فصلنامه جامعه شناسی کاربردی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 55، پاییز 1393)

Due to the rapid social changes of the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the new millennium, the nature of social existence has been changed. Consequently, a new society needs new concepts for the analysis of itself. The concept of "lifestyle" has such characteristics. In the last decade without lifestyle- means belonging to a specified context which reveals certain similarities and differences- members of a society do not have the ability of developing significant and enduring communications. The concept of lifestyle can be examined in relation to modernity, which has faced the individual with its facilities of creation, and variety of different and sophisticated choices. In this study, by the term modern lifestyle we mean similar acts, activities, manners, patterns, contacts, and social connections which are based on modern life. The main aim of this study is to explore sociological factors related to tendencies youth have towards Modern Lifestyle. Investigated variables in this regard are cultural capital, including media consumption and parental and self-education, as well as such background variables as age, gender, marital status, class identity and religious orientation. The using method in this study is survey. Data were collected with the use of questionnaire. The youth (from 18 to 30 years of age) of Shiraz city consisted our research population. Taking into account the possibility of confounding and unanswered questionnaires, 451 questionnaires have been considered for data analysis, using quota sampling method according to the economic and social heterogeneity of the city. In conjunction with statistical techniques for variables analyzed, we should say that the data obtained from the questionnaires were processed using SPSS, LISREL and AMOS softwares. The statistical method of Alpha Cronbach was utilized for reliability measurement, and Formal validity for validity measurement. Person coefficient correlation was used for testing research hypothesizes. Discussion of Results & Base on the theoretical discussion and findings of this study, it appears that cultural capital is a key concept. According to Bourdieu, lifestyles are regular products of cultural capitals people have at their disposal, which in turn can become signs of social distinction. Since all of the education system in Iran, particularly universities, are imported and translated from the West, and students are subconsciously exposed to western, modern teachings, therefore education can be an indicator of value and modern symbols internalization in a young citizen, and this can influence tendencies of a person toward modern lifestyles. Moreover, being exposed to the mass media, as one of the most important tools for transforming specific values, symbols and messages, is important, especially when these media in many cases act in the service of specific groups disseminating special values among people, such as those which promote modernity and capitalism. Overall, the results of our study showed that 15 percent of youth's modern, changing lifestyle can be explained by cultural capital.

Mobility has attained a considerable significance as a topic in social theory and research in recent years. The so-called “mobility turn” or “new mobilities paradigm” (Sheller & Urry, 2006) is the clearest effort to bring together different types of movements into a single analysis, and to challenge tendency of social sciences to treat stability as normal and mobility as problematic. The main reason for paying attention to the issue of urban mobilities and residential preferences in the past few decades was its social, demographic, cultural and spatial consequences. On the other hand, intra-urban migration which is done mainly from the old valuable urban cores into the new and the middle areas, influences the socio-spatial structure of urban areas and increases the exhaustion of old textures of urban areas. Now the problem of old urban areas is a major issue in most cities. Many studies (Lee, 1966 Kahn, 2007 Baker, 2002, (Pourahmad et al, 2011 Sajjad and Dastjerdi, 2008 Tavallaei and Yari, 2011 Yosefi & Agajani, 2011) have been done about the causes of residential mobility and their mechanisms. One of the classic and most cited works on residential mobility is Rossi’s ‘Why Families Move’ (1965) which suggested the lifecycle changes of families as the primary reason of their movements. Like Rossi, Speare et al (1974) also emphasize the adjustment to dissatisfaction. According to their analysis, dissatisfaction ultimately results in moving behavior and is the direct result of changes in the needs of a household, changes in the social and physical amenities offered by a particular location, or