نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی
سال بیست و ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 57، بهار 1394)

1. Georeferencing of the satellite images is of the initial steps in most remote sensing processing. Due to difficulties of control point’s selection in low spatial resolution images, georeferencing accuracy is lower. In urban areas, due to the complexity of the city (different classes in each pixel), georeferencing will be difficult and has more errors. This error makes changes on pixel location against the real that cause reflectance changes. This study concerns the effect of this error on the reflectance of pixels. Using high spatial and high spectral resolution images, the urban areas were first classified and reflection spectrum of classes was obtained. Then, reflectance variations of pixels and their errors for new locations were defined by simulating the error in 500m images of MODIS for different bands. In order to determine that point, the map of different classes of the city and their reflectance are needed. The usual method for description of the urban areas by remote sensing is the classification and also use of spatial unmixing model. The researches show that in urban areas, the measured reflectance by sensor is linear combination of reflectance of materials in instantaneous field of view. Therefore, for urban areas, it is possible to use a linear spectral mixture analysis. 2. Since the investigation of georeferencing’s error of low spatial resolution images on the pixels reflectance in urban areas, is the main objective of this study, the city of Tehran was selected as a case study. The used data consist of the ground data and also satellite images of Geoeye,Hyperion and MODIS. In the first step, classification map of the cityis produced by using the high spatial resolution images. Then, the contribution of each class in pixels is determinedby overlying a low spatial resolution image with classification map. In order to investigate the georeferencing’s error on the value of pixel’s reflectance, the location of pixel is changed and after calculation of new class contributions, the pixel’s reflectance is again calculated. By comparison of correct reflectance and reflectance of new locations, it is possible to determine the effect of displacement on the pixel’s reflectance. 2.1. Generating the map of classes The classification map of city was generated using the Geoeye images. This map was obtained via supervised classified methods, by use of large scale maps and some field data (determination of classesin some locations in city). In this study, four main classes of vegetation, soil, inscrutable surfaces and water were considered. Due to the variety of vegetation, soil and inscrutable surfaces, these classes were divided to the three sub-classes. 2.2. Calculation of classes’ reflectance The selected method is based on the variations of pixels’ reflectance.The percentage of the classes along with their reflectance is necessary for calculation of the reflectance in a special pixel which was used by Hyperion images.In a location of the city where Hyperion images were available, the percentage of different classes was determined by overlying the image and map of classes. Then, the reflectance of each class was obtained in different bands by use of linear spectral mixture analysis and reflectance of each pixel. 2.3. Simulation of pixels’ reflectance In this stage, an assumptive image of georeferencing with 500 m pixels was selected. By assuming that the pixel location of the mentioned image is accurate, the current location of the pixels was considered as correctone. By overlying the image and map of classes, the percentage of different classes in each pixel was determined. After that, by use of classes’ reflectance and linear spectral mixture analysis, the reflectance is simulated in each band. That reflectance is considered as correct one for each pixel. Now, if the georeferencing of the image has error and the location of the pixels varies, the reflectance of the pixels will change. So, it is necessary to calculate that error. 2.4. Simulation of georefrencing errors In order to investigate the effect of georeferencing on the reflectance, the displacement of pixels will be considered. In the case of errors in georeferencing, the change of one pixel in different directions is possible. The displacement of the pixels in different directions is done with 20 m distances until one pixel. To investigate the changes of pixels’ reflectance, the values of relative error was calculated in different distances. In this regard, the relative error for all pixels was calculated respect to the real location of pixel. Since the assumption was on the use of MODIS 500 images, the mentioned process was carried out separately for 7 same bands and relative errors for each band was obtained. 3. Generally, in urban areas, the available classes through the city havemajor variations which lead to the complexity of the image of city. For high spatial resolution images, due to the small dimensions of pixels, the variations of reflectance are noticeablefrom one pixel to the other. In contrast, for low spatial resolution images, due to the large dimensions of pixels,the variation is not major. That point is due to the uniform urban areas which hold the same percentage of each class in the pixels. By changing pixel in different directions respect to the main location, the reflectance will change. For the uniform urban areas, the variations of reflectance are not major and the value of corresponding error is small. However, for the areas in which the classes suddenly change, the variations are high which increase the error. In this case, for the regions near to the border of variations, the error will increase by distancing from the correct location. Moreover, in some stages of the analysis, the small dimensions were considered for the pixels and the effect of georeferencing was again investigated.By reduction of pixels’ dimensions and due to the increase of variations in the classes, the changes of the reflectance increase, resulting in the increase of error. So, it can be concluded that the increase of spatial resolution increases the error on the reflectance of pixels. 4. Investigation of the results in 500 m pixels of MODIS in uniform urban areas showed that in the case of georeferencing’s error,the variation of reflectance respect to the real value is not major and can be neglected. That is due to the repeat of classes and approximate constancy of the percentage of each class in pixels. For example, the error value for a displacement less than 0.5 pixeldisplacement is near to 10%. But for the regions where the variations of the classes were high and the city texture suddenly changes, the variations of reflectance are high, resulting in the high relative error. For example, the error value for a displacement near to 0.5 pixeldisplacement is 30-40%. The atmospheric error is another error which can be important during the use of low spatial resolution imagesin urban areas. So, for the use of these images, the researchers recommend paying more attention and modifying the atmospheric images than the increase of georeferencing’s accuracy.

In this research, hierarchical anomaly index (∆a) and density of hierarchical anomaly (ga) for 10 catchments were calculated and then their relationship with percent of asymmetry factor of basin (PAF), elongation ratio (Bs), circularity ratio (CR), bifurcation index of drainage (R), bifurcation ratio(Rb), drainage density (Dd) and drainage frequency (Df) were analyzed. Results of this study reveal that the highest value of ∆a is associated with catchment 7 (3.4) and the lowest value is related to catchment 1 (0.64). The highest value of ga is associated with catchment 6 (12.1) and the lowest value is related to catchment 10 (1.54). Analysis of relations between different parameters demonstrates that ∆a and ga as indicators of drainage system anomaly are more influenced by PAF, Bs and Cr factors. This means that drainage system anomaly of studied basins is more influenced by the percent of basin asymmetry as well as by basin shapes so that catchments that are more tilted and elongated have highest values of ∆a and ga. Data show that drainage density and frequency don’t have considerable effect on the rates of ∆a and ga indexes. Results demonstrate that the rate of fold’s compaction, uplifting and trend is controls the basins shape and tilting and the drainage system anomaly. Since the Zagros catchment's tilting and shapes are controlled by folds characteristics, it can be concluded that tectonic is a determinative factor in the values of ∆a and ga indexes.

