نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 34 (آذر و دی 1395)

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of outcome uncertainty induced by increased competitive balance level on the amount of spectator's attendance in Iran football premier league. Therefore, the amount of spectator's attendance in Iran football premier league was prepared, collected and organized in detail by library sources, the present sources of league organization, federation as well the reliable publications of the club. In addition, the competitive balance was calculated using three applicable standards of C5, SDW and Herfindal for four football leagues of Iran, Japan, China and South Korea. The results indicated that Iran football premier league enjoyed the highest competitive balance level among the above four leagues based on Herfindal standard. In addition, the results obtained from Granger causality test and the comparison of two variables of 'presence' and 'competitive balance level' in Iran football premier league indicated that in addition to the initial effect of competitive balance, increased uncertainty of the outcome of matches (increased level of competitive balance) increased spectator's attendance.

The purpose of this study is evaluation of the adherence amount to ethical research principles in physical education graduate students at the Universities of Tehran. The study populations were 1100 graduate students in physical education who 500 of them were selected as samples. Reliability coefficient of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and have been reported (0/86). Kolomogrov Smirnov (KS) test was used to determine the distribution of the data, and the Spearman correlation coefficient and independent t-tests were used to examine the relationships between the data. Overall results showed that graduate students in physical education greatly respect the principles of research ethics and their research integrity is moderate. The results showed a significant relationship between entry age of students and their attitudes about research ethics and between grade education and attitudes about research ethics. Between grade education and student's attitudes about the adherence amount to research ethics, was observed a significant negative correlation about (P=-0.733) and in the significance level about (P ≤ 0.01). Independent T-Test results showed that there is a significant difference between students in masters or doctoral degree in physical education, in terms of attitudes about research ethics adherence. Based on the results, students need to become more familiar with the principles of research ethics and this reveals more attention from organizations involved in education and research in physical education.

Sport as one of the main bases of human development to achieve sustainable development is unavoidable. The aim of this study was to develop strategic planning of land logistics of sport in Isfahan province. Statistical population consisted of Isfahan sport experts. 150 subjects were selected by stratified random sampling method. A combination of qualitative methods, open questionnaires, interviews, quantitative indexing methods and ranking were used to collect and analyze data. An open questionnaire was applied in which respondents were asked to list the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of sports sector. Using geographic information system (GIS), a model was provided by descriptive – analytic method and some of obtained data were analyzed in Are- GIS software. The results of this study indicated that per capita sport of Isfahan province occupied the 23rd place in Iran with 0.51 m2. There was an asymmetrical distribution of sporting places and facilities across the province. The main macro objectives of the planning were to improve a logistic approach in policy making and to improve inter-sector convergence and coordination in sport in the province. Establishing and deepening logistic approaches to balance logistic factors and better synergy of sports activities in organizations can be considered as the main strategies in the sports sector of this province.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between Islamic work ethic and job satisfaction, organizational commitment and desertion in Iran Ministry of Sport and Youth experts. The correlation-descriptive method was used in this study which was conducted as a field. The statistic populations consisted of 290 Ministry of Sport and Youth experts. 165 subjects were selected as the sample by Morgan Table. For data collection, Ali and Owaihan (2008) Islamic Work Ethic Questionnaire, Laitle (1994) Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, Porter et al. (1974) Organizational Commitment Questionnaire and Luna Arocas (2008) Desertion Questionnaire were used. The validity of these questionnaires was approved by 7 sport management professors and their reliability was calculated by Cronbach alpha coefficient (0.89, 0.78, 0.74, and 0.83 respectively). For data analysis, Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, Pearson correlation test and linear regressionwere used. The results showed a significant relationship between Islamic work ethic and job satisfaction (P=0.01), and organizational commitment (P=0.05); but, there was no significant relationship between Islamic work ethic and desertion (P=0.05). Results also showed that job satisfaction had a significant and positive effect on organizational commitment. But the relationship between organizational commitment and desertion and also between job satisfaction and desertion was not significant in Iran Ministry of Sport and Youth experts.

This study examined the relationship between psychological ownership dimensions and deviant behavior of physical education teachers in Bojnourd city. This study was applied in terms of aim and descriptive - correlation in terms of data collection. The statistical population consisted of male and female physical education teachers in Bojnourd city (N=160) and 113 teachers were randomly selected. Psychological Ownership Questionnaire (Van Dyne and Pierce, 2004) and Deviant Behavior Questionnaire (Robinson and Bennett, 2000) were used to collect data. Their reliabilities were determined using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient as 0.89 and 0.88 respectively. Collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis (P≥0.01). Results revealed a negative significant relationship between psychological ownership and its dimensions and deviant behavior. Correlation coefficients between organization-based psychological ownership and job-based psychological ownership with deviant behavior were -0.46 and -0.36 respectively. Also, correlation coefficient between psychological ownership and deviant behavior was -0.43. In addition, stepwise regression analysis showed that organization-based psychological ownership was a good predictor of deviant behavior and explained 21% of changes of this variable. Based on these findings, it could be expected that an improvement in psychological ownership leads to a decrease in deviant behaviors.

