فصلنامه جامعه شناسی کاربردی
سال بیست و سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 48، زمستان 1391)

Functional value of the social institution of family is important in any social system. Any society with its values ​​ is beginning to look into family to train its future citizens. One of the important issues in this institution is the quality of relationships between parents (spouses). When a relation between the two is satisfactory in a relaxed family on which the ruling family in public life will improve performance. One of the affective factors that impact the process of making marital satisfaction effective is psychological issues. Therefore, according to a mental health problem of the couples can enhance their marital satisfaction and ultimately improve the efficiency of the family. Previous studies indicate that the level of psychological well-being is an affective factor in marital satisfaction of women than men. Also as known the cultural roots in modern cities have been weaken and divorce rate has been increased (Shirazi, 2007; Shie, 2001). While the studies and research in this regard is less. Thus pay attention to mental well-being with regard to the role of social context causes to increase the survival rates of marital satisfaction of women in particular and families in general. We choosed Najafabad and Fooladshahr as different social contexts, because of their cultural, demographic and historical distinctions. In one hand Najafabad is an old and passing city which could maintain its ancient structure and in the other hand has been accepted elements of modern and industrial life. But Fooladshahr is a new and immigrant town which because of this character, it has no homogenous and specific culture and diversity of cultures and ethnos in this city has been caused different positive and negative problems in habitant's lives. The statistics show that the immigration of Fooladshahr is more than Najafabad. Therefore, the total goal of this paper is answering to these questions: what kind of relation is there between mental well-being and marital satisfaction of married women? How much social context could affect elements of the quality of women marital satisfaction? This study’s respondents are the married women living in the two cities, one (Najafabad) located in western part of Isfahan province and another (Fuladshahr) in southwestern Isfahan (a province in central Iran). The systematic sampling of the population was used here. The criteria for the inclusion were that the participants be married women whose marriage had lasted for at least 3 years. Participation was voluntary. The final sample included 757 participants -381 women in Najafabad (50.3%) and 376 women in Fuladshahr (49.7%). The age of Najafabad’s women ranged from 17 to 70 (Mean=35.74), and that of Fooladshahr’s women was from 16 to 74 (Mean=35.12). The participants in Najafabad had been married on average for 14.07 years and had a mean number of children of 2.25. Literature framework of this study was Duval and hill theory which mixed with bott theory. According to this literature framework conceptual and experimental models with hypothesis have been showed. Research hypothesis: 1-There is a significant relation between city and marital satisfaction. 2- There is a significant relation between age and marital satisfaction. 3- There is a significant relation between marriage duration and marital satisfaction. 4- There is a significant relation between number of children and marital satisfaction. 5- There is a significant relation between mental well-being and marital satisfaction. Background questionnaire: The questionnaire, which was designed specifically for this study, included queries so as to obtain the following information: age, years married, the number of children, and city. The mental well-being inventory: The SWLS [1] (Diener 2000), which was translated into Persian (Mohammadi 2007), was used to assess the levels of mental well-being. The equivalence between the original and adapted versions was verified by a back-translation process performed by native English speakers living in Iran. The inventory is a 19-item self-reporting measurement. The marital satisfaction inventory (LMI [2]) In the original version, marital satisfaction is measured by 27 statements pertaining to five dimensions: empathy, communication, affection, sexual satisfaction, doing things together. For each statement, respondents were asked to indicate the degree to which it applied to them on a five-point Likert-like scale (1= absolutely disagree, 5 = absolutely agree). Where necessary, the ratings were reversed so that the higher the rating, the better the marital satisfaction. Discussion of results and This study investigates the effect of mental well-being on marital satisfaction via the role of town location. As was noted, the results were presented in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics results were such that most were middle-aged women and young ages. Marriage average was about fourteen years and the average number of children was two. But the second part of the test results obtained from these assumptions. Hypothesis 1: There is a significant relation between city and marital satisfaction. As was noted at least 95 percent confidence level, this hypothesis was confirmed. Average total amount of general marital satisfaction among women more than women residing in Najaf Abad was Fooladshahr. Hypothesis 2: There is a significant relation between age and marital satisfaction. The above hypothesis is confirmed by at least 95% confidence level. In general, whatever their age increases the rate of marital satisfaction decreases and this was true in both the city of Najafabad and Fooladshahr, with little difference in Najafabad women ages which their marital satisfaction will be increases at the last days of their marital relations. Hypothesis 3: There is a significant relation between marriage duration and marital satisfaction. The above hypothesis was confirmed. The highest average of marital satisfaction was related to the women who were married for 3 to 10 years and were living in Fooladshahr. The lowest average of marital satisfaction is also related to Fooladshahr women with 20 years marriage duration. Hypothesis 4: There is a significant relation between number of children and marital satisfaction. This hypothesis was not confirmed in 95% confidence level. Hypothesis 5: There is a significant relation between mental well-being and marital satisfaction. Above hypothesis was not confirmed. The highest average of marital satisfaction was related to mental well-being of the women who live Fooladshahr. Stepwise multivariate analysis to predict the dependent variable showed that two variables(number of children and mental well-being) could explain 35% percent of the variances in the dependent variable. while this rate was 43% in Fooladshahr. Thus strengthening the mental well-being in women can increase their marital satisfaction. The results showed that the phenomenon of migration on women's lives is very significant Fooladshahr.