Bus system is one of the urban public transport systems that is important because of its’ lower cost of establishment, and higher capacity to the mass movement of travelers. Shiraz Public bus network has been evolved basing on incremental demand in order to answering the requirements of physical growth and population increase within recent decades. However, due to several reasons, it has a minor share (only 20 percent) in moving people. Exclusive busways has recently been launched in which the priority of movement is devoted to buses. It is expected the busways reduce the average travel time by bus, decrease waiting time, reduce traffic volume of adjacent arterials, improve the continuity of movement path, and increase safety. In this paper, a comparative evaluation of the performance of the exclusive busway is intended. For this purpose, Namazi to Zandbuswayas the sample is selected.The research is set with passengers who used the 84 buses moved on five bus lines along this busway. The travelers’ sample questionnaire was then investigated with data analysis such as descriptive statistics and mean comparative tests (Mann-Whitney U).The results showed that most of the passengers had high satisfaction with the waiting time and travel time. The results of comparative analysis indicated that there were significant differences on these two criteria between exclusive busways and other bus routes. Based on the research findings, practical suggestions for relevantbodies are presented. 1- Introduction Bus system is one of the urban public transport systems which is preferred because of its’ lower cost of establishment, and higher capacity to the mass movement of travelers. Shiraz Public bus network has been evolved basing on incremental demand in order to answering the requirements of physical growth and population increase within recent decades. However, due to several reasons, it has a minor share (only 20 percent) in moving people. Five exclusive busways has recently been launched in which the priority of movement is devoted to buses. It is expected the busways reduce the average travel time by bus, decrease waiting time, reduce traffic volume of adjacent arterials, improve the continuity of movement path, and increase safety. In this paper, a comparative evaluation of the performance of the exclusive busway is intended. For this purpose, Namazi to Zandbusway is studiedas the sample. 2- Methodology This research used a descriptive-analytical approach. Since there was no primary data on Shiraz bus system’s performance available, the main source of information for this research was field questionnaire survey data.The busway performance evaluation questionnaire was completed through field survey among passengers. Then, statistical analysis e.g. Mann-Whitney Uwas carried out using SPSS and Excel, and GIS was used for mapping and spatial analysis. 3- Discussion According to the findings, the most frequent advantage of the case studied exclusivebusway was reducing travel time, decreasing waiting time, and better quality of indoor space. These all lead to increasing passengers’ satisfaction level. A part of this positive attitude appeared due to renovation of Shiraz bus fleet within recent years especially among the lines with higher potential demand. In addition, the relative passenger satisfaction from terminals, bus routes, drivers’ behavior and stations’ conditions were reported higher than those of other routes. 4- Conclusion In general, there is a relative satisfaction with the performance of a particular line.The results showed statistically significant difference between the waiting time and travel time to the bus station between the exclusive busways and other conventional bus routes (shared with cars). Also the anomalous behavior of the drivers of the exclusive busways,was evaluated lower than that of the other lines.Of course, still there are some limitations for the exclusive busways discouraging higher demand.For instance, passengers had to have access to bus stops across the streetwhich is uncomfortable and unsafe. Therefore, it is necessary to establish special tracks and providing secure access to central median and nearby bus stops.

1. Underground reservoir, a new method for controlling runoff in the arid and semi-arid Underground dams to control the flow of surface water (runoff) and its penetration into the groundwater reserves are increasing and strategies for the provision and development of water resources in these areas. In this study, we Given the importance of underground dams in the province of Kerman, Storage and maintenance of water quality and the occasional rain and humidity conditions in the region, Identify places where water can be stored using this method and to prevent its loss. 2. Research This research was a descriptive - analytic study that is based on field studies and analysis of digital graphics and the method argument is the successor to locate underground dam. Note that the posterior part of the argument is used to prove it, First single location for all sub-basins factors are considered when a sub-basins was one of the conditions, the raise will be removed sub-basins, Finally, the area that contains all of the most suitable will be selected in order to locate underground dam. 3. The most effective measures in locating groundwater dam: The most important parameters that determine the suitable location for the construction of underground dams in the study area was assessed are as follows: 3.1- Indicators of climate : Due to the high evaporation basin average annual precipitation is 249 mm and 212 mm and the mean annual temperature is 18 ° C, Domarten semi-arid climate of the region is considered. The Amer Tapeh Basin climate is suitable for underground dam. 3.2- Runoff: The annual discharge of the basin, the hydrological balance was calculated using. (Table 1). The results of these calculations indicate that all groundwater basins have the potential dam. The basin have enough water for storage Amer Tapeh. 3.3- Permeability and Fault: C7 sub-basins of igneous rocks covered more surface area. These organizations do not have good permeability and fracture occurred at the fault Thrud is named, The fault is actually a type of stair stepper is a Grabn terrace level has created a page to the creation. This would reverse fault traps instead of water and cause water leakage. The surface of the sub-basins clastic igneous rocks covered. These organizations do not have good permeability to a depth of about 0.5 meters to 0.5 meters depth of the igneous rock covered with impermeable Neogene sediments is The situation is quite rocky so will remove the sub-basins of the sum of the other sub-basins and groundwater conditions are of dam. 3.4- Slope: Where the underground dam slope under consideration is 0.2 to 5%.(Gezahegne, 1986). So sub-basins c4 and c6 are excluded from the total sub-basins. 3.5- Water Resources: The main water source wells and subterranean farm fath-Abad and Hossein Abad village is located in sub-basins of C2. So sub-basins will remove the collected c2. 3.6- The geomorphology: According to research (Nilsson 1384) in underground dams and because of groundwater for drinking or irrigation water behind the dam is used. This volume of 13,000 to 1,000,000 cubic meters of water storage dam for irrigation projects in arid and semi-arid with an economic justification is given. This comment sub-basins c1 and c5 are excluded from the total sub-basins. 4. As a result, the seven sub-basins of the watershed Amer Tapeh six factors were examined in each of these items, the sum of the following watershed sub-basins were removed. In the area of ​​underground dams were removed without proper conditions ultimately the c3 sub-basins were suitable for underground dam.