The study of those factors facilitating sustainable entrepreneurship in sport according to cultural and ethnic values is important. The aim of this study was to develop sustainable entrepreneurship model based on Strauss and Corbin’s (1989) systematic model. Research method was analytical so qualitative methodology was used. Research strategy was Grounded Theory (GT). Participants included 24 subjects (sport management professors, entrepreneurship management professors and sport entrepreneurs). Sampling strategy was to select typical and acute cases. Content analysis of interviews and coding were used to analyze data. Results showed that entrepreneurial mindset and attitude could affect sustainable entrepreneurship process in sport considering involved institutions and environmental situation so that the economic, social and institutional outcomes could direct sport society towards sustainable development. It seems that the obtained strategies of this model including the support of government, the encouragement of media for sport entrepreneurship and the correct instruction of practical and entrepreneurial skills can help entrepreneurship, sustain businesses and achieve social and institutional goals in sport and society.

Corporate brand is among those topics which have received less attention of researchers. In this study, the brand of a sports organization (National Olympic Committee of Iran) was examined. The researcher-made questionnaire (containing 45 items) was filled out by 250 players, coaches, supervisors, presidents of federations and reporters dispatched to the Asian Games who employed the services of National Olympic Committees as a sports organization as well as the staff of this organization. Using exploratory factor analysis, five factors influencing corporate brand including core service, communication management, legal and financial management, position management (positioning) and structural development were identified. The proposed model was tested to explore the relationship of factors. The results of the suggested model showed that the main service directly influenced organization communication, structural development and financial management while it indirectly influenced position management. Also, the communication factor showed an effect on the position (with a high impact factor). The results of this study showed that the main service (main duty and mission of the organization) not only itself but also with an effect on other factors can promote the corporate brand.

The aim of this study was to evaluate standard and safety indexes in Tehran fitness gyms. The population consisted of state and private fitness clubs in Tehran. 5 regions of Tehran city were selected by cluster sampling method; then, 20 clubs from each region were selected by on non-random convenience sampling method, so a total of 100 fitness clubs were assessed. The aim of this study was applied and a descriptive-field method was used. This study was conducted by a checklist and researcher's direct observation at Tehran fitness gyms. The researcher-made checklist contained 111 items and 4 sections: general considerations (location and site planning, accessibility for all, accommodation), the public areas (reception and entrance, office, coffee shop and lounge, marketing area, changing rooms), fitness gyms and their special areas and fitness gym design and floor design (daylight and views, mirrors, ceiling, air conditioning, and room temperature). The results showed that the situation of fitness gyms in general considerations (location and site planning good, accessibility for all and accommodation moderate), the public areas (reception and entrance moderate, office good, coffee shop and lounge moderate, marketing area weak, changing rooms good), fitness gyms good and their special areas good, fitness gym design and floor design (daylight and views moderate, mirrors, ceiling, air conditioning and room temperature good).

This study aimed at identifying and analyzing contextual barriers of organizational entrepreneurship in the Islamic Republic of Iran Ministry of Sport and Youth. This study was applied in terms of goals, descriptive with regard to strategy. The method was survey conducted by mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). After reviewing the literature, experts had deep interviews by qualitative method. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire (reliability coefficient=0.951) was distributed among experts of Ministry of Sport and Youth as the sample of the study. For data analysis, Friedman test, Spearman correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis were used by PLS approach. In order to achieve the study aims, the most important environmental barriers of each of the 5 outlined aspects were identified and analyzed to determine their relative priority. The results showed that political-legal barriers, economic barriers, cultural-social barriers, technological barriers and international barriers had significant and negative effects on organizational entrepreneurship in Ministry of Sport and Youth. From the viewpoints of qualitative and quantitative sample of the study, cultural-social barriers and international barriers were respectively the most important environmental barriers to organizational entrepreneurship in Ministry of Sport and Youth. Finally, in addition to discussion and conclusion, some recommendations were presented for future research.

The aim of the present study was to determine optimal locations to construct sports complexes based on ANP model in the center of Yazd city. This study was descriptive-analytical and applied and research method was field and library. In order to select an optimal location to establish a sports complex in the center of Yazd, six factors were considered. After preparing the information layers, their coefficients and values were calculated with ANP model and then overlay was carried out on based on the applied coefficients in GIS. According to the final map, southeast and southwest suburbs of Yazd city had the highest compatibility and eastern regions of Yazd which corresponded to the border of central part had the least compatibility. Therefore, according to the final map of optimal locations to construct sport complexes, it is suggested that the authorities should pay attention to these maps to construct these complexes.

The aim of this study was to design Interpretative Structural Model (ISM) of the components of sport diplomacy. The present study was applied in terms of aims and descriptive with regard to data collection. With review of related literature and qualitative interviews (content analysis) with 13 Iranian and foreign experts of sport diplomacy, components and items of sport diplomacy were identified. In the next phase, 7 expert's opinions were used to validate interpretive modeling and to analyze MICMAC. After data analysis, the components of sport diplomacy were categorized into 7 classes and ISM graph was designed based on these classes. 'Cultural development' was located at the first class while ' branding and international prestige' was in the last class. After MICMAC analysis, the components were classified into 3 sections based on their influence and dependency power: linked (cultural development, peace and friendship), independent (media communications, national unity and identity, political development, anti-isolation) and dependent (dark side, economic development, branding and international prestige and smart power development).