فهرست مطالب

فصلنامه جامعه شناسی کاربردی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 54، تابستان 1393)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1393/04/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 11
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  • فریدون وحیدا، محمد اسماعیل انصاری، منصور حقیقتیان، مهناز بزمی صفحات 1-14
    این مقاله با هدف تبیین رابطه میان بیگانگی شغلی با فرهنگ سازمان در سازمان های آموزشی، در میان کارکنان نواحی هفتگانه آموزش و پرورش شهر مشهد اجرا شده است. از میان حجم کل جامعه آماری تعداد 285 نفر به شیوه نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای با تخصیص متناسب انتخاب شده اند. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه فرهنگ سازمانی دنیسون (2007) و پرسشنامه بیگانگی شغلی سیمن (1991) بوده است، که پس از بررسی روایی (تحلیل عامل تاییدی) و پایایی (روش همسازی درونی) به منظور بررسی روابط میان متغیرها از روش معادلات ساختاری (تحلیل عاملی و تحلیل مسیر) استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل معادلات ساختاری، حاکی از برازش مدل تاثیر بیگانگی شغلی بر فرهنگ سازمان با ضریب تاثیر37/0-= b و معناداری مدل با توجه به شاخص های برازش بود. بیشترین تاثیر بیگانگی شغلی بر مولفه سازگاری با ضریب تاثیر غیرمستقیم 30/0- است. قویترین بار عاملی فرهنگ سازمانی درآموزش و پرورش در بعد سازگاری با بار عاملی81/0 بود. درنهایت، خروجی لیزرل با مقادیر49/12- =t و 37/-0=R رابطه میان بیگانگی شغلی و فرهنگ سازمانی را تبیین نمود. بنابراین، میان بیگانگی شغلی و فرهنگ سازمان رابطه وجود دارد؛ هرچه بیگانگی شغلی کاهش یابد، نمرات مولفه های فرهنگ سازمانی افزایش می یابد.
    کلیدواژگان: فرهنگ سازمانی، بیگانگی شغلی و سازمان آموزش و پرورش
  • سیدجواد امام جمعه زاده، زهرا صادقی نقدعلی *، رضا محمود اوغلی، محمودرضا رهبرقاضی صفحات 15-32

    تحقیق حاضر به بررسی اعتماد اجتماعی و مصرف رسانه ای به عنوان یکی از عوامل موثر بر آن در میان دانشجویان دانشگاه اصفهان می پردازد. اعتماد اجتماعی یکی از مهم ترین مولفه های سرمایه اجتماعی و توسعه اجتماعی به شمار می رود. ویژگی های تاریخی و اجتماعی جامعه مورد بررسی و نیز وجود خرده فرهنگ های مختلف که از جمله نتایج آن خاص گرایی و کاهش اعتماد اجتماعی به غریبه هاست، مطالعه اعتماد اجتماعی در این جامعه را به یکی از مهم ترین پیش شرط های شناخت این جامعه به منظور فراهم سازی شرایط توسعه اجتماعی آن بدل ساخته است. در پژوهش حاضر، اعتماد اجتماعی در ابعاد اعتماد بنیادین، اعتماد بینافردی، اعتماد تعمیم یافته، اعتماد سیاسی و مصرف رسانه ای در ابعاد مصرف رسانه های چاپی، دیداری- شنیداری و الکترونیک سنجش شده است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می دهد که بین مصرف رسانه ای و ابعاد اعتماد اجتماعی همبستگی مثبت وجود دارد؛ به طوری که نتایج مقدار همبستگی چندگانه (R) رسانه های ارتباط جمعی با اعتماد اجتماعی کل 74/0در سطح معنی داری 05/0 p< را نشان می دهد. یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهد که بین متغیرهای اعتماد بنیادین، بینافردی و تعمیم یافته با رسانه های الکترونیک رابطه معناداری وجود ندارد، اما بین مصرف رسانه های الکترونیک و دو بعد دیگر اعتماد؛ یعنی اعتماد سیاسی و کل اعتماد اجتماعی رابطه معنادار مستقیمی وجود دارد. رابطه بین دیگر متغیرهای مصرف رسانه؛ یعنی رسانه های چاپی و دیداری- شنیداری با اعتماد اجتماعی اثبات شد. نتایج نشان داد هر چه میزان استفاده از رسانه ها در بین دانشجویان بالا می رفت، اعتماد آنها هم سیر صعودی پیدا می کرد.

    کلیدواژگان: مصرف رسانه ای، اعتماد اجتماعی، انسجام اجتماعی، رسانه های الکترونیک
  • محمد اسماعیل ریاحی، توحید علیزاده، معصومه اشتیاقی، مهرداد کاظمیان صفحات 33-48
    با اذعان به نقش رسانه ها در شکل دهی و یا تغییر هویت افراد، مقاله حاضر به بررسی رابطه بین تلویزیون و هویت دینی دانشجویان دانشگاه مازندران پرداخته است. شناسایی وضعیت هویت دینی دانشجویان از یک سو و میزان و نوع استفاده دانشجویان از تلویزیون به مثابه کالایی فرهنگی از سوی دیگر و نیز ارتباط میان میزان و نوع استفاده از تلویزیون با هویت دینی دانشجویان، از مهمترین اهدافی بود که در پژوهش حاضر دنبال شد. در این پژوهش با به کارگیری روش پیمایش، از پرسشنامه به عنوان ابزار گردآوری داده ها استفاده شد و پرسشنامه محقق ساخته در میان 373 نفر دانشجو که به عنوان نمونه آماری، با روش نمونه گیری خوشه ایچند مرحله ای انتخاب شده بودند، توزیع گردید.
    یافته های توصیفی تحقیق موید سطح نسبتا بالای هویت دینی در میان دانشجویان دانشگاه مازندران بوده است؛ اگر چه بین ابعاد گوناگون هویت دینی تفاوت هایی مشاهده شده است؛ چنانکه بعد اعتقادی دارای بیشترین میانگین (61/4 از 5) بوده و بعد مناسکی کمترین میانگین (63/3 از 5) را به خود اختصاص داده است. همچنین، یافته ها گویای آن است که میزان مصرف تلویزیون در بین دانشجویان در حدی پایین تر از متوسط (میانگین 37/2 از 5) است. نتایج تحلیلی پژوهش حاضر گویای این واقعیت است که بین میزان مصرف تلویزیون با همه ابعاد هویت دینی و همچنین دینداری کل دانشجویان، رابطه مثبت و معناداری وجود دارد؛ اگرچه، از میان ابعاد چهارگانه هویت دینی، بعد اعتقادی دارای بیشترین شدت رابطه (213/0) با میزان استفاده از تلویزیون بوده است. همچنین، بین ابعاد چهارگانه هویت دینی با انواع برنامه های تلویزیونی، رابطه ای مثبت و معنادار مشاهده شده است، لیکن از میان ابعاد هویت دینی، بعد پیامدی دارای بیشترین شدت رابطه (513/0) با برنامه های صرفا مذهبی بوده است. بعد اعتقادی نیز دارای بیشترین شدت رابطه (321/0) با سایر برنامه ها بود. بر مبنای نتایج پژوهش حاضر، چنین به نظر می رسد که هر چه میزان تماشای برنامه های صرفا مذهبی افزایش یابد، می توان به موازات آن افزایشی را در بعد پیامدی هویت دینی به انتظار نشست.