This study lies at the intersection of the sociology of emotions and medical sociology, investigating emotion management among a rather unknown category of medical personnel –Hospital Chaplains. Sociologists of emotions seek to understand how emotions can be socially influenced in terms of both experience and expression. They believe emotions can be influenced by such institutions as culture and religion. As a result, not only do societies and subcultures have different patterns of expressing emotions according to their own norms and characteristics, but there are also different ways of managing emotions in social institutions. For example, in North American healthcare system, hospital chaplaincy is institutionalized, like other members of the medical team, to provide spiritual and religious care, which is often accompanied with emotional support, requiring therefore emotion management. In order to explore emotional experiences that chaplains undergo as a result of working in hospital and dealing with people who are emotionally overwhelmed, the author utilized insights from interactional and symbolic interactionist, phenomenological, and ethnomethodological approaches within the sociology of emotions and spoke with different chaplains from five faith traditions. The aim was to understand how chaplains perform interpersonal emotion management, what techniques, strategies and skills are involved in dealing with people’s emotions, and how performing emotion management in healthcare institutions brings religion and spirituality at the forefront of a secular society. This is a qualitative study based on in-depth interviewing with hospital chaplains working in different hospitals in the Toronto area. Toronto has a large number of hospitals and medical/healthcare institutions, most of which have a spiritual care department in which a number of full-time and part-time chaplains work to provide pastoral and spiritual care for patients, their relatives, and other medical personnel. Approximately 50 chaplains work in different Toronto hospitals, of whom 21 individuals were selected using purpose f ul sampling: a non-random method o f sampling in which the researcher selects “in f ormation-rich” cases f or in-depth interview. The author tried to collect data as records of action-in-process from a variety of people. Because the in-depth responses obtained by qualitative studies cannot be easily categorized, analysis must rely less on counting and correlating and more on interpretation, summary and integration. Therefore, more than anything else, the findings of this study are supported by quotations and case descriptions. The method of data analysis is qualitative description, with a phenomenological inclination: that is, the goal is to describe emotion management experiences as they are lived and felt by chaplains. Discussion of Results & Chaplains who participated in this study are between the ages of 33 and 65. The average age is approximately 52. Also, 11 chaplains work part-time and 10 chaplains work full-time. 18 of the 21 chaplains in the sample are women. Recruiting more than 3 male chaplains was not possible due to the fact that hospital chaplaincy is a job predominantly occupied by women. In terms of ethnicity, the majority of the respondents are white, with European and Anglo-Saxon backgrounds. However, the sample also includes two Asian chaplains (with Chinese and Indian backgrounds) and one from the Caribbean Islands. Moreover, the sample includes chaplains from five different religions and faith traditions. The majority of the chaplains are Christian, including five chaplains belonging to the Anglican Church, three to the Roman Catholic Church, two to the United Church of Canada, and one to the Baptist Church. The remaining four Christian chaplains did not specify their Church. Several of the chaplains are church ministers. Also, two chaplains from Buddhism, one from Islam, and one from Judaism are interviewed. Finally, a pagan chaplain, who is a believer in the modern paganism movement and is apparently one of only two such chaplains in Canada, is interviewed. Modern chaplaincy is not about performing religious ritual as much as it is about providing emotional support. The chaplains’ role is to be a compassionate care provider who listens patiently and tries to identify the matrix of emotions in which people are caught. As such, chaplains are supposed to be emotionally present, available and attend to people’s spiritual needs. Like sponges, chaplains soak up people’s emotions, name them and process them so that a healthy release of stress and tension can occur. Therefore, creating effective communication is vital in the work of hospital chaplains. By displaying role distance to their title as “chaplain” and defining themselves as “spiritual care providers,” some chaplains manage to provide a safe social space in which clients feel free to open up and talk. But more importantly, chaplains are equipped with interactional competence, that is, the ability to initiate interaction and direct conversation in ways that patients become motivated to cooperate and talk about their problems. By making a kind of interpersonal emotional bridge, chaplains try to cultivate contextual spirituality. Clues that people give are essential to help chaplains obtain an indexical and contextual understanding of the situation. In other words, the type of spirituality chaplains seek to promote is very much dependent on the context and situation of their clients. As soon as a safe social space is provided, where people feel comfortable to open up and talk, working on contextual spirituality starts, and chaplains begin to explore whatever spiritual, religious or other inner force that is available to patients and can give them power and strength to cope with the situation or come to terms with it. The most important component of this mechanism is identifying and releasing emotions, a process that includes multiple techniques of self, as well as interpersonal, emotion management.

In the modern world, there is more short relationship among people. Therefore know themselves more with physical and visible characteristics rather than different or similarities in ascribed and achieved characteristics. The appearance of an individual is considered a sign identity. By the other words, what we can see in appearance account as main source of communication, interpretation. Among all of these characteristics, body constitutes the most direct and accessible base that can carry and play different forms of lifestyle and identity, so it is essential. It is perceived that body is a social and cultural reality. Therefore it is conceptualized by sociological theories such as social regulation, social symbols. This research applied the sociological theory of symbolic interaction and social structure of body in order to explain socialization of body and main concepts of the body. These theories portray that family, media, school and peers could influence on socialization. Body image is constituted in the life careers women. They learn how look at their body, how managed their body and how change their bodies. This process passed from family especially in childhood career, school and peers especially in adolescent career and finally media throughout of their life. The overall aim of this study is to explore of social factors influence on women to perception of body image. Alongside with the main aim, this research also seeks to test some hypothesis. The main hypothesis included: 1- there is relationship between spouse attitude and body image in women, 2- there is relationship between women body image and their socialization such as family, school, friends and media, and 3- there is relationship between women body image and age, educational level and marital status. This is a survey research that adopts a descriptive and analytic method. Statistic society is women of 18 to 40 year-old the city of Isfahan with a population of 106,573. The sample size was calculated according to Cochran formula, 384 cases, and method of sampling was a multistage sampling. In first stage three regions have been chosen according to the Isfahan council information. Then each region divided to the blocks and one of them chooses as statistical unit, finally, the cases have been chosen randomly. The element was questionnaire consisted by research team according to the research theoretical framework. It included two separate parts questions which evaluated both socialization of cases and women body images. The questionnaire validity was provided by scholars and its reliability was calculated according to coefficients Cronbach's alpha (r = 0.70). The data was analyzed by SPSS software. In this line, table distribution frequency has been employed to show descriptive data and tests of Pierson, F and T has been used to analyze the relationship between variables. Discussion of Results & Findings showed that mothers, sisters, friends and peers had the most effect on people’s appearance and dress. It is showed that there is relationship between attitudes of family, school around perspective, the use of media and influence of media and age with body image. But there was no significant relationship between management and body view with formation of body image. Also with t-test, relationship between marital status, education and occupation was assessed. The data show that there is a negative relationship between age and women body image. It means increasing age among women could decline their body image and their satisfaction around their bodies. The data also show that single girls had better body image in compare with married women. It is also suggested that increasing educational levels among women could raise women consent related to their body image. The main aim of this study was to study social factors influence on women to perception of body image. The results showed that variables of family, school, peers and media significantly had correlation with body image. The results showed that the major variable in constitution of body image is media. The results also showed that women relatives, school and family also impact on women body image but their influences are not much as media. The results of this research are corresponded with the results in other countries in the matter of media. They show that increasing using media could decline the women consents body images. Family also had a significant impact on women body image has been reported by many research worldwide. The findings of current research confirm their findings. The results of this research showed that relatives and friends had empowered influence on the women body image, so that women body image impactions of significant others had more negative body image among cases. However, it seems socialization can be effective in information of body image during individual’s lifetime. Because according to the results, women high level educated had more attention on their body images in compare with women low level educated. The results of this research also are alongside with other research in Iran and out of Iran. According to the findings it is suggested the researchers consider on perception the processes which each variables such as family, friends, peers, school and media could changes the women body image during a long time period. It seems understanding these processes could be resulted through a qualitative method research.