a change in the standards used to evaluate these factors. Lee and others (2011) have concluded that a subjective assessment of neighborhood has a significant impact on the thought of movement, but has little effect on the real movement. Besides these factors, increasing social capital and cohesion in neighborhood will strengthen neighborhood stability by encouraging residents to prolong their residence time. In the theory of relative deprivation, it is claimed that migration is not accidental behavior, but is a response to elimination of poverty. In general, most research projects conducted on the residential mobility tend to focus on the demographic characteristics of the household. These studies sometimes reported inconsistent results. Quigley and Weinberg (1977) mentioned many of the inconsistencies that have arisen from definitional differences, differing analytical methods and non-parallel sampling procedures. Having said all that, the theoretical framework of this study is a combination of different models in which most of the variables have been selected from the theoretical literature. While not relying on any particular theoretical approach or model, the sociological approach has the main weigh in the selection of variables. This research was conducted in survey method, with the unit of analysis being the individual and the level of analysis being micro. The population of the study consisted of 20-year-and-older citizens of Khomeinishahr, a city located in 12th km north-west of Isfahan and currently divided into old and new tissues. According to statistics of the 2011 General Census, this city has a population of 61,240 individuals over 20 years old. Using Cochran formula, sample size was calculated to include 240 subjects. Satisfaction of residence, social capital, religiosity, a sense of relative deprivation, and the importance of privacy constitute our independent variables and tendency toward moving to a new area is the dependent variable. Also variables such as age, gender, education and variables related to characteristics of housing such as type of housing, construction period and area where it is located were considered as control variables. Face validity was used to assess validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess reliability of the measurement scale. Discussion of Results & Results indicate that the overall tendency of residents to movement is low to moderate (46.7 out of 100) and the mean of the behavioral dimension is higher than both dimensions of feelings and behavior. In addition, about 65% of subjects responded to the question of relocation, definitely. The overall mean of all items indicate that satisfaction rate of the facilities is moderate. About overall residential satisfaction, most of the respondents have moderate satisfaction from district facilities (mean 51 out of 100). However, the rate of satisfaction with life is moderate to low and most of them think the region and the local space in which they live is a good place to live in (mean 41.6 out of 100). The amount of social capital in neighborhood is moderate to low (42.9 out of 100) Findings indicate that respondents give great importance to the privacy and solitude and prefer to live more conveniently, untouched by informal controls. When it comes to the feeling of deprivation, most respondents believed that the status of welfare, income, education and housing in their neighborhood is not much different from new neighborhoods. The results show that more than 80% of respondents endorse religiosity of their family. Among the socio-demographic variables, only gender is significantly related to the tendency toward moving. This is consistent with the findings of the Kin (1961) whereas age, education, household size, and the old housing is not in a significant relationship with tendency towards moving. Also, results indicate that there is not a significant relationship between different income groups and tendency toward moving. However, the findings suggest that there is a negative correlation between religious beliefs and the tendency toward moving. Hierarchical regression analyzes indicate that among all independent variables entered into the model (satisfaction, social capital, religiosity, importance of privacy, relative deprivation) with the control of socio-demographic variables, only three variables, namely, privacy, satisfaction, and social capital were able to stay in the model and explain 39% of the variance of the tendency toward moving to new neighborhoods. Also, it is observed that among the socio-demographic variables, only gender is significant however, this has very little impact on the increasing adjusted R square coefficient so it can be ignored. Logistic regression analysis partially confirmed the results of the hierarchical regression.