    کلیدواژگان: رسانه، هویت، تلویزیون، هویت دینی، دانشجویان، دانشگاه مازندران
  • محمدرضا نیلی احمدآبادی، ستاره موسوی، فاطمه سادات موسوی ندوشن صفحات 49-60
    هدف پژوهش حاضر، تعیین میزان سواد اجتماعی و سیاسی بزرگسالان شرکت کننده در مراکز آموزشی غیر رسمی بزرگسالان شهر اصفهان بوده است. روش پژوهش توصیفی و از نوع پیمایشی بوده و جامعه مورد پژوهش شامل 2572 نفر از بزرگسالان (35 سال به بالا) بودند که در برنامه آموزشی مراکز آموزشی سازمان های دولتی شهر اصفهان در سال 1390 شرکت کردند. حجم نمونه برآورد شده 380 نفر بود که با بهره گیری از روش نمونه گیری خوشه ایچند مرحله ای و هدفمند انتخاب شدند. ابزار اندازه گیری پرسشنامه 29 سوالی محقق ساخته بود که در دو حیطه سیاسی و اجتماعی طراحی و پایایی آن از طریق ضریب آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه شد و 84/0 به دست آمد. برای تحلیل استنباطی داده ها از روش آماری t تک متغیره و تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره (مانوا) استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد سواد اجتماعی بزرگسالان از سواد سیاسی آنان بیشتر است. همچنین، بین میانگین سواد اجتماعی و سیاسی با توجه به متغیرهای دموگرافیک (جنسیت، تحصیلات، سن، محل زندگی) تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: سواد اجتماعی، سواد سیاسی، بزرگسالان، مراکز آموزشی بزرگسالان
  • اکبر علیوردی نیا، ندا یوسفی صفحات 61-79
    نظریه فشار عمومی اگنیو، یکی از معروفترین نظریه های جرم شناختی است. معروفیت این نظریه ناشی از قلمرو و گستره آن است که به محققان اجازه می دهد درباره آثار طیفی از محرک های تنش زای ساختاری و روان شناختی بر روی گستره ای از پیامدهای آسیب زا تحقیق کنند. گرچه این نظریه، افزون بر تبیین جرم توسعه یافته و مورد آزمون قرار گرفته، همچنین می تواند برای رفتارهای مشابه مثل سوء مصرف مواد، رفتارهای انحرافی و خودکشی نیز استفاده شود. از آنجا که بررسی های انجام شده نشان می دهند که در داخل کشور پژوهشی در زمینه بررسی خودکشی دانشجویان از دیدگاه نظریه فشار اگنیو انجام نشده است، لذا در پژوهش حاضر، کاربردپذیری این نظریه در تبیین تمایل به خودکشی در میان دانشجویان مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. هدف اصلی تحقیق حاضر تبیین تمایل به خودکشی در میان دانشجویان دانشگاه مازندران بوده است. برای نیل به این منظور از روش تحقیق پیمایشی و ابزار پرسشنامه برای جمع آوری اطلاعات بهره گرفته شد. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر را کلیه دانشجویان مشغول به تحصیل در دانشگاه مازندران در سال تحصیلی 1391-1390 تشکیل داده اند، که در مجموع 438 نفر از این دانشجویان به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای متناسب انتخاب شدند. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که فشار منرلتی، فشار رابطه ای و حذف محرک مثبت با متغیر وابسته (تمایل به خودکشی) رابطه مستقیم و معناداری داشته اند. همچنین رابطه مستقیم و معناداری بین فشار و حالات عاطفی منفی دانشجویان مشاهده شده است. قویترین پیش بینی کننده تمایل به خودکشی، حذف محرک مثبت است و پس از آن فشار منزلتی و رابطه ای در رتبه های بعدی قرار داشته اند.
    کلیدواژگان: تمایل به خودکشی، فشار رابطه ای، فشار منزلتی، احساسات منفی
  • علی نقی ایازی، علی ربانی خوراسگانی صفحات 81-96
    روش شناسی علمی، نظامی از قواعد و روش هاست که پژوهش بر اساس آن استوار بوده، ادعای معرفت ارزیابی می شوند. نظریه زمینه ای [1] می تواند به عنوان یکی از روش های پژوهش کیفی و مبتنی بر داده ها به تحلیل عالمانه ای در این زمینه دست یابد. این نوشتار با بهره گیری از پارادایم تفسیر اجتماعی و استقرا در آموزه های قرآن و با استفاده از فنون و مراحل نظریه زمینه ای به بررسی موانع اجتماعی تفکر در الگوی اسلامی پیشرفت می پردازد. مجموع آیات استقرا شده، چهار ویژگی خودخواهی های فراگیر شده، اختلال در فرایند جامعه پذیری، فقدان آموزش های صحیح تفکر و فقدان سعه صدر را از موانع تفکر در فرایند پیشرفت معرفی می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: روش شناسی، پژوهش کیفی، نظریه زمینه ای، تفسیر اجتماعی، موانع اجتماعی تفکر، الگوی اسلامی پیشرفت
  • کامران صداقت، عقیل اسدیان صفحات 97-116
    هدف از این مقاله، تعیین عوامل جامعه شناختی موثر بر طلاق در شهرستان قائم شهر است. مبانی نظری تحقیق بر پایه تئوری های همسان همسری، ناهمسان همسری، مبادله، شبکه و نظریه نقش ها استوار است. روش تحقیق مورد مطالعه پیمایشی و از نوع علی مقایسه ای است. در این مطالعه 280 نفر برای نمونه تحقیق برگزیده شدند که از این تعداد 180 نفر را افراد طلاق گرفته یا مطلقه و 100 نفر را افراد غیرمطلقه تشکیل می دادند. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که عمده متغیرهای مستخرج از نظریه ها در تبیین عامل طلاق به عنوان عواملی تاثیرگذار مطرح گردیدند. به عبارت دیگر، با بررسی متغیرهای تاثیرگذار در دو گروه مورد بررسی، بدین نتیجه رسیدیم که توزیع این متغیرها در دو گروه از تفاوت معنی داری برخوردار است؛ به گونه ای که متغیرهای تفاوت تحصیلی، برآورده نشدن انتظارات، تفاوت عقاید، دخالت دیگران و وضعیت شغلی شرایط را به گونه ای برای دو گروه فراهم آورده است که پدیده طلاق برای یک گروه و عدم رخداد این پدیده را برای گروه دیگر رقم بزند. ناگفته نماند علی رغم کنترل برخی متغیرها و همسان سازی دو گروه، نتایج نشان داد که متغیر تفاوت در محل تولد در مقایسه بین دو گروه، چندان عاملی تاثیرگذار جهت بروز طلاق نبوده است. همچنین، با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل ممیزی مشخص گردید بالاترین ضرایب متغیرهای پیش بین موثر بر متغیر وابسته که در معادله قرار گرفت؛ شامل متغیرهای تفاوت عقاید، وضعیت شغلی و تفاوت تحصیلی بوده است.