Scientific review of the authoritarian personality began in 1950 with the pioneering work of Adorno and his colleagues. Following their attempt, extensive studies were carried out in social psychology, political science, and sociology in this field. Despite the extensive amount of research on authoritarianism in Western societies, few have been conducted in developing countries. The dimensions of this phenomenon in Third World countries can be extensive. The importance of the study of Authoritarianism in Iranian society goes to the Constitutional Revolution (August 1906), when this issue has been in Iranian intellectual discourse. But since the origin of authoritarianism has always been searched in political elite, little attention has been paid to the roots of this phenomenon in the context of social and interpersonal interactions between individuals. Studies show that authoritarian attitudes have adverse social consequences for society in addition to their political consequences. Thus, the scientific study of this phenomenon and its social roots seems necessary. Authoritarian personality has European roots. These studies are influenced by Marx and Freud's theories from theoretical perspective and they are rooted in studies carried out on workers in France and Germany from empirical perspective (Roiser & Willing, 1995:77-97). A study conducted in the Institute of Social Research in Frankfurt in the late 1920s included a wide set of cultural, social and political attitudes among white collar and blue collar workers in Weimar Germany. These studies reported a minority who has authoritarian attitudes. In another study carried out by Horkheimer, Fromm and Marcuse in 1936, family roots of authoritarian personality were explored. According to the theory proposed, in this study we intend to test the integrated model; in that based on Lipstadt's theory of authoritarianism in the lower class, we identify the mechanisms that in the socioeconomic class lead to authoritarian character. For this purpose, we move from three paths toward authoritarianism- in the first path which combines Lipstadt and Adorno's theory we expect that the class influences authoritarianism from parental authoritarian control. In the second path, we expect that the class influences authoritarianism from parental authoritarian and self-esteem control. This path combines Lipstadt, Adorno and Cohen's theory. In the third path, we expect that the class influences authoritarianism through feeling of anomie. This path combines Lipstadt, Merton, Ferum and Arendt's theory. The model is depicted in the following schema. Here, we examine each of the paths. The population of this study was students of Shahid Chamran University. Based on Krejcie and Morgan table, a sample of 377 individuals is representative of a population of 20000 individuals. In this study, 420 were selected through systematic random sampling. In that the list of student names was taken from each faculty and then student's names were randomly selected and they were asked to refer to a class and complete the devised questionnaire. 13 incomplete questionnaires were excluded and 407 remained for final analysis. In our sample, 191 were males and 216 females. Respondent's age was 21.84 with a standard deviation of 2.34. Ethnic composition of the sample was as follows: 33 Turks, 51 Arabs, 84 Kord, 103 Lor and 136 were Fars. Authoritarianism Scale items were composed of 9 items derived from well-known scales measuring these variables. In this study, instead of using an objective socioeconomic base approach, the mental approach was applied. In this way, instead of assessing respondent's status based on achieved data with regard to their income and education and ranking them in three levels, the respondent self-assesses his economic status. To measure parental authoritarian control variable, we used 10 items which were derived from Daniel Shek's (2006) scale and have been used in various studies by different researchers and have a high ability to measure this variable. In addition, to assess one's anomie, we used well-known scales such as Srole's (1956), Dean's (1968) and Rashing's (1971) anomie scale- which are the most popular scales for measuring feeling of anomie. Self-esteem scale, which is the most common measure, is known as the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and has been translated and validated by HamzehGanji and is available at the psychometrics publication center. In the original version and also the translated one we had "Yes/No" questions that were transformed into the Likert scale, but there was no manipulation in the questions and the calculated α for this measure was 0.76. Discussion of Results & Descriptive statistics show that the mean of student's authoritarianism attitude scores was 25.55 which was higher than the mean of the scale (22.5) that means that authoritarian attitudes is common among students. The mean of authoritarian control score was 29.25, which is more than the middle of the scale (25). This means that students greatly assess their parent's behavior toward themselves as authoritarian. This score is 14.25 for the socioeconomic base which is higher than the average of the scale (12.5) in that most students assess their social status as higher than average. In addition, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test hypotheses and to test the main hypothesis we took advantage of sub-standard regression coefficients (beta) in the form of path analysis. Table 4 shows correlation coefficients between the variables investigated. In addition, the socioeconomic base has a negative and significant relationship with anomie (p < 0.01, r = -0.244). To determine the direct and indirect effects of variables on each other, according to the proposed theoretical models, the regression equations model were used. Results showed that the socioeconomic base has a significant effect on the parental authoritarian control (β = -0.129). In addition, the effect of the base on feeling of anomie is negative and significant. This study on the one hand confirms the combined model and on the other hand confirms the theory used in the student population.