1. One of common dangers is subsidence phenomenon at world.Subsidence phenomenon occurrence is very common at rural and city regions because of underground waters irregular extraction. Severe subsidence rate can destroy irrigation systems and agricultural soils (by lowering their porosity) and change region hydrology, causes floods and damages buildings, streets, bridges, highways, railroads lines, soil dams, refineries, waste water, gas, water lines (Abbas Salmanpooor, industry development journal). According to united state geology institute, Subsidence phenomenon is including falling down or collapsing down toward of earth surface that is vertical movement from few millimeters to few meters and horizontal movement is very low and little(USGS,2011) If we do not manage this phenomenon correctly, it causes irreparable damages for regions affected by this phenomenon. Detection subsidence regions and measuring its rate have very important role at control management of this phenomenon. Different techniques such as radar interferometer, GPS, precision balancing are used for recognizing and detecting subsidence. Nowadays, radar interferometer technique is used as a common and popular technique for measuring crust surface deformation. Properties such as expanded covering and good resolution of radar images and acceptable accuracy and precision have turned this technique into useful tool for studying different geology phenomenon's such as earthquake, subsidence, slips. Radar interferometer measures earth surface movement differential with height precision (centimeters) and place resolution few thousand kilometers (amikhpi, 1388) Our purpose at this research is to model subsidence at neyshabour plain by using results from radar interferometer and to examine the relationship between underground water lowering and earth subsidence and finally gaps at parts of neyshabour plain. 2. This research method is measuring by using libratory method. At the first, libratory method is used for image and data processing then by resulted findings from libratory stage, field and recorded data are collected, at next stage we measure accuracy of the results of libratory processing by using field and recorded data, at the end, we model the results of libratory processing. We use time series of Europe satellite data ENVISATVat C band at libratory stage.subsidence regions are detected by computer processing through special software SARSCAPE at ENVI platform and using interferometer. Then by using field and measuring operations and using GPS tool, we recognize resulting damages from subsidence phenomenon and defined regions at libratory stage at earth surface are recognized. the finding of this stage are very useful for determining results accuracy at first stage.Also at this research, findings of radar interferometer method for subsidence rate and range are compared with resulting figures from level changes of underground water by using piezometery well and at last stage, we model resulted findings from radar interferometer method for subsidence rate and range. In the following table has mentioned the used ASAR images in this survey with time and place basis line intervals. Table 1: The used ASAR images in neyshabour withcomplete details Base line Temporal line data Image mod 188/958 419 2003 ASA_IMS 2004 ASA_IMS 50/933 144 2004 ASA_IMS 2005 ASA_IMS 59/229 875 2005 ASA_IMS 27/093 244 2007 ASA_IMS 261/797 385 2008 ASA_IMS 292/647 420 2009 ASA_IMS 2010 ASA_IMS 3. The studied areas Neyshabour is one the most important plains of Razavi Khorasan because of agricultural Productivity and population concentration. Neyshabour is located in 17' 58° longitude to east 20' 59° and 40' 35° latitude to north 29' 34° and in area 405800 – 72800 and 3949500 – 405800 meters (according to UTM). This plain is IRAN, s central salt desert sub basin. Also it was mentioned that underwater resource situation in neyshabour are 2589 deep and shallow wells (5/07 piezometery wells), 914 the opening of spring and 930 subterranean canal that there are in studied area. In total, nearly underground water 1174/82 million (m3) was exploited. The most achieved water from wells and springs is used in irrigation of agricultural fields. 4. Data analysis: In this survey,we determined radar data, subsidence rate and range by interferometer methodinneyshabour plain. In order to plan space pattern maps and determine subsidence rate and range for interferometer operation, weused two ASAR images in different time periods with DEMSRTM model (by 90 meter accuracy). In thefollowing, we used change data of pizometery well level to model achieved data of field level and piezometery well level changes. Then, we should correct achieved data from interferometer method, by GPS station data of IRAN permanent geodynamic network (IPGN) situated in neyshabour plain. Because of data normality confirmation by SHAPIRO-WICK tests, by TI GEFTI CHON test, significant level (p>%5) was achieved. Then, there are no significant difference between read numbers and achieved numbers of differential method and interferometery method. Then achieved data accuracy of interferometer method was confirmed. In this survey,we used step by step regression method for achieving the model between field subsidence and piezometery well level changes.We used field subsidence results by radar interferometer and piezometery well level changes in 2003-2009 years. By attention to achieved results, we can write standard regression equation. Field subsidence (meter) = - 0/ 272 * underground water exploitation (meter) We compare the achieved model by2009-2010 model and it was obtained %8 error. This error ignore. we can conclude that anticipated model is relatively suitable. 5. According to mentioned discussions, it was showed that radar interferometer method in this survey was introduced suitable capacity of it,s capability in determination of subsidence rateand range in studied area level. Environment drought was moderated phase change effect resulting from atmosphere compounds, especially humidity and was provided appropriate accuracy from phase difference resulting from level displacement. Also, vegetation lack minimized radar images non uniformity and provided possibility for measuring phase changes at annual time ranges for BAND data. This finding, by emphasizing resulting efficiency because of using this method, showed that there is significant relationship between underground water removing and subsidence. Also, it has worthy to mention that movement rate has estimated 7 centimeters 2003-sep-27 until 2004-nov-20, 4 centimeters 2004-oct-16 until 2005-jul-23, 18 centimeters2005-jun-18 until 2007-nov-10,4/5 centimeters 2007-nov-10 until 2008-jul-12,7 centimeters 2008-jul-12 until 2009-aug-01, 7 centimeters 2009-aug-01 until 2010-sep-25 at neyshabour station by using ASAR data, also the relation between subsidence and underground water removing shows that if piezometery well lowering is 3 centimeters, subsidence is./81 centimeters.