The is a study of the relationship between trust and social consensus among people of 20 years old and above in Gonbadekavoos. Social consensus is an important background for social order, especially when we talk about the inner order of society and social trust have been one of the most important factors for development of social capital and for social interactions and relations leading to social order. Characteristics of tribal culture of the research place (Gonbadekavoos) should be taken into consideration because solidarity is an important issue there and social consensus in that city is very crucial. Therefore the real question in this study is: is trust related with social consensus? What kinds of relationships exist between different types of trust and social consensus? Do trust influence social consensus? Our most important research goals include determining the amount of social consensus, trust and its dimensions, identifying the intensity and quality of the relationship between trust and social consensus in different tribes, identifying differences in the amount of social consensus and significance this difference has according to such variables as sex, education, and ethnicity. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the theory of Pioter Sztompka. He considers trust as a software factor in social order and one of the pillars of moral society. The present research is descriptive and explanatory in nature and the main tool for collecting information is questionnaire. Social consensus is measured with four public value: universalism, justice-orientation, piety and loyalty to the homeland, and trust in three kinds: Inter- personal trust, generalized trust and institutional trust. The mediating variable, national identity, is also considered. Research population include citizens of 20 years old and above in Gonbadekavoos city in 2012. For determining sample size Cochran formula was used and systematic random sampling method. Cranach's Alpha Coefficient was measured to make sure of the reliability of the research tool. Analyses were done by using SPSS. Discussion of Results & The results of the descriptive findings shows that social consensus average is 3.07 in a 0-5 scale, which means it is average to up, and trust average is 2.70, a little bit below the average point (3). Different dimensions of trust, including personal, generalized and institutional each have the averages of 3.20, 2.10 and 2.89 respectively, and the average for mediating variable, national identity, is 3.53. 59% of the sample are men and 70% of them are in the age group of 20-39 years old. More than two third of the sample are born in city areas and about 75% them are married. More than two third of the participants are working and about 68% of them own a house. About 43% of the sample are Fars, about 41% are Turkmen and the rest are Turk (9/1%), Sistani (2/9%), Baluch (1/8 %) and 1/5% belonged to other ethnic backgrounds. The analysis indicates that there is a significant relationship between trust and social consensus and this is a moderate relationship (R=0/41). With regard to the amount of k-Square coefficient, the trust variable can predict about 17% of the changes of the dependent variable, social consensus. Institutional trust has the most impact alone on social consensus. It alone predicted 17% of the changes of social consensus and generalized trust explained only 0/7% of these changes. National identity as a mediating variable predicted about 40% of the changes of social consensus. The results of multiple regression analysis shows that a moderate correlation (R2=0/248) exists between independent and dependent variables. The results showed that relationship between trust and social consensus among the Fars is stronger compared to other ethnic groups.

The importance and the role of gender identity in constituting the mental and personal structure of people within the society has caused this variable to be analyzed as one of the key elements in subjects and researches of the social and cultural sciences. This variable implicates as an index for evaluation of the femininity and masculinity on learned social roles and formed gender priorities. In recent years, job satisfaction and its related subjects have been introduced as one of the important research areas in the sociology of occupations. Job satisfaction is the pleasure and joy that an individual gains from his or her work. Several studies have been performed relating to job satisfaction of employers and managers. In some of them, researchers have studied the motivating factors of job satisfaction for masculine and feminine employers. The results show that the motivating factors in females are different from the motivating factors in males and this difference is related to gender (being men or women). But perusing results show that we cannot prioritize job satisfaction factors by considering people's gender. For example, some of the results show that feminine employers (in comparison with masculine employers) emphasize job satisfaction factors based on situation derived from increasing economic advantages, trade development and business growth, although they merely emphasize social – internal job satisfaction factors derived from the relationship with costumers and perusing social goals. On the other hand, other surveys show that some feminine employers put more emphasis on job satisfaction factors based on situation and some masculine employers put more emphasis on social–internal job satisfaction factors. Thus we cannot determine which job satisfaction factor has the highest priority for a masculine or a feminine employer. So, the gender controversy and important discrepancies coming out of it lead sociologists to study sex and the gender. The term