In nearly all big cities around the world, the phenomenon of street children is one of the contemporary social issues. During past several decades, there is an increase in the volume of street children phenomenon around the world. The rising number of street children has many pathological and consequential negative impacts for children, youth, families, and the society at the whole. According to 2000 UN report, the number of street children is estimated between 100 to140 million people. According to this report, it is estimated that around 40 million people living in Latin America, 35 million in Asia, 10 million in Africa and remaining live in other countries including advanced industrial societies. There are not reliable data about the number of street children in Iran. According to the available reports there are around 20 thousand street children in Iran. Some preliminary studies show a trend towards the growth of street children phenomenon in several big cities of Iran. The pathological impact of street children phenomenon need appropriate policy-making based on scientific approach. Thus various scientific researchers should work for deeper understanding of factors associated with the formation and characteristics of street children to better social policy. The present paper aims to examine the overall situation of street children concerning their life style, activities, experiences, family background, educational achievement and other behavioral characteristics. For this purpose, data collected through a survey administered in the face-to-face interview among 122 street children aged 6-14 which working in the street of Isfahan city in the spring of 2010. The measurement validity of the study obtained through face validity and the questionnaire has been revised based on the experts’ comments and suggestions. Also a pretest study conducted to examine questionnaire and based on the results of the pretest, questionnaire has been finalized. Data analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Discussion of Results and Other characteristics of sample indicated that around 12 percents of street children was illiterate and about 58 percent of them leave their school before the completion of guidance school. Monthly income for 8.2 percent of respondents was below 150 thousand Tomans, 76.2 percent between 150 to 300 thousand Tomans and 14.7 was between 301 t0 500 thousand Tomans. The highest income had for those children who were selling drugs. Around two third of respondents give their income to their adult family member. Also around two third of children worked as peddler and around one-fifth had a deviant job. Findings also indicate that five-seventh of respondents were physically abused by their parents. 22% of respondents arrested by police and 5 percent went to prison and 7 percent have one to two years in a juvenile institution. Examining parental characteristics of street children show that over 90 percent of mothers and fathers of the respondents have had below elementary schooling. About 70 percent of fathers’ respondent and 24 percent of mothers’ respondent has been employed. About 72 percent of children have at least one or both parents who addicted. 15 percent have had parents who divorced and 25 percent has experienced orphanhood. In sum our research findings confirm that majority of street children under the study are boy, migrant, with low family income, having addicted parents, and usually have been physically abused by their parents and they are working as peddler. The findings also indicate that street children had deviant behavior in some case, was arrested by police, some of them even have gone to prison. Finally, research has shown that there are a significant relationship between parental drug addiction and the abuse of children by parents with the type of works that children are doing. Data shows that the kind of jobs that children do has a significant relationship with such variables as parental addiction, children abuse by parents, and parental imprisonment. Results also indicate that deviant job observed in the most cases among those children who have an addicted parent, employed in deviant job and abused by their parents. In sum, it can be concluded that various factor played an important role in the formation and the emergence of street children phenomenon. Among others, these factors include family poverty, family disruption (as a result of such factors as parental drug addiction, divorce or death of parents and parental imprisonment), migration and suburbanization, and children abuse by their parents.

Political Participation is one of the main discussions in political sociology and political development in all countries. It is considered as an aspect of political development that can also support the political organizations to achieve democracy. In fact, the degree of political participation is a mean to know whether governments are logical or not. The main goal of this study is to examine social-psychological causes influencing political participation of Isfahan University teachers. The factor of political tendency and membership in organs are based on Huntington’s and Nelson’s Views. They considered social superiority and a person’s capability on a person’s tendency on political participation. They believed that if a person tends to be a member of group and councils, they will perform political participation more. On the other hand, there are other factors such as age, education, earning, race, tribe, religion which are based on Budwell’s View. It is necessary that some factors such as media and political effects are based on Olson’s theory. First hypothesis: There are some relations between demographic factors (people’s age, sex, single / marriage, member in organs) and political Participation. Second hypothesis: There are some relations between political environment and political Participation. Third hypothesis: There are some relations between individualism and political Participation. Fourth hypothesis: There are some relations between political knowledge and political Participation. Fifth hypothesis: There are some relations between collective media and political Participation. Sixth hypothesis: There are some relations between political tendency and political Participation. Seventh hypothesis: There are some relations between political effects and political Participation. Eighth hypothesis: There are some relations between relative abandonment and political Participation. Ninety hypothesis: There are some relations between sense at political powerless and political Participation. Sense at political powerless and political Participation. Matherial & Methodology of this study has done on quantity based on examination. Data is collected by questionnaire. The statistical society were teachers in Isfahan university based on the last statistics of Instruction Organ in 1388-89 among 511 teachers. They have chosen by these factors including: Isfahan University itself which is large, it contains a great amount of teachers and scholars in internal and external, political movements. The second, it is easy to political movements. The second, it is easy to access teachers to gather data fine by researchers in Foresaid University. It is necessary that University teachers are more realism than other common people; they can teach us the dominant realities on political environment in the University. In order to collect example, Cooker an formula has been used, they were 119, which were added also to 120. They have chosen randomly in the systematic system. The main factors are examined in the following ways: The dependant factors of same study are political Participation. They constitute: political decision, choice of leaders (vote), revolution, coup d’état, scholar councils, lecture sessions and political debate, general crowds, walking, vote, crowds, Participation in informal political discussions (among family members, family, friends or office), member in groups, accessing political post in the offices. There were 11 points which were examined by Likert 5 degree. The choice of 2 is absolutely opposite, and 5 is absolutely agree. There were 6 items in political knowledge, and 7 in political environment, 11 in individualism, 7 in political tendency, 9 in political effects, and 12 in relative abandonment which were based on Likert 5 degree, Discussion of Results & According to this study, there is meaningful relation between collective, media factors (r=0.53), political knowledge (r=0.27), political environment (r=0.77), political effects (r=0.37), political tendency (r=0.28), relative abandonment (r=-0.24), political sense of powerless (r=0.28) and political Participation. The results show that collective media has the mast meaningful relations to dependant factor. The results of multi-level Regression show that there is direct dependence between collective media factors (Beta= 0.31), political environment (Beta= 0.29), political knowledge (0.15), relative abandonment (Beta= 0.18), political effect (Beta= 0.22) and political tendency (Beta= 0.17). As whole, these factors can assign the dependant factors (R2= 0.39). Data of political Participation among University teachers show that middle of political Participation in 50/48 for every person in the study which is high comparing the range of marks (55 to 11). It shows high Participation among University teachers. The results of previous studies and theoretical studies show that political Participation of University teachers are based on changeable, different factors. The results show if feeling of political, lack self-confidence in political powerless, people’s relative abandonment will increase, such factors can decrease social, political Participation, of University teachers. The results show that political tendency of those who have answered, political knowledge, application of collective media and political environment can influence University teachers to increase political Participation. The results of same study and Moradi et al (2009) were based on meaningful membrane in organs, were aligned with the studies of Dianati (2003) about political knowledge, but it was not aligned with Chaboki (2003) about sex. It is necessary that it was aligned with Kavoosi’s studies (2007) about psychology such as political tendency. Besides, one of factors which has influenced on political Participation meaningfully but it is contrary is sense of political powerless. The results show, if a person feels political powerless more, he will accompany in the political trends less. It is aligned with Hashemi’s studies et al (2009). The results of study about political Participation of University teachers are aligned relatively with Milbrat and Goel’s political tendency and political Participation. Milbrat and Goel emphasize that if a person was influenced on political tendency more (including political discussions, membrane in organs and political information) he will also accompany in politics more. For them, political environment is also important in political Participation, hence political culture may accelerate Participation councils, or vice versa it may not There for, the principles of play such as rote rights, rote frequency, political agents, the views to street crowds, political movements, pressure groups are the main factors. Besides, the results of study about political Participation of University teachers are based on Vakari’s and Olson’s views which are agreeable. Vakari believes collective media plays key and influencing roles in voting and political Participation. For him, collective media is located in the center political issues; it can call people to accompany in politics to increase political Participation. Media is the pulse of power, because people who access it are able to influence others. For Olson, the effect of politics is based on change, and revolution of politics range. When people accompany in a choice more, they will deserve their choices and effects.