In the present situation from the perspective of the citizens of the city of Metropolis furniture urban parks, has been analyzed and evaluated. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to ((analyze and evaluate the matching furniture urban parks based on criteria such as aesthetic elements, and safety standards, Furniture, and is spatially distributed)). The dominant approach to the study of the components of a combination of analytic methods and survey 400 completed questionnaires that have been performed in 9 of urban parks. To analyze the data from excel and spss software was used for questioning. Then, based on all the information, the status of each individual park, park furniture indicators were identified. To investigate the hypothesis of a single sample T-test and linear regression analysis in SPSS software and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used. Preparation of maps and location analysis and spatial distribution of parks and locate furniture in each park through ARC GIS software has been made. The results showed that the index case, Security Benchmark Scores (248.) Into account in the assessment of park furniture is the first priority and measure compliance with the minimum distance to the points themselves. The park also evaluated according to the criteria of the highest rated Ghadir Park (310.) Has won and in the parks of the first rank in terms of having the right furniture is allocated. The park has the fewest points (024.) And requires more attention from the relevant authorities. Incompatibility, and compared to calculate the priorities of the park features shows The results of the study of logic, techniques and hierarchical analysis of facts outside the city is logical and reasonable.

1-Introduction; Landslides are natural geological phenomena that can cause fatalities and property damage (4). According to the published statistics, in 1990-2005, the landslides made 5% of all natural disasters (5). Due to the growing trend of urban developments in mountainous regions and due to the socioeconomic consequences of landslides, it is of great importance to locate those parts of the earth that are vulnerable to landslides. (6) Reminding the readers of the fact that the past is the key to the future, conducting research on landslides and factors that cause them, can serve as a key to know how they reoccur if similar causal factors exist (2). Accessibility of a wide range of précised spatial data and computers of high ability for processing, has made it possible for us to analyze these data (Landslides that occurred in the past and the factors that caused them) under GIS and ILWIS environment and produce the landslide vulnerability map (1). Various methods have been suggested in the recent years for preparing landslide vulnerability map. “Regression Models”, “Artificial Nervous Systems”, and “Weights of Evidence” are the most applicable methods of all and each has its own special weaknesses and strengths. Most of these methods are qualitative innovations using which an expert can score the landslides factors on the basis of the past experiences and draws the zoning map based on the total scores(15). The reliability of zoning map depends on the quality of the accessible data, the study scale and on the selection of a proper method (13). However, when using those statistical methods that can encompass two or more variables, the distribution map of the landslides plays a key role. In these methods, the pertinent factors and the level of each is weighed based on the frequency of landslides and the vulnerability is calculated by summing up of all weights at each certain work units (9,11). For instance, using a multivariable statistical method, zoning was carried out in Shalmanroud in Gilan province/Iran at the scale of 1:50000 using GIS system (8). The layers included were: Slope, land application, lithology, and raining. The authenticity of the map prepared using landslides distribution map, the proper implementation of the prepared model at the watershed nearby, and the authenticity of the procedure followed to prepare the zonation map, were assessed and the latter map was checked against the landslide distribution map, which had satisfactory results. Some researchers assessed AHP model results for zoning Aharchai Watershed vulnerability (7). The research findings proved that geological factors play the most significant role while human factors play the least role in the landslides of this region. In recent years, the geographical information system is used in combination with Spatial Multivariable Evaluation to solve the problems in order to help the managers and decision makers. Spatial Multivariable Evaluation is a useful method to identify proper locating solutions and to compare these solutions based on multiple factors combination, and it can be displayed within the least period of time using information layers. This method reveals the ability of the geographical information system in managing and processing spatial data and also conveys the flexibility of Spatial Multivariable Evaluation in combining spatial data (such as the soil type, the slope, etc.) with the weights allocated by the pertinent experts to different variables. Spatial Multivariable Evaluation is a method to recognize and present comparative solutions to the spatial problems at the time of combining the multiple factors that will ultimately be shown in the map (12). Shahrekord is located in central part of Iran and it is the central city of Chaharmahal - Bakhtiari Province. It is located 97 kilometers from Isfahan and to the west of the city. The former name was Dehkord changed to Shahrekord in September 1935 when the place became a city officially. According to the statistics of 2006, the population of the central and old regions of the city was 131612 and the population of the city including those of the four regions of Manzarieh estate, Chaleshtar, Eshkaftak and Mahdieh equals 148464. Figure 1:Map Showing the Location of Watershed of Bon county in Chaharmahal - Bakhtiari Province. 2- The research methods and stages are specified below in brief: First stage: Collection of all regional data including the statistics, the maps and the required information tables and preparing them by establishing boundary around spatial factors and preparing data to be used as input in ILWIS software.Second stage: Designing of a Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation Model in the form of a tree-like diagram of criteria under SMCE environment of ILWIS software. Third stage: Standardization of the factors under SMCE environment of ILWIS software and allocating weight to the factors and criteria under the software environment. Fourth stage: Combining the prepared data and producing a composite index map. Fifth stage: Landslide Risk Zoning using the composite index map based on a column diagram of map pixels value. It is of great significance to use proper information layers for the purpose of landslide risk zoning. Hence, field and library studies were conducted in the site to identify the main spatial factors and factors that limit landslide happening. These factors include the slope of the region, type of land application, geological units, distance from the road, fountain and river. Spatial Multivariable Evaluation Model was used to zone the landslide risk and the tree-like diagram of spatial factors was designed for Shahrekord watershed based on the major goal of the research, that is, the zoning of the landslide risk. All prepared maps including the linear, the dotted and the polygonal ones, were applied in the designed model after being changed into networks. This is illustrated in figure 2 of the tree-like diagram. Figure 2: Tree-like diagram of Spatial Multivariable Evaluation of Landslide Risk Zoning for the Watershed of Bon County in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province. Information categories: In this paper, the information categories including the slope, lithology, land application, fault, distance from road, fountain and waterway were prepared in Arc GIS 10 software after studying various influential factors. A description of these 6 factors having been identified as the main factors is conveyed below. Slope: It is one of the most important parameters as far as the mountain skirt resistance is concerned. The slope map of the site under study, was prepared using digital topographic maps at the scales of 1:25000 (state topography organization, 1993) and 1:50000 (Military Forces Geography Organization, 1999) and using Topo to Raster functions in order to develop the maps of digital elevation model and slope under ArcGIS software environment. The map is divided into 5 tiers. Since the highest slope is that of the regions the constituents of which are vulnerable to sliding and proper for the formation of the soil belonging to the category of 