    کلیدواژگان: طلاق، عوامل اجتماعی، دخالت اعضای خانواده، برآورده نشدن انتظارات، تفاوت عقاید
  • سحر خجسته، ثریا معمار، مسعود کیانپور صفحات 117-138
    امروزه صاحبنظران تفکر انتقادی را به عنوان یک ضرورت در زندگی درنظر می گیرند. به همین علت، یکی از اهداف آموزش و پرورش، تربیت افرادی است که تفکر انتقادی داشته باشند. لذا پژوهش حاضر درصدد بررسی سطح گرایش به تفکر انتقادی دانشجویان و همچنین، چگونگی ارتباط متغیر وابسته گرایش به تفکر انتقادی دانشجویان و متغیرهای مستقل جنسیت، رشته تحصیلی، پایگاه اقتصادی-اجتماعی و انگیزه تحصیلی بود. دستیابی به این هدف از طریق روش پیمایشی و با استفاده از دو پرسشنامه استاندارد؛ انگیزه تحصیلی (AMS) و گرایش به تفکر انتقادی (CTDI) میسر شد. پاسخگویان شامل دانشجویان دانشگاه اصفهان بودند که از دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی و دانشکده فنی و مهندسی انتخاب شدند. مبنای انتخاب دانشجویان، نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه بندی بود و از این طریق، نمونه ای به حجم 310 نفر از میان جامعه آماری دانشجویان که متشکل از 833 نفر بود، تحلیل گردید. از مهمترین نتایج این پژوهش می توان به این مورد اشاره کرد که به احتمال 95%، درحدود 82 درصد از دانشجویان جامعه آماری دارای گرایش زیاد به تفکر انتقادی هستند. علاوه بر این، فرضیه های پژوهش از طریق ضرایب تااو بی کندال و تااو گودمن و کراسکال آزمون شدند. نتایج آزمون گویای وجود رابطه ای معنادار بین انگیزه تحصیلی و گرایش به تفکر انتقادی دانشجویان بود. همچنین، ارتباط مثبت ضعیفی بین جنسیت و گرایش به تفکر انتقادی دانشجویان وجود داشت، ولی بین متغیرهای مستقل پایگاه اقتصادی-اجتماعی و رشته تحصیلی و متغیر وابسته پژوهش، ارتباط معناداری مشاهده نشد.
    کلیدواژگان: گرایش به تفکر انتقادی، انگیزه تحصیلی، پایگاه اقتصادی، اجتماعی
  • ابراهیم مسعودنیا صفحات 139-158
    تحقیق حاضر، با هدف تعیین تفاوت میان استفاده کنندگان موتورسیکلت قانون گریز و استفاده کنندگان موتورسیکلت قانونمند، از نظر هنجار تقابل اجتماعی و مولفه های آن؛ یعنی تقابل اجتماعی منفی، باور به تقابل اجتماعی و تقابل اجتماعی مثبت انجام شد. این پژوهش، در قالب یک طرح مورد شاهدی و به ورت مقطعی انجام شد. 192 نفر از استفاده کنندگان موتورسیکلت که با توجه به شاخص ها و معیارهای کارشناسان پلیس راهنمایی و رانندگی، قانون گریز شناخته شده بودند (گروه مورد) و 192 نفر از استفاده کنندگان موتورسیکلت که از نظر کارشناسان پلیس راهور، قانونمند (گروه شاهد) تشخیص داده شده بودند، با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری خوشه ایچندمرحله ای انتخاب شدند. این دو گروه، سپس از نظر مولفه های هنجار تقابل اجتماعی، با یکدیگر مقایسه شدند. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها، عبارت بود از: مقیاس هنجار تقابل (NRS). تفاوت معناداری میان استفاده کنندگان موتورسیکلت قانون گریز و استفاده کنندگان موتورسیکلت قانونمند از نظر هنجار تقابل اجتماعی به طور کلی (01/0 < p) و مولفه های آن؛ یعنی تقابل منفی (01/0 < p)؛ باور به تقابل (01/0 < p)؛ و تقابل مثبت (01/0 < p) وجود داشت. تحلیل رگرسیون لوجستیک چندگانه با روش سلسله مراتبی نشان داد که متغیرهای اجتماعی جمعیت شناختی (مرحله اول) 3/9 الی 4/12 درصد، و مولفه های هنجار تقابل اجتماعی (مرحله دوم)، بین 7/13 تا 2/18 درصد از واریانس متغیر ملاک قانون گریزی یا قانونمندی در استفاده از موتورسیکلت را تبیین نمایند. هنجار تقابل اجتماعی و مولفه های آن، نقش مهمی در کاهش و پیشگیری از تمایل استفاده کنندگان از موتورسیکلت در شهر یزد در ارتکاب قانون گریزی دارند. بنابراین، به منظور کاهش نرخ قانون گریزی در میان استفاده کنندگان از موتورسیکلت، بهتر است در کنار اجرای استراتژی های بازدارنده بیرونی، مانند جریمه کردن، مداخله های اجتماعی و رفتاری، به اقدام های مداخله ای اجتماعی و رفتاری به صورت تقویت هنجار تقابل اجتماعی پرداخته شود.
    کلیدواژگان: قانون گریزی، هنجار تقابل اجتماعی، سرمایه اجتماعی، موتورسیکلت، یزد
  • نگین برات دستجردی صفحات 159-170
    رشد سریع شبکه های سایبری دانشجویان را با اطلاعات و برنامه های متنوعی روبه رو ساخته و تغییرات گوناگونی در عرصه های مختلف زندگی آنان ایجاد کرده است که بدون تردید یکی از حوزه های تاثیر پذیر آن، هویت و فرهنگ است. لذا هدف اصلی از انجام پژوهش، بررسی نقش شبکه های سایبری بر هویت فرهنگی دانشجویان است. روش تحقیق از نوع پیمایشی می باشد و جامعه آماری شامل کلیه دانشجویان دانشگاه اصفهان مشغول به تحصیل در سال 91-1390 بود که از میان آنها 200 نفر به صورت خوشه ایتصادفی به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. اطلاعات لازم از طریق پرسشنامه محققق ساخته که دارای سوال هایی مربوط به متغیرهای تحقیق بود و روایی و پایایی آن تایید شد، به دست آمد. اطلاعات مندرج در پرسشنامه از طریق آمار توصیفی و استنباطی با استفاده از نرم افزار Spss تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که بین میزان، انگیزش و اهداف استفاده از شبکه های سایبری و هویت فرهنگی دانشجویان رابطه معنی داری وجود دارد. مهمترین اهداف استفاده از شبکه های سایبری اهداف اجتماعی، ارتباطی، فردی و فرهنگی بوده است. همچنین، بین استفاده از شبکه های سایبری و هویت فرهنگی بر اساس متغیرهای جنس،مقطع تحصیلی و سن دانشجویان رابطه معناداری وجود داشت.