Administrative corruption is a complicated and multi-faceted phenomenon that has many causes and ramifications, which manifest themselves in different forms in various countries and appear to be endemic of all social systems where authority is delegated. Although there might be different definitions of and approaches towards administrative corruption, the definition that has been put forward by the World Bank and Transparency International appears to be more general and comprehensive. It defines corruption as the abuse of public power, office, or resources by public or elected governmental officials for personal gain, e.g. by extortion, soliciting or offering bribes. Recent research findings indicate that organizational commitment and work satisfaction on the part of employees could be an effective antidote to administrative corruption. On the other hand, employee sense of equity and fairness also has been shown to be effective in enhancing organizational commitment. Last but not least, employee financial needs could play a significant part in their vulnerability to corruption. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is as follows: by utilizing the ideas of Selznick on organizational commitment, Merton's views on work satisfaction, Taylor's and Schwartz's ideas on financial needs, and Barnard's views on managerial capabilities, the relationships of these variables on administrative corruption were studied. The other purpose of the paper is to examine the effects of some other related variables like age, sex, level of education, job seniority, and marital status on administrative corruption. The research method was quantitative, data collection technique was survey, and the tool of data collection was questionnaire. The research population of the study consisted of all 44116 employees of public organizations of the city of Yazd. Using a stratified sampling technique, 16 administrative organizations were selected. To optimize the generalizability of the findings, p (the relevant characteristic in the population, which in this study relates to the possibility of corruption) was considered to be 0.50. Then, with the aid of systematic random sampling, 400 employees were selected as research sample. Based on relevant theoretical orientations and the results of empirical research, the following variables were regarded as independent variable: (1) Employee organizational commitment, which refers to the extent that employees believe in organizational goals and values, and the extent to which they are willing to stay with the organization and help it in realizing those goals. Seven Likert-type questions were used to measure this variable. Cronbach alpha coefficient for reliability was 0.89. (2) Employee work satisfaction, which refers to employee's sense of job security and contentedness with the organization, with his/her coworkers, and how much he/she felt that there are opportunities for progress in his/her job and the organization. Five Likert-type questions were used to measure this variable. Cronbach alpha coefficient for reliability was 0.84. (3) Managerial capabilities, which refers to the extent of management's power and abilities to run the organization in an optimum level as regards to coordination, planning, leading, and controlling employee activity towards the attainment of organizational goals. Six Likert-type questions were used to measure this variable. Cronbach alpha coefficient for reliability was 0.85. (4) Employee financial status that referred to employee salary and whether they felt that their salary and fringe benefits were fair and suitable to have a relatively comfortable life. Nine Likert-type questions were used to measure this variable. Cronbach alpha coefficient for reliability was 0.88. The dependent variable was administrative corruption and it referred to situations where organizational officials and employees felt that the use of their official status for personal gain was possible and justifiable. For example, respondents were asked to rate their following question: "since officials should be able to use their time and expertise in much needed places, they should not have to wait in queues like everyone else to get their usual chores done". Nine Likert-type questions were used to measure this variable. Cronbach alpha coefficient for reliability was 0.90. Analysis of variance, the T test, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test the relationships among variables, and to test the theoretical model, regression analysis and the Lisrel software were utilized. Discussion of Results and Research findings showed that the average amount of corruption 33.78 was higher than the expected average of 27. The amount of corruption differed by educational level, that is, as educational level increased the average amount of corruption decreased. It could be said that since jobs requiring higher levels of education also pay higher levels of wages and salaries, therefore their holders may not be as vulnerable to corruption as their counterparts with lower educational levels. The average amount of corruption for singles was 36.89 and that of married individuals was 33.19, therefore it could be said that marital status and corruption are related. Although it could be argued that since married people have more life obligations and therefore have higher expenses, thus being more vulnerable to financial corruptions, but the results showed that their average corruption levels are actually lower than singles. The higher levels of corruption among singles could be due to the fact that singles are less experienced and/or may have lower salaries, since in all probabilities; they were recently hired and are at lower levels of job rankings. It could also be argued that since singles have many more needs such as houses, automobiles, etc. they may be more vulnerable to corruption. No association was found between corruption and years of employment. This is actually interesting, since one may suspect that experience and tenure on the job could positively or negatively affect vulnerability to corruption and it is something that needs further investigation. The average amount of corruption for men was 33.47 and that of women was 34.22, and the results of the t-test showed that this difference was not statistically significant. This may seem odd because women's participation in out-of-home jobs in Iran is relatively recent and is not very significant- as far as numbers are concerned- and other studies have not found significant amounts of corruption among them. Further research in this area could be illuminating. The results of regression analysis indicated that organizational commitment (r= -0.61) and financial needs (r= 0.45) were the most important factors affecting corruption. The direction of these relationships is of importance. As one's commitment to the organization increases, his/her chances of committing corruption decreases. This means that organizational authorities should pay enormous attention to the ways and mechanisms that enhance employee commitment. Also, the direct association between financial needs and corruption also needs to be taken seriously, because it shows that as financial needs go up, so does the chances of committing corruption. There was a reverse association between job satisfaction and corruption (r= -0.35). This, like organizational commitment, seems reasonable and needs to be taken very seriously. Organizational authorities should be very keen to identify the factors that may lead to job dissatisfaction among employees and find ways to increase their job satisfaction. Managerial capabilities had the least amount of impact (r= 0.10). This is somewhat strange, since it appears that managerial capabilities should play a significant role in this area and other studies have found that managerial styles and capabilities do have an effect. Further research in this area can of course be very important. The coefficient of determination was 0.57 which, although is an acceptable level of goodness of fit, nevertheless, shows that all four independent variables could explain only about 57 percent of the variability of the dependent variable.