0.75 to 1 (unstable), hence such soils can be of the highest potential for the landslide. On the other hand, notwithstanding the soil category of 0.75 to 1, slopes of higher degrees cause higher vulnerability. Lithology: This factor is a key parameter in sliding, because different lithological units show different vulnerability to geomorphologic phenomena. The lithological map of the place was prepared after examining the geological maps, satellite data and pictures and field measurement. The lithological studies proved that the place is vulnerable to sliding even in low slopes due to its soil being severely oxidized and for the low permeability of the soil and the great volume of water that remains in it, also because of insufficient plantation. Distance from Road: The map showing the distance from the road, was prepared using digital topographic maps of 1:250000 issued by the state topography organization and by applying distance functions and through reclassification and uniting it with landslides distribution map under ArcGIS software environment. Next, under ArcGIS environment, the distances from the road were classified under 5 categories. Based on the pertinent map, the more the distance from the road is, the lesser the landslide hazard will be. Distance from Fault: To prepare the regional faults map, satellite data were used under ENV14.7 software environment. Through reproduction of the pictures, the main and the auxiliary faults of the region were identified. Spatial filters are used to make the pictures clear. According to the pertinent maps, regions that are farther from the faults are less vulnerable to land sliding. The study place on the other hand does not encompass any fault line. Distance from waterway: Because of the skirts being eroded and stones being oxidized and because of the impacts these two have on the content of the skirt water, waterways system has a significant role in instability of the slopes. The map showing the distance from the waterway was hence prepared just like the road map, using digital topographic maps of 1:250000 and through applying distance functions and via reclassification and uniting it with landslides distribution map under ArcGIS software environment. Based on the pertinent map, the category of 0.75 to 1 has the highest vulnerability to sliding. Generally, regions that are farther from the waterway have lower potential for sliding. Land Application & Plantation: Since, the type of plantation and the way the lands are used, affect the sliding phenomenon, the plantation map of the region was prepared using topographic maps of 1:25000 issued by the state topography organization and through field measurement. Based on the findings, due to the highest potential of sliding belong to agricultural fields due to their poor range and because of the irrigation and drainage activities that prevail in these areas. Considering the fact that the maps can be different both in contents and in features, and since some may display descriptive specifications such as remoteness or proximity while others may contain digits like zero, 1, ten or the likes, it is essential for the maps to be standardized. In this system, all specifications of the maps are standardized by using a digit range of 0 to 1. To standardize the maps that enter into SMCE, a software standardization method including Boolean and Class Input Methods were applied.To weigh the standardized maps of the factors and sub-factors, Pairwise comparison and direct ranking methods were applied. Weighing implies the importance of each criterion compared with other criteria. It should be noted that inadaptability rate should not exceed 0.1. Figure 3showe that Landslide Risk Classified Map Achieved through Combining Input Maps Including Factors and Limitations. Figure 3: The Composite Index Map of the Watershed of Bon County in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province. 3– The final map (figure 3) reveals that regions that are highly vulnerable to sliding are located near main crowded roads and fountains. As it was said under “Materials & Methods”, as the distance from the roads increases, the potential for sliding decreases. The same is with waterways and fountains. 4– Conclusion To improve the study and considering the final map of the landslides (13), three parts of the region were selected on a random basis to convey the impact of each factor on vulnerability to sliding. This map (figure 3) has specified the locations to allow better resistance against natural disasters. Through this map, planners are assisted to manage crisis.Compared with a research conducted by Nafouti, 2010, in Shalmanroud in east of Gilan province, this allows a more efficient resistance against the risk of sliding, although even the said research focused on the spatial limitations and factors in Shalmanroud watershed and presented a map about the zones with potentiality of land sliding. SMCE has a high potential for acting cost effectively at a short time and it also increases the accuracy of making decision about identification of places that are vulnerable to sliding. It also provides managers with a proper framework to make policies regarding land development and prevent land application in highly vulnerable regions. It also allows performing of correcting measures such as drainage and pile driving in highly vulnerable regions to prevent fatalities and property damages.

1- Building detection by satellite images decrease not onlyhuman role in city map production but also time and cost for those map production this also provide the opportunity for building map production in monthly and yearly periods. The mayoralty and all city organizations need an updated building maps. In the past, building detection from digital images was done manually and as a result, this process which was done slowly and costly, needs professional operator. This kind of detection was not appropriate for city area with high intensity.today, high resolution satellite images areprovided using remote sensing technology development. By use of these images, we are capable of Land use classifyingin city area. In high measure IKONOSSatellite was known as the first high separation commercial satellite in 1999.Afterthat similar satellites such as and quick bird geoeye werelaunched. Using a suitable automaticOr semi-Automatic method for building detection not only reducehuman role in city map production but also reduce cost and time for the map production and provide us with an opportunity to produce building maps in monthly and yearly periods.In addition,this method is useful for other objects with similar nature and geometry.Nowadays, mayoralties and other organizations which need updated information related to domains and city alley undergo many coststo survey domains by difficult operations and many professionals, most of the time, the accuracy of information was not satisfying and this lead to repetition. 2- In this research,multi spectral and panchromatic images of band1 to 4 of quick bird satellite were used to obtain city object Class boundary such as buildings,roads,plants, etc. The method is based on pixel base information using decision tree algorithm,i.e,by determiningSuitable there should level based on each phenomenon spectral characteristics,objects were deletedand finally building classes were detected based on study purpose. The above mentioned activates were done on images related to 2008 and 2012 and then building change maps were detected,finally,the output map was compared with domain digital maps By city survey and the method accuracy was evaluated. • By checking phenomenon observed in chabaharr satellite images,Decision tree for separation of following objects was chosen: • Plants,park and vegetations • Black top of street and ally surface • Building back top • Building and tree shadows which are observable because of time of recording • pavementcovered by dust which are part of wasteland, • Main buildings produced by other phenomenon separation. 3- After that, related phenomenon in each class of 2008 and 2012 images were separated and change percentage was calculated building courage percentage in 2008 image was 16.41 which was increased to 17.57 because of black tap percentage of 1.16 this percentage was increased to 24.69 in 2012 image; i.e. we had the increase of 7.12 percentage as a result of new construction in the period of 4 years. 4- After accuracy evaluation using survey experimented information and obtaining building parcels diversity in 2 layers, we observed the diversity about 8.2 percentage which is explainable; this diversity can be because of different errors of measurement such as, using map whit 2000/1 measure as a base map for survey, errors during detection without reduction unbuilt area such as in survey map. Therefore, this method can be usual for new building detection without local reference.