    کلیدواژگان: شبکه های سایبری، هویت، فرهنگ، دانشجویان
  • مجید موحد، آرمان حیدری، سید فخرالدین بهجتی اصل صفحات 171-188
    بررسی رابطه هویت ملی و قومی از برجسته ترین موضوع های مورد توجه جامعه شناسان و محققان خارجی و ایرانی بوده است. این رابطه را می توان در پرتو تاثیر دو دسته عوامل گریز از مرکز و یا گراینده به مرکز بررسی کرد. در دهه های اخیر، متاثر از جهانی شدن و تضعیف هژمونی تئوری های «دنیوی شدن»، دین و دینداری از مهمترین عوامل مرکز گریز و یا مرکزگرا در سرتاسر جهان بوده اند. مقاله حاضر، با فرض گرفتن نقش مرکزگرایی دین در ایران، با روش کمی و پیمایشی، به بررسی رابطه هویت قومی و ملی دانش آموزان متوسطه شهر یاسوج با تاکید بر نقش دینداری پرداخته است. بر اساس نتایج تحقیق، رابطه هویت قومی و ملی مثبت بوده و ابعاد چهارگانه دینداری، به ویژه ابعاد اعتقادی و عاطفی آن، همبستگی مثبت و مستقیمی با هویت ملی پاسخگویان داشته اند. همبستگی ابعاد دینداری، به استثنای بعد پیامدی، با هویت قومی پاسخگویان معنی دار نبوده است. بر اساس آزمون همبستگی جزئی می توان گفت، علی رغم مثبت بودن رابطه دینداری و هویت ملی، میزان تاثیر دینداری بر بسط دایره هویت جمعی پاسخگویان از هویت قومی به هویت ملی زیاد نبوده و این متغیر توانسته است، تنها 14 درصد از واریانس هویت ملی پاسخگویان را تبیین کند.
    کلیدواژگان: دینداری، هویت قومی، هویت ملی، یاسوج، دانش آموزان متوسطه
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  • Mahnaz Bazmi, Mansour Haghighatian, Mohammad Esmaeel Ansari, Fereydon Vahida* Pages 1-14
     Sociologists believe the existence of corporations is necessary for society so that different roles can be assigned to people, facilitating social interactions and transactions. These roles help people control their social action and leads to relational cooperation. On the other hand, studies on culture are very significant in sociology, in which culture can be seen as a social pattern in society, involving values and believes, which produce a commonsense that leads to stability in social system. Numerous definitions are provided for culture, but one agreed definition comes from Habermas approach, in which culture is seen as a combination of beliefs and values under the name of common knowledge. Organizational culture (OC) includes the combination of patterns that direct staff behavior in organization and motivate their action for goal achievement. One of the important issues in organizational studies is OC, because it is identified as a key factor in organizational success. As a collection of assumptions that determines organizational values and norms, OC also helps in defining organizational goals. Different cultural, social and historical factors can impact OC, and OC itself can impact staff performance, creativity, job satisfaction and commitment. So recognizing the factors that impact OC is important because it has a great deal of influence on organizational outputs. Job alienation is one of the important factors that can impact OC. It leads to conflict between actions and value. In this research, OC is based on Denison model which divides it into 4 component: involvement, adaptation, mission, and integration. Using this model, the present study aims at explaining the impact of job alienation on organizational culture among educational staffs of Mashhad Country in 2013.    Methods & Material s  This is a survey study with descriptive and explanatory elements. Research instrument includes Denison's (2008) questionnaire of organizational culture and Seaman's (1991) questionnaire of job alienation. Research population is consisted of all employees at Mashhad's Organization of Education, of whom a sample of 285 individuals were selected using stratified random sampling method.   Discussion of Results & Conclusions  According to structural equations and goodness of fit statistics, the conceptual model of the study is meaningful. The greatest impact of job alienation is on adaptability component with b =-0/30. The most important component of organizational culture is also adaptability with factor loading of 0/81. Output of LISREL shows that the relationship between job alienation and organizational culture is meaningful. Likewise, both path analysis and factor analysis demonstrate that a meaningful relationship exist between job alienation and organizational culture in the sense that if sentiments of job alienation decrease the grades of organizational culture increase.
    Keywords: Organizational culture, Job Alienation, Educational Organization
  • Reza Rahbar Ghazi, Reza Mahmoud Oghli, Zahra Sadeghi Naghdali, Seyad Javad Emamjomehzadeh Pages 15-32
    Introduction

    Social trust is one of the most important aspects of human life it is one of those social phenomena that plays a crucial role in human interactions and relationships. As an important indicator of social capital, trust is essential for creating coherence and unity in society and facilitating participation in social systems. Trust accelerates cooperation in various fields of economic, social, political and cultural systems and increases individual's willingness to cooperate with various community groups. Without trust there is no chance for democratic systems to develop also, societal order, stability, balance, solidarity and cohesion will be damaged. In every society several elements play important roles in the formation of trust, among which the role of the media is of crucial importance. Today the media is responsible for shaping the minds of people as actors in social spheres. While influencing people's perceptions, the media provide various information, knowledge and attitudes about different topics. When media information is available to the audience, those interpretations and analyses which are presented gradually form a part of the system of knowledge, in so far as optimistic and pessimistic attitudes of people towards different things is considerably influenced by the type and content of media messages. University students are particularly important as a group of media consumers with great potential to undertake social responsibility in society. Therefore, in this study, with the aim of analyzing the relationship between media consumption and social trust, we want to know how media consumption has affected the level of social trust among university students in Isfahan.

    Material and Methods

    The research is based on quantitative method and questionnaire. The research population is consisted of university students at the University of Isfahan, from all disciplines and both levels of undergraduate and graduate in the academic year of 1392-91. Considering the fact that this research include 7 variables, a sample size of 140 individuals would be a good fit. However, for greater certainty, we included 170 individuals in the initial sample size applying Morgan formula. After eliminating incomplete questionnaires, 158 questionnaires were finally considered for data analysis. The variable of social trust is divided into four dimensions of basic, interpersonal, generalized and political. Also, the variable of media consumption is divided into printed media, visual and audio media and electronic media. Discussion of Results &

    Conclusions

    The results of the study show that there is a positive and meaningful correlation between media consumption and social trust, in the sense that social media and social trust are 0/74 % correlated at the significant level of 0/50. Our findings indicate that there is not a significant correlation between basic, interpersonal and generalized trust with electronic media consumption. But the use of electronic media and other dimensions of social trust, namely, political trust, and trust in general are meaningfully correlated. The relationship between other forms of median namely, printed, visual, and audio media with social trust is also meaningful. Finally, the results indicate that the higher the level of media consumption among the student, the higher the level of social trust among them.