Globalization has indubitably caused local, national, and international sections to meet and intertwine in ways that have historically been unimaginable. The discourse of globalization has become widespread around the world with ongoing discussions surrounding its economic, cultural, technological, and political aspects and implications (Roberts, 2008). As such, globalization has been viewed through the assortment lenses of finance and trade; communications and information technologies; international movements of people; the formation of global societies; linguistic, cultural, and ideological convergence; and world systems of signs and images (Monkman and Baird, 2002; Marginson, 1999). Another issue is about globalization and culture in local level; how global culture in the local level is defined? It is a way of life - an indigenous way of life - that includes clothing, media usage, religion, language, social activity, family behaviors, eating habits, and so on. There is authentic concern that globalization of culture, with its equally huge advertising and massive force, is able to affects almost anywhere of the world, even small villages, and exert strong influence on local character and lifestyles. Therefore, this paper is going to investigate effects of cultural globalization on lifestyles in Iran. The core issue will be a comparison of urban and rural settings that have differing exposure to technologies, agents and flows of globalization. Urban and rural lifestyles will be socially differentiated following the example of Pierre Bourdieu (1984). After this, the impact of different aspects of globalization will be defined and linked to changes in people’s lifestyles. Finally, the investigation will focus on the relation of cultural globalization and socially differentiated lifestyles. The paper includes original empirical research choosing Isfahan and the surrounding rural areas as a case study. This region is a cultural zone in center of Iran. As Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2004) demonstrates on his book Globalization and culture, there are three different perspectives on cultural differentialism. In this paper these theories are examined and will find out which one can illustrate the study region, also other theories such as culture industry from Horkheimer and Adorno is used when it is necessary and combine them with this theoretical framework to get better results for the explanation of case study region and its current situation. The combination of these theories is used to reach to the final point of the paper. Cultural differentialism or lasting difference: In 1993 Samuel Huntington, as director of the institute for strategic studies at Harvard University, published a controversial article in which he argued that “a crucial, indeed a central, aspect of what global politics is likely to be in the coming years…will be the clash of civilizations…With the end of cold war, international politics moves out of its Western phase, and its centerpiece becomes the interaction between the West and none-Western civilization and among none-Western civilization.” (Nederveen Pieterse, 2004, 44). Later on Huntington (1996) expanded his thesis that the central theme of his thesis is that culture and cultural identities, which at the broadest level are civilization identities, are shaping the patterns of cohesion, disintegration, and conflict in the post-Cold War world (Huntington, 1996, 20). Cultural convergence or growing sameness: The thesis is a version of the recent idea of the world wide homogenization of societies through the influence of multinational corporations. According to the sociologist George Ritzer, McDonaldization is “the process whereby the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more of American society as well as the rest of the world”. Ritzer discusses how McDonaldization and the broader process of globalization are spreading more massively and more intensely than before into assorted social institutions such as education, medicine, the criminal justice system and more. While McDonaldization is, in itself, an important type of social change, he considers its relationship to what many observers consider to be the most important and far-reaching change of our time- globalization (Ritzer, 2004, 159). These are variations on the theme of cultural imperialism, in the form of consumerist universalism or global media influence. This line of thinking has been well-known in media studies according to which effect of American media makes for global cultural synchronization (Nederveen Pieterse, 2004, 51). Cultural hybridization or ongoing mixing: Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2004) argues that Mixing has been perennial as a process but new as an imaginary. As a perspective, it has differences basically from the preceding two paradigms. It does not build on an older theorem but it could theoretically open new windows. It is profoundly excluded from the other two paradigms. Hybridization is a solution to the cultural differentialism of racial and nationalism thesis, because it takes as its point of departure precisely those experiences that have been evicted, marginalized, tabooed in cultural differentialism. It overthrows nationalism because its privileges border crossing. It overthrows identity politics such as ethnic or other claims to purity and authenticity because it starts from fuzziness of boundaries. If modernity stands from an ethos of order and neat separation by night boundaries, hybridization reflects a postmodern sensibility of cut ‘N’mix, transgression subversion (Nederveen Pieterse, 2004). Research Since method is a basic step for reaching objectives, suitable methods must be used in each case. Because of vastness in culture and its ambiguity and as lifestyle is detectable, in this paper lifestyle instead of culture is used. Indeed, lifestyle indicates culture in an illustrative way. On the other hand, analysis of lifestyle is a way for examining globalization especially in cultural dimension (Fazeli, 2003, 154). The project proposed here will draw on Bourdieu’s study of lifestyles in France. Bourdieu (1984) established certain indicators like food, music, film, cloth and house decoration that expressed class differences and active distinctions between people in a nation state. He explained the differences and distinctions on the basis of “habitus” – stable bundles of dispositions to act in a certain way – that are formed according to social origin and the life course. Bourdieu found that people have rather clear class habitus that correspond to rather clear class positions which in turn rather clearly correspond to the social origin. These clear correspondences disintegrate with globalization. First, people can choose lifestyle elements that originate outside the nation state. Second, people’s habitus is not only and always formed within a nation state. Third, not all elements of a lifestyle relate to the national arena and to distinction within the nation state. For these reasons, the paper first has to establish indicators for lifestyles within the more traditional rural society, within the Iranian national context and within more globalized contexts. It also has to establish indicators for the impact of cultural globalization. These indicators will be established by a combination of observation and qualitative interviews. After the establishment of indicators, a survey is carried out that serves as a test. After the evaluation of the test, a combination of survey, observation and short interviews is chosen closely following the example of Bourdieu (1984). Data analysis in qualitative research methods is an ambiguous process and needs too much time. In this paper according to indices and responders, the following five steps method for analyzing has been used: 1- Arranging data: in this step data are noted continuously and for several time, events and quotations are surveyed to find a way for summarizing and compacting data. 2- Classifying the data to main subjects: according to the answers, we classify data to main subjects in a way that data which have same meaning place in same group. This group will be made from responders’ points of view, urban and rural community will be categorized in separated groups. The answers and the groups will demonstrate their lifestyles. 3- Examine hypothesizes: in this step, pattern and relation will be examined and hypothesis will be confirmed or rejected. 4- Looking for justification of this data: after defining relation among data, they will be connected with main theory that gets from theoretical framework. In this step we look for the justification of the data and compatibility with the theories. 5- Writing the report: writing data is a part of analyzing process. In this process raw data will be analyzed until they have clarity and meaning in main subject. In this part we look for the main point of the thesis and try to justify and explain it. Discussion of Results & As it stated in the introduction, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cultural globalization in rural area and compare it with urban area, not only between these two regions but also amongst different social groups by following the example of Bourdieu (1984). The theoretical model of the paper was designed according to the cultural globalization theory from Nederveen Pieterse (2004) to find out that which theories can explain the region of study. Culture industry theory from Horkheimer and Adorno for the explanation and justification of the data analyzing is illustrated. The paper has attempted to critically analyze several sites of discourse on the issues surrounding cultural globalization. By take a look to the analyzing part of the paper and the whole data which are included the interviews and also explaining the theories in cultural globalization theories and cultural differentialism; it could be understood that the third paradigm which is glocalization and hybridization could illustrate and be fit and explain the case study region. The results also show the fact that the link between cultural globalization and local lifestyle cannot only be explained by glocalization and hybridization theories but also other theories are needed to explain the exact facts in the case study; these theories could be culture industry and media globalization. This means, for instance, in the one hand the diversity of national or regional lifestyle and tradition in the region of study has still strong power, and on the other hand the power of globalization and media diversity is affecting people’s lifestyle; the front line of this process are young people and specially students in both rural and urban areas.