1- Establishing power transmission lines is one of the most important activities of ourcountry’s electricity industry. But great expense of the establishment on one hand, and mutual effects of natural and environmental causes on the other hand, make us to consider different parameters in route-finding of these lines. All these parameters are in direct relation with location of masts and power transmission lines’ equipment. 2- Methodology The method of study was incorporation of fuzzy and AHP for optimal rout –finding of power transmit ion lines. For the aim of this paper which is GIS application in electricity industry specially rout finding of power transmission of GIS software capabilities in electricity network and its function has been considered. 3– At first, usual and conventional methods of rout finding of transmission lines is presented, later the rout-finding direction of transmission lines including stages like; determining the study location, preparing conceptual model, selecting rout-finding method ad data structure, determining the effective factors in route-finding of power transmission lines, preparing the information, analyzing the data using MATLAB software, incorporating the information, locating the masts, evaluating routes and selecting the optimal route is covered in this research. In order to find the most optimal route between two intended points, first of all we need to write software in MATLAB environment and by using Fuzzy Interface System, the suitable points for setting the masts and measuring cost map would be available. Then we may get the shortest distance between the two points using Short Path Function. For weighting the factors used the AHP model. In order to incorporate the information different models of FIS would be examined. After road designing in GIS environment, each road should be evaluated in terms of environmental characteristic, standard observation, shortest regarding other routes to select an optimal route. Regarding this study aim which is an optimal rout selection of power transmission lines, 5 detected routs were compared base on deferent fuzzy rules (Table 1). Table 1: Route parameters calculatedbased on different operator for optimal rout Image MODEL PATH LENGTH(KM) Coincidence (%) QUALIFICATION fuzzy And 311.21 35% WEAK fuzzy Or 644.21 30% WEAK fuzzy Product 099.21 45% GOOD fuzzy Sum 750.20 40% MEDIUM probabilistic-OR 285.21 55% GOOD fuzzy Gamma 21.762 60% GOOD fuzzy Gamma IN Weighted Role 216.21 70% EXCELLENT In addition to these routs designed route by electricity engineers was selected as an index and obtained results were compared with each other. Finally, the rout optima by operator GAMA in weight rule have been selected as an optimal route (Fig1). Fig1: The comparison of Gamma fuzzy designed rout with existing rout.4– In the method, fuzzy inference which is actually the incorporation of AHP and fuzzy method was selected as the best method from experts point of view, because each rule was selected based on its relative importance. FuzzyProductmodel and probabilistic-OR model are better than other models after Gamma fuzzy and gamma fuzzy usingWeighted Role. Also, fuzzy model results have better modeling than linear models, this is because of the vagueness in the expert's view and nonlinear parameter dependence in rout finding of power transmission line. If rout finding of power transmission is done by paying attention to new factors and their role in rout finding, it is expected that better results to occur.

Forests as one of the most important natural inexhaustible resources have a crucial role in life continuity and also in maintaining and sustainability of ecosystems. Combustion is one of the many devastating factors in forests. Due to degradation of forests and range lands in different parts of Iran, specially in Alborz and Zagros mountains,anticipating facilities to resist fire seems substantial. This study aims at identifying regions with high potential of ignition in forests. Initially, contributing factors to fire according to study area`s characteristics, Helen Protected Area were determined and were prioritized through questionnaires under Delphi technique via SPSS software. Following, quantitative weights of the factors were calculated by analytical hierarchy process. Finally, by assigning the weights to raster map layers of the factors in GIS software and overlaying them,the fire hazard map was prepared. Results reveal that around one fourth of the total area has the high and very high potential; which are mostly situated on regions with high slope and elevation on southern hills with Astragalus sp. and other annual species in the vicinity of settlements and road network. Due to utilizing Analytical Hierarchy Process and integrating it with GIS and gaining spatial distribution of fire hazard, the results provide planners and decision makers with a handy tool to prevent combustion and conserve forest resources.