sex implies the biological and physical differences between men and women, but gender implies personal and mental characteristics and cultural, psychological and social acquisitive differences between men and women that society determines. So we need to study the relationship between masculinity and femininity (gender identity) and job satisfaction factors. This study concerns the effects of masculinity and femininity dimensions of gender identity on determining the priorities of job satisfaction factors among employers. The data of this study is gathered by quantitative method, survey technique and questionnaire. Statistical population is composed of the employers of NajafAbad industrial city, Isfahan. Sample size is 180 individuals, selected by cluster sampling method with probability proportional to the sample. In the part related to the evaluation of the gender identity, Bem Sex-Role Inventory was used for the evaluation of the male and female dimensions of gender identity.Discussion of Results & After surveying the results using Bem tool and computation of the results, four main groups of the employer's gender identities were determined in underlying statistical sample. It showed that in masculine sample % 26.7 with high scores in masculine scale have a masculine identity, %16.8 with high scores in feminine scale have a feminine identity, %34.7 with high scores in two masculine and feminine scales have a both-gender identity (hermaphrodite) and %21.8 with low scores in both masculine and feminine scales have an indifferent identity. Also, in feminine sample, %35.5 have a feminine identity, %10.1 have a masculine identity, %40.5 have a both-gender identity and % 13.9 have an indifferent identity. There is a meaningful difference in X2 TEST between belonging to both-gender identity groups (masculine and feminine) and the rate of importance rendered to job satisfaction situation factors (X2 = 10.542, df=1. sig= 0.000). It means there are differences between employers with masculine identity and employers with feminine identity in the rate of the importance they render to the situation factors. In addition, the evaluation rank average for situation factors is higher between the employers with masculine gender identity. The results of the X2 test show that the employers in feminine gender identity group in statistical sample (compared to masculine identity employers) put more emphasis on participation in society, assistance to others and having good relationship with employees. The X2 test shows no meaningful difference for the evaluation of the relationship among employers gender identity and the rate of the importance they render to corresponding with the costumers. (X2 = 0.352, df= 1, sig= 0.553). So the results show that the employers with stronger masculine gender identity dimension, pay more attention to satisfaction factors associated with situation development (e.g. increasing salary, trade development, having leadership role and guiding a great company with rapid growth), compared to employers with stronger feminine gender identity dimension. Moreover, employers with stronger feminine gender identity dimension prefer satisfaction factors based on having good relations with employees, participation in society and association with others to situation factors. Totally, the results show that gender identity is a proper anticipator for determining the priorities of job satisfaction factors of the employers, because masculine gender identity is related to satisfaction factors based on situation and feminine gender identity is related to satisfaction factors based on relationship with employees and participation in society.

Recent developments in theory and research give hope for building the understanding needed to effectively alter human behaviors that contribute to environmental problems. Behavior change strategies that are consistent with people’s knowledge and awareness of global environmental changes are therefore necessary in order for a sustainable policy to be developed. Environmental attitudes are conceptualized in terms of attitude theory as being composed of beliefs and affects toward an object. Because attitudes are viewed as hypothetical mental states underlying constructs which influence a variety of verbal statements, no single verbal statement yields a particularly good measure of attitude. Sociologists Dunlap and VanLiere(1978) have hypotheses sized a new environmental paradigm(NEP) in contrast to what Pirages and Ehrlich(1974) call our society’s Dominant Social Paradigm(DSP), i.e., traditional values and beliefs such as economic growth, material progress and technological optimism. The NEP represents a constellation of values, attitudes, or beliefs which are ‘perhaps best captured by spaceship earth metaphor’. NEP scale (Dunlap et al., 2000) was used to measure environmental attitudes. The NEP addresses four aspects of an environmental worldview with three statements for each: the realization of limits to growth, anti – anthropocentrism, belief in the fragility of the balance of nature, rejection of human exceptionalism. Attitudes were measured with five – point, Likert type scales ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Among twelve statements, there are nine positively (pro – environmentally) narrated statements and three negatively narrated statements. Sustainable development is a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are made consistent with future as well as present needs, to overcome environmental problems. Furthermore, sustainable environment requires manpower with compatible attitudes towards the environment and sustainability. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the environmental attitudes and behaviors of university students.