Human resources are among the most valuable sources of getting to the targets of any organization or system and are deemed as among the most prominent assets of any organization. Thus the better quality this asset has, the more probable success, prosperity and promotion the organization will enjoy (Tazhibi et al, 1389: 650). Job satisfaction is a combination of sensations and beliefs which people hold about their current job. Job satisfaction is one of the most important factors involved in job success, the factor which causes an increase in efficiency and self-satisfaction. It also guarantees physical and psychological health leading to life satisfaction which, in turn, causes a person to learn the job skills swiftly. Social happiness has also been discussed as an important offshoot of job satisfaction, which not only influences our personal life but also our social life including our interactions and communications with other people (Van praag et al, 2004) Happiness or happiness is a word that includes such connotations as immediate pleasure, long term pleasure and pleasure of all life courses. This study is an attempt to assess the degree of job satisfaction, and social happiness among high school teachers in Jiroft, and to investigate the reciprocal relationships between job satisfaction and social happiness and to find their relationships between the variables of gender, marital status, field of instruction, level of income and educational level of the teachers. This is a survey study. The population includes of all the high school teachers working in Giroft. According to Cochran’s formula and with the method of simple random sampling 105 participants (56 males and 49 females) were selected as the sample of the study. Materials for data collection were Smith et al’s (1969) questionnaire on job satisfaction which included components of job satisfaction, headmaster satisfaction, satisfaction with the colleagues and satisfaction with the promotions and a questionnaire designed by the researcher on social happiness. All the questions posed in the instruments, except demographic characteristics, were according to a 5-point Likert scale. For assessing the validity of the instrument of the study, questionnaires were given to professors of social sciences and after obtaining their comments the questionnaires were finalized (face validity). Also for assessing the reliability of the questionnaire, after conducting a pre-test on 30 teachers who were not among the sample participants, Cronbach was obtained to the levels of 0.92 and 0.76 for job satisfaction and social happiness respectively revealing a good level of reliability for the items. Finally statistical analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software version 19. Discussion and According to the findings of the research, 53.3% of the respondents were men while 46.7% were women. The range of the age of the participants was between 22 to 52 and their age mean was 36.1. 15.2% of them were single while the rest (84.8%) were married. 70.5 % of the teachers were teaching in the field of humanities and 29.5 % of them in experimental sciences. Also with regards to their educational level, 6.1 % of the respondents held AA degrees, 78.1 BA/BS degrees and 15.2 % were at master’s level. Also results of this study showed that degree of job satisfaction of teachers with a mean of 44.2% was less than average and the degree of their social happiness with the mean of 57% was above average. Also among different factors of job satisfaction, the factor of satisfaction of relationships with colleagues was the highest with the mean of 0.60 and satisfaction with the working environment with the mean of 44.3% received the lowest. The mean of the factor of satisfaction with the headmaster status was 56.44% and satisfaction with the status of the job having the mean of 51.54. Also satisfaction with the job promotions had a mean of 50.07. These pieces of information show that the relationships between colleagues and the headmaster among the teachers are more favorable compared with the working atmosphere, job status, and the promotion counterparts. Other findings of this study indicated that the mean of job satisfaction and social happiness among females was significantly higher than males, which is in line with studies conducted by researchers like Clark 1997, Sloan and Williams 2000, VanPrag et al. 2003, Gazyuli and Tensel 2006. Among other findings of this study is that the mean of job satisfaction and social happiness is similar in single vs. married participants, which is incongruent with the studies of researchers like Birborn and Kaplovtis (1996) who have reported that married people have more happiness compared with the single ones. Mean of job satisfaction and social happiness of those who teach experimental sciences is almost similar to those who teach humanities. Also amount of job satisfaction and social happiness among teachers with different academic degrees turned out to be insignificantly different, which is against findings of researchers like Suza Puza (2003), Jones and Johnson (2009), Otto et al (1999), Villa et al (2005) regarding job satisfaction and Gevrin et al (1960) for social happiness. Results of correlation relationships indicated that social happiness with all its factors of job satisfaction and also the general parameter of job satisfaction had a significantly positive and meaningful correlation, meaning that as the degree of satisfaction with the working environment, satisfaction with the job status, headmaster, job promotions and relation with colleagues and generally job satisfaction increases, the level of social happiness also increases, and vice versa. These results are directly and indirectly in line with the proposed theories in research like the two-factor theory of motivation-health of Herzberg, equity theory of Adams, and needs hierarchy theory of Maslow. Also results obtained from the regression analysis of data of all participants showed that, in sum, the two variable of social happiness and gender, consecutively, could predict 47.3 of changes in job satisfaction of which the variable of social happiness with the b=0.67 had a larger share in explaining changes of job satisfaction. Also regression analysis of social happiness reveals that the three variables of job status, relationships among the colleagues, and satisfaction with the status of the headmaster could explain 46.7 of changes in social happiness of the teachers, among which the variable of job satisfaction with b=0.38 had a larger share in explaining changes. Based on the findings of this study following suggestions are made: In order to provide more job satisfaction and accordingly more happiness among teachers, it is suggested that system of payment and giving bonus to be revisited in a way to enable them to satisfy their basic needs and primary sources of their living and to provide a base to satisfy higher order needs. It is required to take actions in order to provide working atmospheres replete with senses of coordination and collaboration in educational and organizational settings in order to motivate teachers and to make positive changes in the attitude of colleagues which can lead to positive outlook and will activate them to work more and have an effective competition. Since satisfaction with the headmaster has an important impact on social happiness of the teachers and thus their job satisfaction, it is necessary to exert utmost precision in selecting school principals and organization managers and to select those who benefit from scientific requirements as well as managerial capabilities and good manners. Since the level of job satisfaction among male teachers was lower than females, it is required to think of methods to increase the job satisfaction of all teachers including men. In this vein, due to limitations in job opportunities and bonuses, it is required to satisfy and fulfill their job expectations in an acceptable manner based on the resources available.