    Keywords: Media Consumption, Social Trust, Social Cohesion, Electronic Media
  • Mehrdad Kazemian, Masoumeh Eshtiaghi, Tohid Alizadeh, Mohammad Esmaeil Riahi Pages 33-48
    Introduction
    One of the features of society and even the human nature is to seek safety and comfort in religion. Fear of death and sufferings, make humans in need of faith in God. As one of the most important social institutions in formulating meaning of life, religion has always had a special place. It is a social as well as divine phenomenon, and as it is mentioned in the holy books, it is sent to save humanity from life's difficulties and tragedies. According to the socio-cultural structure of Iranian society, religious identity has a prominent place among other forms of identities (national, ethnic, gender, etc.). With the development of communication technologies and the emergence of mass media such as newspapers, television and cinema, different aspects of our social activities are affected by these phenomenon. Indeed, it is an agreed-upon fact that in the cotemporary world, the formation of our personality and social identity has been assigned to mass media. In this regard, television has undoubtedly a prominent position. According to Giddens, the advent of television strongly influenced everyday-life patterns, because many people adjust their activities around certain television programs. The entrance of television into Iranian society is almost a new event, but even in this short time, its deep and lasting effects on social relationships and the Iranian-Islamic identity can be seen clearly. The TV provide us with an overall framework and attitude towards social life, and influence our social identity, specially our religious identity. Due to its importance in providing this framework, we need to evaluate its consequences and impacts on social relationships. From this perspective, not only is the TV a mere entertainment provider, but also an active information and communication tool which has lasting effects on reproduction of culture and collective identity of the society. Thus, any study of television effects on religious identity is important. In addition, to identify the rate and type of television usage among students as a young group of society, and its relation to their identity, can help planners and policy makers to design strategies and policies specifically for this group. Because of the complexity of the issue, to examine the effects of television on religious identity, it seems that only one theory is insufficient to explain the issue completely. Therefore, a combined theoretical framework was used in this study to explain the effects of television, on religious identity. The main objectives of this study were to ascertain: 1) the students’ religious identity, 2) the rate and type of television consumption as a cultural commodity, and 3) and the relationship between rate and type of television consumption with religious identity of students.
    Materials and Methods
    The study has been conducted via survey method. Research population included 12962 formally enrolled students of Mazandaran University, of whom 373 individuals were selected by means of multi-stage cluster sampling method, to fill a self-administered questionnaire. A 14-item scale is used to measure the rate and type of television consumption. Also, a 4 dimensional scale with 26 items was applied to measure religious identity (the dimensions being theological, experiential or emotional, outcome and ritual). The pre-test of final questionnaires was done in two stages among 100 respondents. Finally, all gathered data was analyzed using SPSS software.Discussion of Result &
    Conclusions
    The findings of the study indicate that in general students have a high level of religious identity. However, there are some variances as one considers different levels of religious identity by its four dimensions for example, the highest and lowest reported scores belonged to theological (average of 4.61 out of 5) and ritual (average of 3.63) dimensions, respectively. Also, research findings on the rate of television consumption indicate that the status of television consumption among students is at a moderate to low level (average of 2.37 from 5). Furthermore, a considerable number of students (7.5 percent) never watch television. As explained in the Cultivation Theory, as a low-consuming audience of television, students watch TV in a selective and programmed fashion, only for 2 or less hours per day, but the usage of other media, especially the Internet, is higher among them. When Students consume television as a cultural commodity, they try to be "active", which means they try to interpret the content of the received program "actively". It seems that using other mass media (the Internet, books, magazines, etc.), and lack of access to the TV, and/or reluctance to watch national television programs, are responsible for this low level of TV consumption among students. This finding would be more important if one notice that according to sociologist's views (e.g. Giddens), today television could have very serious effects on daily-life patterns. One of the important findings of the present study is that it seems that along with increase in the consumption of national TV among students, the level of religious identity also tends to increase. This finding must be paid attention to by policy makers. Another important result of this study is the content of the programs watched by students as well as their effects on their religious identity. Entertainment and leisure programs (average of 3.29 from 5) were the first favorable programs while the least are those oriented towards religious issues (average of 2.23). The results of this study indicate that a reconsideration of the quality and quantity of religious programs on national TV is important in strengthening student's religious identity. On the other hand, this will have a great influence on the outcome dimension of religious identity. The findings suggest that higher levels of consumption of different TV programs can be effective on traditional religious identity of students. Therefore, filling the leisure time of individuals, especially young students, by television programs, could be seen as an effective strategy to be regarded by the relevant authorities. In fact, working on the quality of television programs and make them adjustable with the need of society, especially young students, is an important way to protect religious identity.
    Keywords: Media, Identity, Television, religious identity, Students, Mazandaran University
  • Fatemeh Sadat Mousavi Nadoshen, Setareh Mousavi, Mohammad Reza Nili Ahmadabadi Pages 49-60
    Introduction
    Literacy is a fundamental right and a springboard not only for achieving "education for all", but also for eradicating poverty and increasing participation in society. Political and social literacy is about understanding how politics and social behaviors shape our daily lives. In order to improve the political and social literacy process, it is highly important to recognize effective factors in shaping People's awareness. This study is performed to determine student's points of view concerning such factors. Responsible citizens respect others and participate in political, economic, social and cultural life. The present study aims at examining the level of political and social literacy of adult citizens participating in unofficial adults training centers in Isfahan city.
    Material and Methods
    According to the purpose of the research which was to measure the extent of social and political literacy of adults, the research method in this study is descriptive. Research population include 2572 adults (above 35 years old), who attended in instructional programs of the training centers of Isfahan's public agencies in 2011. The estimated number of sample size is 380 who were randomly selected through multistage cluster sampling method. The instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire comprising of 29 items which is designed in two political and social dimensions, with an acceptable level of reliability test (0.84), via Cronbach’s Alpha. The collected data were analyzed through one-sample T-test and ANOVA. Discussion of Results &
    Conclusions
    Findings showed that: 1) adults’ social literacy is higher than political literacy, 2) in a significant way, the political literacy of adults is not in good shape, 3) there is a significant difference between averages of political and social literacy in terms of education of adult citizens, 4) there is a significant difference between the averages of political and social literacy in terms of sex: level of political literacy among men is higher than women, whereas social literacy is not significantly different between the sexes, 5) there is a significant difference between the averages of political and social literacy in terms of age: people older than 30 years have more social and political literacy, 6) there is a significant difference between the average of political literacy in terms of place of living but not in social literacy. In general, training centers should be considered as social and political means of development for adult education. Higher levels of political and social literacy will result in better Citizens, whose behaviors lead to lower rates of social and political disorders. In fact, political and social literacy is one of the main components of today’s healthy communities. Political and social literacy are a vehicle to support the achievement of developmental goals and empowerment of the poor in particular. As a component of basic education and a foundation for life-long learning, political and social literacy are the key to enhancement of human capabilities and achieving citizenship rights. It carries wide-ranging benefits not only for individuals but also for families, communities and societies as a whole. Curriculum planners need to use effective approaches in political and social education in order to provide essential and required content for learners according to community needs. It is necessary for them to consider curriculum revisions and develop extra curriculum contents. Considering the effect of political and social literacy on the development of the country, it is recommended to apply these issues in teaching courses which requires deep learning and high levels of understanding.
