path to development can not succeed without the prior or concurrent emergence of a productive agricultural sector. Using time series data, this paper shows that variation in industrial growth has been significantly associated with variation in agricultural growth over the first period of the development process in Iran. It has further demonstrated that agricultural growth induced productivity increases, and therefore facilitated overall economic growth. Moreover, the role of agriculture was even far important than that of exports in fostering productivity in the post-revolution era. Agricultural growth compensated for the small contribution made by export growth and smoothed some of the adverse effects of inflation.
  • Alireza Rahimi Boroujerdi Pages 73-89
    One of the most important policies concerning the adjustment of foreign trade is to allocate foreign currency by establishing an exchange control system. The mechanism of this would be so that the Central Bank operates or supervises all transactions concerning foreign exchange. However, the controlling system, like all other international systems of payment, operates with some adjustments and is therefore not settled in a net manner. It must be noted that although the controlling systems aim to fix the exchange rate, in reality these sanctioned laws are accompanied by different adjustments along with crawling pegged exchange rates and devaluation in the rate of exchange. The existing contradictions amongst the aims of the domestic and foreign economy, enforces us to find a suitable solution. One of the options is to allocate foreign currency by establishing an exchange control system. This system can be a suitable tool for confronting the damageable effects offoreign factors and conditions on the economy of a country. One of the main aims of these controls is to remedy the deficit of balance of payments and to allocate as best as possible the sources of foreign currency to the different economic sectors. For the past few years in Iran, the control and allocation of foreign currency has been mainly concerned with the import quotas and the issue of import permits together with the allocation of foreign currency. These controls started in 1930 and continued throughout the years. The history of Iran's experience in this regard, and what followed shows the unsuccessful outcome of these procedures. We must bear in mind that the allocation of foreign currency through establishing an exchange control system should not only be concerned with dealing with the balance of payment deficit, absorbing the revenue from the non-petroleum exports or other economic problems. This should help a correct and timely use of other coordinating economical policies, especially the ones concerning expenditure-changing and expenditure-switching while achieving a synchronized foreign and domestic balance.
  • Seyed Komail Tayebi, Mozhgan Moallemy Pages 91-105
    Undoubtedly, one of the major goals of developing countries is to achieve a higher rate of economic growth. To meet this, according to the progressive process of international convergence and globalization, incorporating internationally in trade is a basic means in today agenda of such countries. In addition, since developing countries are often faced with a long way for the completion of trade liberalization as a necessary condition for globalization, regional co-operations are very effective to integrating national economies with the global economy. Regionalization, therefore, is the most popular type of integration that can have various effects on economic conditions, comprising rises in trade flows, economic welfare improvements, scale of economies, and a more growth among members of a block. Accordingly, this paper makes efforts to explore the role of economic co-operations among about twenty selected Islamic countries. It conducts the hypothesis in which the more trade integration among the countries; the more trade flows will be realized. A “Trade Gravity Model (TGM)” is thus specified and can then estimated by econometric methods, illustrating how trade integration can create aforementioned impacts. As well known, the model is also reliable to consist of several qualitative variables that explain roles of a variety of scenarios such as the conduction of a possible regional economic integration, etc. Overall, the estimation results lend support to a growing literature both theoretical and empirical that regional economic tightness has substantially led rises to trade flows of potential integrated Islamic nations.