Hopefulness and hopelessness towards future is one of the important and considerable issues in social science which has been studied scientifically since 1960s. This issue was studied in different forms in relation with negative feelings, compatibility. Being hopeful is considered as the most important motivation in one’s life, because hope is root of creativity and development in human life. It prepares bed for goal achievement and also helps people to get it. Snyder and his coworkers (1994) believe that hope is a positive motivation state and acts as activity factor (energy and goal achievement and planning to achieve the goal). Studies show that hopefulness is hopefulness is a considerable variance for optimism and can predict the different variables in the best way. Hopefulness is a request for future. Hopefulness shows people’s perception in relation with capability of expanding the solutions for achieving the goals and protecting motivation till getting the goals. Hope includes person’s perceptions and attention towards the future. Assuming that it will lead to positive results, it leafs to much more activities. Any conceptualization from hope reflects its multidimensional, dynamic, prospectiveness and process- based view of person. Based on findings in some studies, hopeful and happy people have strong relationships with their friends, wives, neighbors and relations. Hope has a considerable place in Islamic Texts. In the way that in Quran, God says that when you lose your hope, be hopeful and never lose yourself”. Prophet Mohammad says that hope and desire are mercy to my nation, if there was no hope, no mother give milk to baby and no gardener planed a tree”. One effect of hope in people (especially the youth) is that it motivates people to be active and try to achieve their goals. In a Hadith by Prophet Mohammad, he says: Person who is hopeful, he/she goes to paradise. Person who fears from the hell, he/she will be away from it”. Abol Ghasem Ferdousi says:“A wise person is hopeful forever and only lives happily” In other hand, depression is the most common psychological disease which roots in hopelessness and pessimism. One characteristic of depressed people is that they are deeply hopeless. Hopelessness means that no desirable event will happen and finally there will be painful and unchangeable events. It can be a strong reason for depression. Especially, in depressed people with high rate of hopelessness, we can see some symbols such as sadness, tendency towards committing suicide, being indifference, slow motions, disorder in sleep, low concentration etc. This study is a practical one. That is, it leads the people’s activities towards practical way and there is a goal and aim. This kind of knowledge Can help us to do academic works. These kinds of works are limited to time and place. The method of study is survey and cross sectional one (1389-1390). Statistical population of this study includes all students of Tabriz University in different education levels. In school year 1389-1390 they were 24000 students (13000 males and 11000 females). Sampling method is stratified sampling method. We categorize them based on their major, education level and then choose the samples from these categories. In other words, we divided Tabriz University to 13 faculties and then choose our statistical population. Results of this study show that rate of hopefulness among these students was higher (67 out of 100). Among the influential variables in student’s hopefulness towards future, social coherence of social capital has the most effect with 0.29 Beta coefficient and social trust has the least effect on their hopefulness with 0.14 Beta coefficient. It shows that two dimensions out of three ones in social capital (social coherence and social trust) affect the people’s hopefulness. These results verify the findings of Fredrikson (2009) and Crestinker (2008). They found that hopeful people have strong relation with their relations, family and friends. Among different indexes of social capital (participation, social trust social coherence) social cohesion and social trust have respectively the most effect on students’ hopefulness towards future. Based on findings of regression variables in this study, we can say that they adopt with findings of Amjadyan (1384), Hezarjaribi and Safari (1388) and finally Baljani and his coworkers (1390). Results of this study also show that there is not any difference between girls and boys on rate of hopefulness towards future. On the other hand, age has weak significant correlation with hopefulness variable. Findings of this study show that the least rate oh hopefulness refers to undergraduate and graduate students and the highest rate of hopefulness belongs to PhD and associate students. While there is positive and significant correlation between the student’s average and their hopefulness, we can infer that these findings are in harmony with Schneider’s results. That is, high rate of student’s average affect their academic achievement and improvement to higher levels and vice versa. In other words, low rate of hopefulness towards future among post graduate students roots in this fact that when they come across with social problems in society, they lose their hope. Results show that being hopeful towards future is different among different education levels. The other fact is that although future affects the student’s education performance, we can say that among demographic variables only age has weak correlation with student’s hopefulness. Results of regression analysis show that students’ hopefulness towards future is affected by their religiosity, social trust and social coherence and also cultural capital. These variables could explain 28% of changes of dependent variable. Finally we can say that students’ hopefulness is mainly affected by structural factors not individual ones. Hopefulness towards future is one of basic issues in people’s social life and main /key factor and also motivation in improving the human sources in a society. This research aimed to study the hopefulness towards future among Tabriz University students and some influential factors. Results of this study show that rate of hopefulness among students are more than average (67 out of 100). Sheerer, Wintrop and Cruor (1986) found that when optimist and hopeful people come across with some problems, they try to use problem based defense and look for social support. In the other hand, from Vanlion and his coworkers, when people feel more social support and coherence, they will be much more hopeful. Among influential factors in student’s hopefulness, social coherence has the highest effect with 0.29 Beta Coefficient and social trust has the least effect on student’s hopefulness. It shows that two dimensions of social support (social trust and social coherence) have been influential in student’s hopefulness. These findings verify the results and findings of Frederickson (2009), Fuller and Cresticks (2008).Finally, we can say that investing on this issue (social capital) can increase the student’s hopefulness towards future and motivate them to be much more active than before. Therefore it should be focused by the authorities more than before. Improving and increasing the rate of religious believes among the youth will definitely lead to higher hopefulness of them and much more activities towards development.