    Keywords: Social Literacy, Political Literacy, Adults, Adults Training Centers
  • Neda Usefi, Akbar Aliverdinia Pages 61-79
    Introduction
    Agnew's general strain theory is one of the best known theories of criminology. The popularity of this theory is derived from its scope and breadth which allows researchers to investigate about the effects of a variety of structural and psychological stressors on a range of deleterious outcomes. Although this theory is developed and tested to explain crime, it can also be applied to explain behaviors such as substance abuse and suicide. The main objective of this study is to provide a sociological explanation of suicidality among students of Mazandaran University. Accordingly, the main research question is: "how suicidality can be explained among students on the basis of Agnew's general strain theory. Suicide is described as the endpoint of a continuum that begins with suicide ideation (consideration of suicide), followed by planning and preparing for suicide and finally attempting and completing suicide. It is one of the problems of the present era. According to statistics, the number of younger individuals who attempt suicide is increasing. Based on available statistics and studies worldwide, suicide is the third cause of death in the age group of 15-24 years, and is the second cause of death among college students. According to a study in the United States (2001), in the period of 1999 to 2000, 9.5% of students reported that they had seriously considered attempting suicide and 1.5% of students reported that they had attempted suicide within the last school year. In Iran, according to the statistics of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, between the years of 1998 to 2004, 292 suicide attempts were reported among students, of which 25 cases (8/6 percent) were successful. Also, Panaghi and others demonstrated that during the years of 2006 to 2008, 230 suicide attempts have occurred among student. Based on the maximum rate of student suicide in Iran, this is means 3 individuals out of 100000 have committed suicide. So we can say that as a young people of society, university students are vulnerable to suicide. The purpose of this study is to study a range of stressors which can explain suicidality from the viewpoint of Agnew’s general strain theory.
    Materials and Methods
    Research method in this study is surveys and data collection is done via questionnaire. In this study, dependent variable is suicidality and independent variables include relational strain, status strain, removal of positive stimuli and exposure to negative stimuli. The research population is consisted of all students enrolled at Mazandaran University in the academic year 2011-2012, of whom a sample of 438 individuals were selected using random stratified sampling method. The data is analyzed using SPSS software and utilizing multiple regression analysis. To examine the validity of the questionnaire, face validity and content validity were used. To determine the reliability of the study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Discussion of Result &
    Conclusions
    This study examined the impacts of several variables from Agnew’s general strain theory on suicidality. The results suggest that general strain theory is to some extent effective in explaining student's suicidality and can provide a theoretical model for studying suicide. The results of the study show that there is direct and significant relationship between removal of positive stimuli and suicidality, in the sense that by increasing in the likelihood of this variable, the rate of suicidality also increases. So when a person tries to deal with removal of positive stimuli, he or she is more likely to engage in deviant behaviors such as suicide. The results also suggest that students with status strain are more likely to experience suicidality. Likewise, students with relational strain are more likely to experience suicidality. A person who is exposed to more negative relationships with others, will be more likely to committee suicide. Thus, the findings suggest that a positive relationship with family and peers is an important protective factor against suicidality. Multiple regression analysis also shows that independent variables of this study are strong predictors of suicidality, they include removal of positive stimulus (beta coefficient=0/147), status strain (beta coefficient=0/140), relational strain (beta coefficient=0/127).
    Keywords: Suicidality, Status strain, Relational strain, Negative emotion
  • Ali Rahbani Khorasgani, Seyyed Ali Nagi Ayazi Pages 81-96
    Introduction
    The current paper aims to study sociologically the obstacles of thinking and its consequences in the progress model which is based on the teachings of the Quran. Accordingly, the main questions are as follows: what are the social obstacles of thinking in the Islamic model of progress based on the teachings of the Quran? What are the solutions to eliminate these obstacles? The following steps have been taken to respond to these questions: (1) referring to the Quran and identifying its sociological propositions, (2) recognizing the verses that deal with these issues, (3) fractionating the interpretational issues of each verse into the principal and sub elements and concepts in addition to the areas, situations, circumstances, and the relationships between phenomena, (4) translating the elements, concepts, and the specified relationships into a sociological language, (5) preparing and presenting the contents into a logical thematic explanation and interpretation.
    Material and Methods
    Grounded theory is one of the qualitative research methods which is suitable when there is inadequate knowledge about an issue (Farahani and Arizi, 1996 Glaser and Strauss) or there is no relevant theory on which it would be possible to formulate assumptions (Mansourian, 2006: 3). It is a methodology which aims at developing theories with medium range (Merton, 1967) and is interesting for description of applied sciences. Additionally, today, grounded theory plays a particular role in social sciences (Hildenbrand, 2004: 22). In grounded theory, theories are extracted from data which are gathered and analyzed during the research. In this method, information gathering, analysis, and the final theory have a close relationship with each other and the researcher do not initiate the work with a theory in mind unless it is a generalization of an available theory. In the contrary, it is started in reality and lets the theory be formulated based on gathered data. Researcher's creativity is one of the main characteristics of this method (Strauss and Korbin 2012: 34). Thus we utilized grounded theory as a qualitative research due to information restrictions and noncompliance of progress concept with the current terms in religious sources on the one hand, and lack of extraction of such a progress model in these sources on the other hand. Discussion of Results &
    Conclusions
    The results showed that obstacles of thinking can be classified into five categories of individual, social, macro, procedural, and contextual obstacles. All of these categories and concepts are to be found in interactive frameworks, interactions, contexts and intruding conditions. They explain the impact and contribute to the lack of thinking outcomes. Disorder in socialization process, lack of appropriate thinking training, lack of tolerance, and absence of open-mindedness are the results of pervasive selfishness. The common interactions between these variables can explain the contribution of wisdom in progress of a society. Cultural and political obstacles are mentioned in the Quran are fundamental for change in the essence of knowledge. Also, social obstacles involve those governments that not only do not consider development of science and technology as a necessity for their society, but see it as something which is inconsistent with their own long-term interest. Lack of the required knowledge and wrong beliefs in social actions contribute to obstacles of thinking in the progress model and change the form of knowledge. Finally, corrupted social environment and inattention to the fate of other nations are considered as contextual obstacles of thinking.