The present study utilized survey method and the main tool for data collection is questionnaire. Given that the focus of the study is to assess student’ environmental attitude and behaviors, the unit of analysis in this study is university student and level of analysis is micro. With calculations of Cochran formula, 406 of 10313 students were determined in seven state universities in Mazandaran province. A Survey method was applied and data-gathering tool was questionnaire, the validity of which was achieved by applying face validity. To this end, 406 students of different universities (including Mazandaran University, Babol Industrial Noshirvani University, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences, and Babol University of Medical Sciences) were selected using stratified sampling. A total of 406 students were interviewed face to face, using questionnaire. Having examined the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the main data sets were collected and analyzed. Four hypotheses were examined. Data entry, editing and final processing was performed by SPSS software. Discussion of Results &

The results of this research showed that 53 percent of the surveyed students used public media as the main source of environmental information. Urban student’ attitudes were more favorable to the environment. Environmental attitudes and behaviors of the sample students were not different in terms of gender. There was a weak relationship between environmental attitudes and behavior. Also, environmental attitudes and behaviors were different by the family ‘environmental performance, and informational resources related with environmental attitude and behavior. In conclusion, it can be said that based on the descriptive and inferential findings while students attitudes toward the environment seem to be positive, their environmental performance is not and should be changed, if we want to achieve to a sustainable development. Therefore, in any major decision and national policy aiming at sustainable development, we should consider the factors that reinforce environmental responsible behavior. By helping students to recognize the importance of environment, we can boost the spirit of protection of the environment and increase a sense of responsibility among them.

Managers clearly understood that the most important factor in competitive advantage is organization's human resources. As a result, the attention to commitment and loyalty to the organization's human resources has increased. One of the major problems of organizations is employee's relocation, job loss, lack of interest and lack of pride in the organization, less motivation and ultimately leaving the organization. All of these have a high cost for the organization, including decrease in productivity and empowerment, and increase in cost of education, and employment, as well as the loss of organizational knowledge, which is very costly and heavy. Management commitment, could lead to beneficial outcomes such as organizational effectiveness, improved performance, reduced absenteeism, and reduced mobility. The aim of this research is to examine the structural relationship between job involvement and organizational commitment on employee's job satisfaction and performance in hotel industry in Mashhad city. This research, in terms of its purpose, is applicable and in terms of data collection is descriptive-survey research. According to research hypotheses, a conceptual model was constructed, considering the relationship between job involvement with job satisfaction and job performance. Based on this model, job involvement is measured in relationship with affective commitment, continuous commitment and emotional commitment. The populations of this research are all staff of three, four and five star hotels in Mashhad city, of whom 267 individuals were randomly selected as research sample using Cochran formula. For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used. Content validity was used to test the validity of the questionnaire. For reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used, which for organizational commitment is 89%, for job satisfaction is 91%, and for job Involvement is 84%. Discussion of Results and According to the results, every organization's most valuable asset is its human capital. This valuable capital have a direct impact on the failure or success of the organization. With hopes of developing a sense of commitment to its employees, every organization should have managers who are aware of the importance of this human capital, because individuals who are committed to the values and goals of the organization, play more active roles in the organization and are less likely to leave the organization. The results also indicate that affective commitment and normative commitment influence job satisfaction and job performance. Job involvement also influence affective commitment and normative commitment. Finally, job satisfaction and job performance are influenced by job involvement. By respecting employee's involvement in decision making and by using an appropriate incentive system, managers can increase their employee's commitment to the organization, and also improve job satisfaction and performance. Due to the high rate of mobility of workers in the hospitality industry, managers need new and diverse approaches to increase the commitment of their employees. In order to provide satisfaction and commitment to the needs of the employees, hotel management companies should be sufficiently sensitive.