1- Earthquake, as one of the most important natural disasters, release large energy suddenly in a short time. It takes place on the crust because of babel. Earthquake may release decades, centuries or thousands of blocked energy in less than one minutes (Gibson 1997). After earthquake happens, quick and on-time relief play an important role to reduce human casualties. It is an important problem to choose an optimum route in order to access to the damaged areas. The purpose of this paper is to choose the best route to relief by considering the effective actions in waste of time of auxiliary vehicles. For this, first the relief expert chooses some proposed routes to relief before coming to the damaged area using 3D designed model of the area. Then, weights are assigned to each of this parameters using Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operator. This operator provides the expert an idea on how to apply his points to determine the best route. This case becomes to the weighting equations as an optimism factor. Finally, the proposed routes are compared based on the probability of blocking and waste of time, and thus the user can choose the best route. Determining the optimum route to relief in earthquake is the issue that is studied and discussed by experts and specialist because of high importance for years. So far, a lot of papers have been published about this problem, especially in Iran. These papers study how to choose an optimal route in earthquakes in different ways. However, the “height” has not been considered as an important parameter to choose an optimal route after the earthquake. As the buildings are destroyed in earthquakes, the route is blocked by breached material of the existing building on route. To have a more realistic estimation, the height of the building must be considered as an important factor in determining the best route. Another advantage of the algorithm presented in this paper is using Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operator. This algorithm allows to relief expert who has knowledge of the disaster area, and to include influential considerations to assign weights to various parameters. This interference is applied into the equation as a multiplier called optimism factor. 2- As mentioned, in this paper, four parameter of distance, street width, height and buildings age are examined to find the best route to the disaster area. However, before evaluation, it is necessary to determine some routes as proposed. In this paper the study area is part of Tehran. - Proposed routes To choose some proposed route, a 3D model of the area is prepared and provided to the relief expert. The expert selects four proposed routes by using the model as well as their knowledge of the area. It should be mentioned that the 3D model will help to choose the best proposed routes. For example, it may be the case two different routes, have the same width of streets, but they are different in building heights. In this case, the expert, with respect to the knowledge and observations, can choose routes as proposed route that have merit as an optimal route. Figure 1 shows a 2D view of the four proposed routes chosen by the expert. Study of the four main parameters influencing the choice of the optimal route Having proposed routes identified, the main factors that influence the choice of optimal route should be examined. A) Distance Distance between reliefs and disaster area on each route, was measured and recorded. B) Width of streets Each route is composed on various streets with different widths. In this paper streets are divided into two types of streets (more than 6 meters width and less than 6 meters). C) Buildings height There are long and short buildings with different heights at each route. In this paper, buildings are divided into two types of buildings (more than 10 meters in height and less than 10 meters). D) Buildings old Buildings age is another important factor in choosing the optimal route. Because an old buildings is more likely to fail, thereby blocking the route. In this paper, buildings age are divided into two types of buildings (older than 15 years and less than 15 years). 3- Ordered Weighted Averaging operator is used for choosing the best route. In this operator a weight is assigned to each of the four parameters using an existing equation. The important point in this equations is that there is a parameter as optimism degree that can be determined by experts and it is necessary to briefly explain. Optimism degree is a number between zero and one. When the expert considers “one” for optimism degree, it means that the expert is optimistic. For example, one expert believes that if all buildings are greater than 10 meters height on a route, but even there is one building with less than 10 meters height, the conditions are ideal. However, if expert considers “zero” for optimism degree, it means that the expert is pessimistic. For example, one expert believes that if all buildings on a route are less than 10 meters in height, but even there is a building with 10 meter height, the route is not suitable. In this paper, the weight of the various parameters for the optimism degree are considered (i.e., 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1) and finally, the results are compared. In this paper, first, four proposed routes are chosen by using the 3D model of the disaster area for relief. Then, four parameter of distance, height and width of streets as well as buildings age were evaluated in each route. Then, the weight of each parameter was calculated according to the optimism degree. 4- The results of the calculation of weights for different optimism degrees for all the parameters are listed in Table 1. Table 1 - Weight of parameters based on different optimism degrees Weight O(W) 0, 0.04, 0.09, 0.23, 0.34, 0.41, 0.58 0 0, 0.05, 0.13, 0.20, 0.27, 0.34, 0.43 0.25 0.15, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15 0.5 0.43, 0.34, 0.27, 0.20, 0.13, 0.05, 0 0.75 0.58, 0.41, 0.34, 0.23, 0.09, 0.04, 0 1 The following diagram is calculated after the obstruction. Diagram 1 - Level of route blocking based on optimism degree for each route The chart clearly shows that, the route #1 in all optimism degrees is the best route and has the lowest blocking.

Finding the shortest path is the most fundamental parameter in routing the train trajectory; this relies on this fact that by shortening the path, the number of the required equipment including tower, fittings and foundation on one hand and the cost of executive operations including topography, geology and soil mechanics and installation costs on the other hand keep decreasing. Yet, various complications along rail transit line as well as the necessity to observe the technical and safety principles oblige use to select longer paths, consequently the path length increases. Therefore, we are convinced to find an optimal route adapted with technical and economic conditions and the least damage and deformation at the environment and a path as short as possible. geographic information system (GIS), as a technology with systematic and in-depth attitude, can be provided as a strong means for routing.to date, a variety of methods have been proposed for designing and routing rapid transit network by various researchers. Decesare' PhD thesis in 1970 is one of the earliest studies conducted in the context of routing rapid transit lines. Decesare propopsed the problem as finding a route with the lowest cost between origin and destination and modelled it. Bruno et al.(2002)have conducted a study in which they aimed to maximize the population covered by the path. Laporte et al.(2005) engaged in resolving the routing problem via heuristic method in 2005. Afandi zade & Hashemi(2010) resolved the problem of designing a subway network via a heuristic method based on genetic algorithm. In 2004, Parasto Saheb al zamani obtained the best varient by selecting the optimal path in the railway lines via GIS through describing various variants and comparing them in sake of costs of maintenance and the return on capital. Ahad Sotoudeh(2007) examined use of enviornmental principles in routing railway via GIS and selected the best path by considering the parameters such as slope, geological features, rivers and the associated factors, and finally knew use of the Geographic Information System effective in routing railway compared to the rest of traditional methods. Mario et al.(2012) examined designing of rapid railway via GIS and multi-criterion analysis and analyzed three models including heuristic, conservative and hazardous models. Routing has been considered as the early action in the operations for designing a path, that it must be considered due to its substantial role in how the path subjects to other facilities and enviornment on one hand and a substantial effect that it has in the executive costs of the path on the other hand. Yazd-Ardakan is the region under study that over 80% of the economic activities and 50% of the agricultural and livestock activities are accomplished in this plain. The present research aims to use fuzzy logic method to determine the optimal route of intercity train (Yazd-Ardakan) considering the environmental aspects and factors affecting determination of optimal route. In this method, using operators Gama and Sum, an attempt was made to determine optimal route of intercity train (Yazd-Ardakan). Hence, to determine the suitable routes to raise the optimal route of intercity train (Yazd-Ardakan), there are a variety of confounding variables with different roles. Digital layers considered in this research include existing communication network layer, land coverage, gas pipeline, residential and industrial areas, that each of layers were classified followed by the early proccessing, and then mutiplied by the considered weights using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) —consequently an attempt was made to produce overlap fuzzy maps using fuzzy overlay method and operators 'Sum' and 'Gama'. Thereafter, map 'cost' was produced to expand extracting the differences and proximity functions—consequently an attempt was made to extract the optimal path using shoretest path method. Among fuzzy operators, using operator 'Sum' has extracted a better path than operator 'Gama'. Ultimately, using this method, two paths were extractted. The No. 1 path which has been resulted out of using operator 'sum' enjoys further scores than No.2 path which has been extracted using operator 'Gama'. Length of No. 1 path equals to 58547 meter, in which the proposed rail line which passes through the residential area from the distance of 24228 meter also passes through the residential area in Yazd and Shahedieh city from the distance of 6584 meter. The highest length of path passes through residential, farm and arid areas and shrubbery. Length of No. 2 path equals to 62080 meter, in which 8677 meter out of 28552 meter distance passing through the residential area in No.2 path relates to the area in Yazd and Shahedieh. The highest length of path passes through residential, farm and arid areas and shrubbery, and also 555 meter of this path passes through industrial regions.