    Keywords: Progress model, Obstacles of thinking, the Quran, Grounded Theory
  • Aghil Asadyan*, Kamran Sadaghat Pages 97-116
    Introduction
    One of the most important social problems with complex dimensions is divorce, which brings about the devastation of family life. Family is perceived as one of the fundamental pillars and main institutions of every society. Therefore sociologists cannot afford to keep themselves away from family analysis and its changes. They have always tried to study it via certain and special perspectives. Moreover, everybody agrees that in none of the previous historical eras the family has been so widely suffered from the problem of divorce and its side effects than our contemporary era. The rates of marriage and divorce registered in Iran indicate that the number of divorces is increasing more than the number of marriages. So this phenomenon in Iran is considered as a challenge or serious social problem. A review of divorce's statistics in Iran during 2012 (6 percent growth in proportion to the previous year) indicates the increasing rate of this problem in general and particularly in the region under study in this paper. It appears that the more industrialization in cities and villages, the more new conflicts in previously traditional communities. Such modern changes have devastated the institution of family rather than protecting it, and this can have wide effects on the health of divorced couples, and children. This indicates a critical condition which needs to be studied in order to protect the family and reduce the rate of divorce. Because social damages depend on each other, expansion in one may cause others to expand as well so we must study divorce to prevent other problems from happening and/or expanding. Â
    Materials And Methods
    The research method is casual-comparative. For comparability, it was tried to converge two groups i.e. divorced and non-divorced individuals. Statistical population includes two groups of divorced and non-divorced of citizens in the city of Ghaemshahr. Sample size include 180 divorced subjects whose formal process of divorce have been finished in the court, and another group of 100 married subjects who live in their families and are not separated. Sampling method for non-divorced group was snowball sampling and for divorced group, convenient sampling, both of which are non-random methods of sampling. Discussion of Results and
    Conclusions
    The Results of the study indicate that the variable of educational differences may lead to disability in satisfying the spouse's expectations. Also, opinion-related difference of the couples, interference of family members in the couple`s marital life, and unsuitable job condition can be considered as effective variables on increasing divorce. The interesting point is that difference in birthplace has no effect on divorce occurrence in contrast to the research primary pre-assumption. Also, the discussion about research hypotheses and their theoretical analysis can be explained according to exchange theory, as it predicts that when a person (husband or wife) assesses the costs of a relationship more than its interests, in this regard such person assumes the relationship unequal and will become disappointed to get satisfied in his/her expectations for the other party. As a result, we may expect a rupture in the relationship and consequently occurrence of divorce. Our research findings indicate that those spouses who were not able to meet their spouse's expectations, they face divorce more than others. This finding approves exchange theory and also the findings of Rousta (2010), Riahi & colleagues (2007) and Dohrati (2007).
    Keywords: Divorce, Interference of Family Members in the Couple, Social Factors
  • Masoud Kianpour, Soraya Memar, Sahar Khojasteh Pages 117-138
    Introduction
    21st world is witnessing the advent of a critical movement and consequently the creation of a new view towards the issues governing societies. With the advent of this movement, a tradition of criticizing and challenging supposed foundations appeared in different fields of intellectual work and science, leading scholars to endeavor for expanding critical thinking among the public. While in the middle of the 20th century critical thinking was considered as an educational requirement, now required measures are defined to put this concept into academic curriculums, developing therefore habit of critical thinking in all learners. Regarding the necessities and importance of critical thinking in every society, the present study indents to evaluate tendency of students in critical thinking as they are indeed the forerunners of social change in Iran. In addition to examining this phenomenon, we also want to know how some specific factors are related to it. These factors include academic motivation, economic-social status, sex and field of study.
    Material and Methods
    The method employed in this study is cross-sectional survey. Data collection process included two standard questionnaires (Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CTDI) and Academic Motivation Scale (AMS)) and one researcher-made questionnaire. The first questionnaire, designed by Ricketts, includes three dimensions of engagement, innovativeness and cognitive maturity. The second questionnaire, designed by Vallerand et al. (1992), is a seventh-grade Likert scale questionnaire including 28 items, which are divided into 7 subscales: intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, intrinsic motivation toward accomplishment, intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation and amotivation. The last questionnaire is a Our last questionnaire, designed by the authors, starts with three question of "field of study", "year of enrolling" and "sex" and continues with 8 items for evaluating the economic-social status. To evaluate the economic-social status, 5 dimensions of education, occupational rank, income, house price and car price were considered. Respondents of the present study included students of faculties of Humanities and Engineering of the University of Isfahan, whose total number was 833 individuals. Overall, 310 individuals were selected to constitute sample size using stratified probability sampling. Discussion of Results &
    Conclusions
    The data obtained from the study was analyzed descriptively and inferentially at two univariate and bivariate levels. The most important findings of the study are as follows: The results of the study indicate that around % 82 of students have a high tendency towards critical thinking. Also, around %93 of them have the high educational motivation. When it comes to socio-economic status, around %71 of students belong to the middle class. In addition, to examine research hypotheses, the data at the bivariate level was analyzed descriptively and inferentially with the follow
    Results
    1. The level of significance (Sig=0.000) was obtained from testing correlation between the two variables of tendency towards critical thinking and academic motivation, indicating there is a meaningful correlation between these two variables. 2. The analysis of the correlation between the two variables of tendency towards critical thinking and sex indicates that there is a meaningful correlation between these two variables (Sig=0.028). 3. The descriptive analysis of the correlation between the two variables of tendency towards critical thinking and economic-social status indicates that there is positive, albeit weak, correlation (0.007) between two variables. However, this correlation is not meaningful and may be due to sampling error because the level of significance for this test is above 0.05. 4. The Goodman & Kruskal's tau coefficient (0.049) to examine the correlation between two variables of tendency towards critical thinking and field of study means that only about 0.05 of the changes of student's tendency towards critical thinking is correlated with their field of study and yet this correlation seems to be meaningless because significant level is not acceptable in the test.
    Keywords: Socio-Economic status, Tendency towards critical thinking, socio, economic status, Educational motivation
  • Ebrahim Masoudnia Pages 139-158
    Introduction
    Crime, irregularity and fear of insecurity, are the most important determinants of a community's failure to achieve collective goals in the path to individual and social well-being. Hence, to ensure security and prevent anti-social behavior, human societies created a set of rules and norms for monitoring and controlling anti-social behavior. But in all societies, especially developing ones, there are people who ignore these rules. Inattention to these rules can lead to road accidents, high mortality, physical damage, disruption of family after accident, and costly financial damage. According to estimates, in 2020, road traffic accidents will become the third leading cause of death worldwide. In Iran, traffic accidents, has been on an increasing path to the extent that its growth is 10% and the rate of deaths from traffic accidents, is 15 times higher than that of the developed countries. Previous research on the etiology of law breaking among motorcycle users often focused on physical and psychological risk factors. This study aims at explaining the relationship between the norm of reciprocity (as a component of social capital) and violation of traffic rules by motorcycle users based on social capital theory.
    Materials And Methods
    This study was conducted with descriptive and case-control design. Two groups of motorcycle users (192 law-breakers and 192 law-abiding users) were classified and compared according to driving indices of the police. Law-abiding users were distinguished from law-breakers considering how they obey riding rules such as wearing crash helmet, stopping before the red traffic light, having motorcycle riding license, having necessary policy, and moving in correct line designed for motorcycle users. Low-breakers were those who did not observe the above behaviors, and instead showed behaviors such as careening among cars, riding in sidewalks, and bothering pedestrians. Three traffic experts of the police identified law-abiding and law-breaker users. The subjects were selected using multi-phase cluster random sampling method. The instrument of data collection is a standardized scale called Norm of Reciprocity (NRS). The data was analyzed using independent-samples T-test method. Discussion of Results and
    Conclusions
    Three hundred and eighty-four motorcycle users in two groups of law-abiding users (192) and law-breaking users (192) were investigated. The mean age of law-abiding users was 26.07 and the standard deviation was 8.61, the mean age of law-breaking users was 24.60 and its standard deviation was 7.74. Most of the samples were in the age group of 15-30 year-old. Concerning the percentage of users who had primary education, it was higher among low-breaker users (41.8%) than the other group (32.9%). The groups were relatively similar regarding income, residency, marital status, and purposes of using motorcycles without any significant differences. Concerning the frequency of having experiences of breaking rules, they were different. That is the frequency of violating traffic rules was significantly higher in law-breakers’ group (23.9% compared to 13%). Comparing these groups, level of reciprocity was not similar. Results revealed that there is a significant difference comparing their total social support (01/0 < p).
    Keywords: Law, Law-Breaking, Breaking, Norm of Social Reciprocity, Social capital, Motorcycle, Yazd
  • Negin Barat Dastjerdi Pages 159-170
    Introduction
    The fast growth of cyber networks has exposed students to various kinds of information and applications. It has also created numerous changes in different aspects of their lives, including their identity and culture. In today's Iranian society, cyber networks have created a new situation for users and defined new boundaries with respect to the formation of youth's subcultures, values and identity. Anonymity, communication speed and fluidity of cyber networks have conveyed broad messages with regard to the communication patterns of youths (Zokaee, 2010: 2-3). Students are regarded as the biggest group of cyberspace users and audience. They become familiar with the cyberspace at university since they have access to the internet there. The cyberspace affects cognitive, emotional, cultural and practical orientation of students, influencing all aspects of their lives. This fact has led to putting the focus on the cultural identity of students exposed to the cyberspace. Given the pivotal role of cyber networks in changing the identity of youths, especially their cultural identity, the current study seeks to examine the relationship between exposure to the cyberspace and cultural identity of students at Isfahan University. The study will also examines the relationship between reasons and goals behind using cyber networks and the cultural identity of students.
    Material and Methods
    The research method is descriptive. The study population is consisted of all students of Isfahan University, of whom 200 individuals were selected using random sampling method. The questionnaire used for gathering information was made by the researcher herself and its validity and reliability was confirmed. The data was analyzed by SPSS software in descriptive and inferential fashions.Discussion of Results &
    Conclusion
    The results of descriptive analysis show that research subjects visit the cyberspace 1-2 hours per week on average. Social, communicative, personal, and cultural goals are the main reasons for using cyber networks by the students. The inferential analysis of the study indicates that there is a significant relationship between using cyber networks and cultural identity of students. This finding could be attributed to the fact that a new type of life has taken shape in the cyberspace with the advent of the Internet, transforming communication methods and new social relationships (Barani, 2012). Another finding of the research indicates that there is a significant relationship between goals behind using cyber networks and cultural identity of students. Important goals for using cyber space are: social, communicational, personal and cultural. The results also reveal that a significant relationship exists between the motive for using cyber networks and cultural identity. Using demographic variables (age, gender, education degree), a significant relationship is observed between the cyberspace and cultural identity. Features of electronic communication in the cyberspace have created different conditions than face-to-face communication. Speed, anonymity, etc. have created equal conditions for cyberspace users disregarding their gender, class, ethnicity, race and location, providing them with different experiences. Interactions that take place in the cyberspace provide users with a new mentality and tendency that could slightly change their behavior and interactions in real life (Noormohammadi, 2004). So, it is suggested that relevant planners and managers identify the needs of youths, manage the cyberspace properly, and produce proper and healthy content in attractive formats fitting the needs of youths in virtual networks. Besides, proper cultural grounds should be provided so as to pave the way for students to use cyber networks for higher goals.
    Keywords: the Internet, Cyber networks, cultural identity, Students
  • Sayeed Fakhrodin Behjati Asl*, Arman Heidari, Majid Movahed Pages 171-188
    Introduction
    Nowadays, with the development of mass media and the universalization of culture, the decreasing effect and the shivering position of governments as the most important players of the world after the Cold War, has become one of the most important concerns of politicians and statesmen National identity defines one of the chief and widest rings of our what-ness and who-ness in the modern era, and modifies both the universalistic and particularistic extremities like a communicative vessel. Effective factors on national identity can be analyzed along two intersecting axes of external (supra- national factors) /internal (sub- national factors) as well as centrifugal (sense of deprivation) and centripetal (common culture and religion) forces. In recent years, one of the most important foundational changes in history has been the alteration of the relationship between religion and collective identities. During the Enlightenment to the last decades of the 20th century, many scientists, under the radiance of secularization theories, believed that modernism and developments in literacy would lead to the limitation of religious influence on the realm of private life and the destruction of the collective correlation function of religion. Today, with the collapse of communism and the emergence of new countries out of it, whose national identities are often based on religion, as well as the noticeable inauguration of religious movements worldwide, the effect and importance of religion has steadily attracted attention in the manifestation of collective interactions and social unity or collapse.
    Material and Methods
    We assumed that religion, as one of the chief factors in attaching the ethnic group of Lors to the bigger Iranian community, can prepare the background for their sense of belonging and unity with the bigger community to a great extent. In other words, according to the religious comm::::union:::: between the Lors and the bigger Iranian community, religion was assumed as one of the chief centripetal forces among the Lors, which can prepare the background for the cultural unity of the Iranian community. The society under study was the high-school students of Yasuj in which over 90 percent of the population belong to Lor ethnicity. The method undertaken was quantitative and surveying, and the data was collected via the questionnaire. Independent and dependant variables of the study were ethnic identity and national identity, respectively. The religiosity variable (in the form of the four-dimensional belief, affection, rite, and consequence) was assumed to be the modifying variable in the relationship between these two collective identities. Discussion of Results &
    Conclusions
    According to the results, of the dimensions of religiosity, only correlation between the consequential dimension and national identity was meaningful and positive. Also, correlation between all dimensions of religiosity and national identity was meaningful and positive. Besides, the amount of the correlation between dimensions of religiosity and national identity was more than that of the correlation between the consequential dimension and ethnic identity. In accordance with the results of the detailed correlation test, the correlation between the two variables of ethnic and national identities decreased, after controlling the effect of the dimensions of religiosity (0.02 percent which is not considerable). Based on the results from regression, it can be said that the two dimension of belief and consequence, respectively, as the most influential dimensions of religiosity variable, could determine 14 percent of the variance of the national identity. The results of the study indicate that religion, as one of the most important cultural capitals of Lor people, has had a great influence on attaching them to the bigger Iranian community. But according to the measure of the mutual correlation, the detailed correlation coefficient, and regression results, there should be no exaggeration about the influence and no neglect for other influential factors on the social and cultural unity of the Lor people with the bigger society.
    Keywords: national identity, Ethnic Identity, religiosity, high school students, Yasouj