The sharp rise of urban population and lack of financial, technical and infrastructure facilities for public and social land uses in last decades caused Heterogeneity and an imbalance in the distribution of different facilities in the city (Poor Mohammadi and et.al, 2010: 9). On the other hand, in the present century new changes led to a rapid extension of service sector; so that based on available statistics about 70% of workforce are employed in the service sector. The statics shows the importance of service sector and its role on development of countries (Mir Maghfoori and Maki, 2007: 40). Due to the type of land useselection of used indexes are different. But all of them must be aligned. Using these indexes need to extensive and comprehensive research. Only after combining and analyzing collected data and evaluating them, there will be the opportunity of spatial decision. Extend, spatial attraction, using available space and all the things that depend on them must be classified and standardized (Lotfi and et.al, 2010: 45). From the point of view of urban planning, public library is one of the most important cultural structures within cities and needs to pay special attention to them. In large cities that infrastructures had been created in different periods, the development of urban infrastructures will bring new problems for city. These things are not too problematic in large cities; but much of the population and the expansion of cities and their structures are added, more than ever we will feel the need to plan. Pay attention to such problems, not only will reduce urban problems but also will reduce the total cost and the pressure on citizens and will reduce the financial burden on municipalities and governmental agencies (Shie, 2003: 188). Borujerd is located in Borujerd city and at the north of Lorestan province. In recent decades the city has seen extensive development and rapid population changes. So it caused migration growth, increased construction, increased urban areas and formation of multiple land uses. So that, in 1956 number of residents was 49186 and in 2011 this number became 240654.Despite of fundamental changes in the physical context in the recent decades, but one of the most important problems in Borujerd is lack of cultural spaces, especially public libraries and we can find out this by comparing the statistics of population and per capitapublic libraries. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the status of public libraries in the city of Borujerd and taking necessary criterions determine suitable locations for the construction new public libraries. The research method is analytic-functional; we used library and field methods to collect data. This research aims to identify existing status and locatingpublic libraries of Borujerd. So, at the beginning we did library studies in the field of land use, public libraries, and discussed issues related to data analysis; then we used field method to study the status of public libraries and we have chosen necessary criteria and sub-criteria in AHP technique. We used multivariate decision rules by Expert Choice software for paired comparisons of criteria and sub-criteria to prepare for the analysis of layers for spatial analysis in GIS and finally we proposed optimal locations to construct public libraries in Borujerd. According to the public libraries institution website and field studies of writers in 2014, there is 5 active public libraries in Borujerd that totally have 3200 square meters infrastructure. Their characteristics are listed in table (1). According to the international federation of library associations and library institutions (IFLA) in cities with more than 100000 people we need 28 square meters for per thousand people (Ashrafi, 2009: 101).According to the population and housing census statistical centre of Iran in 2014, the population of Borujerd was 240654 and these people need 6738/312 square meters, thus according to these reasons, the shortage of this kind of land use in Borujerd city and locating new center is justified. We considered the access contour to existing libraries in Borujerd about 1500 meters, and is divided to five sub-criteria that as we move away from their privacy, the priviledge of rasters will increase. In this study we considered residential, firefighter, educational, sports, green space, religious and administrative land uses as compatible land uses and business, health, industrial, facilities-service and public parking land uses as incompatible land uses. The much population density in an area is more, the services in that area are more needed and cultural land users are not exception too. Population density in locating of public libraries in Borujerd is considered in 5 categories. Proper slope is another criterion of locating the public libraries, because there is no matter how beautiful a place is made but the slope criteria is not considered the intended land use will not be able to show their maximum performance in the urban system and economically the project will fail. This indicator is considered at best between 12- 0/5. The final map in a range of appropriate land to the most appropriate location for the establishment of public libraries in Borujerd is determined and is showed in figure 8. According to table 5 from 35170085/83 square meters of raster resulting from final map, 7/16 inappropriate lands, 19/79 average lands, 71/27 percentage of appropriate lands and 7/79 percentage of land uses are suitable for the construction of public libraries in Borujerd. Among this range perfectly appropriate lands have the most importance. - Locating a wrong land use might eliminate health, welfare and comfort of residents in a neighborhood or even the entire city. Cultural land uses directly impact on all social, economic or even political aspects of people and especially the libraries that promote the awareness of people and play an important role in this field, and lack of them have the retrogressive process in the societies. In addition to the quality of a library on system and its internal mechanism is positively correlated with the location of this land use in the other urban land uses, and this will be effective in the perseveration and sustainability of libraries. During the performed surveys in this research indicated that Borujerd, according to the number of population of the last statistic of Population and Housing Censusin 2011, (240654 people) have to face with 3538/312 square meters shortage of land uses of library. In this study was an attempt using GIS software and fuzzy viewpoint and avoid one- dimensional view of economic advantage for locating library land use, optimal places are proposed.

The article discusses the impact of transport system on economic development in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Transition or the process of restructuring the economy and society in Bosnia and Herzegovina is taking place very intensively، but also in very difficult and special conditions. Construction of new and expansion and reconstruction of existing roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the assumption that the transport infrastructure will have a strong influence on regional economic development. It is also important to note that the future economic growth domestic industrial production and population growth، and development of the transport system and the demand for transport services، will have a steady growth with the help of the more developed transport infrastructure in the future. The transport system of Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighboring countries is differentiated. The results show large differences between industries that are rapidly recovering from war damage and those that are still in a state when they do not serve their purpose. Road transport is poor and despite the difficulties inherent structure largely begun to expand while the railroad has no expansion takes place with very little capacity.