In contemporary society, the mass media emphasizes the importance of physical appearance and provides unattainable standards of beauty which may lead to mental health and social problems for people, especially young women. Social physique anxiety is one of these mental disorders which can occur as the result of these social pressures. This anxiety arises when a person thinks that his or her body is evaluated negatively. Various issues may happen because of anxiety, so trying to prevent and treat anxiety is very valuable. Researchers have shown that emotional intelligence is negatively correlated with all kinds of anxiety, and strong emotional intelligence can reduce anxiety dramatically. This study tries to determine rate of social physique anxiety in young women. It also tries to determine the correlation of these disorders with emotional intelligence as one of the factors affecting mental health. Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups. People with highly developed emotional intelligence are usually self-smart - they are able to make sense of what they do, the thoughts they have, and why they feel what they feel. They also communicate effectively and are able to tune in and empathize with others. They are better at handling relationships of every kind and are more likely to be happy and fulfilled. Theorists believe that emotional intelligence is an important factor in reducing social anxiety. They argue that individuals will find ways to cope with stress by controlling their emotions. Considering the importance of emotional intelligence in explaining this type of anxiety, we want to investigate the existence and quality of the relationship between emotional intelligence and social physique anxiety. The statistical population of this study includes all undergraduate female students of Tabriz University (4515 individuals). Research Sample is chosen through Cochran Formula (367 subjects). This study is done through survey method and we used closed questionnaire for collecting the data. To measure the components of emotional intelligence we used questions that were adapted from a standard emotional intelligence questionnaire. In order to measure the social physique anxiety, we used a close-ended questionnaire in Likert scale format. Finally, we analyzed the data by SPSS software. Discussion of Results and According to the results of descriptive statistics, the mean of social physique anxiety variable is below the average and emotional intelligence mean is above the average among respondents. Other results show that emotional intelligence and its components (Self-awareness, self-controlling, social consciousness, and social skills) have a negative and significant correlation with social physique anxiety. In other words, social physique anxiety decreases by increase in self-awareness, self-control, social awareness, social skills and emotional intelligence in general. According to the regression analysis results, independent variables are able to explain 28% of the variance of social physique anxiety. Among these variables, "self- awareness" with a Beta of -0/498 and "social skills" with a Beta of -0/208 are significant factors in predicting social physique anxiety. This negative relationship between social physique anxiety and dimensions of emotional intelligence is parallel with previous studies in the literature. According to these findings, we can infer that women who have low scores in emotional intelligence, cannot resist against the fear of the significant others and are afraid of other's judgments about their appearance. Thus they experience social physique anxiety when they assume that their appearance is contrary to accepted standards of beauty.

The main purpose of all educational systems is to learn the maximum concepts of emission sources, and especially from teachers. Regarding the importance of social presence and interaction in increasing students’ learning and universities’ tendency to virtual education, the present study attempts to investigate the relationship between aforementioned variables such as social presence, interaction and students’ academic achievement. Literature review indicates that one of the big differences between online learning systems with on-campus ones are in the rate of student's social presence. The rate of social presence in virtual environments is less that face to face classes. Researchers and experts in this field are trying to decrease the gap between these two systems by increasing the interactivity level of students by using a variety of methods. The main purpose of this paper is to find differences between these two mentioned systems according to their rate of student's social presence and their interactivity. Comparing these variables according to student's demographic information and academic achievement is the other purpose of this paper. The study method is descriptive and correlational. Statistical population includes students of online courses and on-campus students at University of Isfahan in 2011-2012 academic year. Sample includes 85 online students and 150 on-campus students, who were selected randomly. For gathering data, Chih-Hsiung (2001) Social Presence Inventory and a researcher-made questionnaire were used. Data obtained from this study were analyzed by using SPSS software.Discussions of Results & The obtained results indicate that there is a significant and positive relationship between students’ interaction and their social presence in both groups. The rate of student's interaction and social presence of on-campus students is more than online course users and students in both groups prefer on-campus method rather than online one. There is only significant positive relationship between online students’ interaction with their previous academic achievement. Examination between interaction and gender show that there are differences between male and female students only with regard to educational environments. In the on-campus case, there is not a difference between girls and boys but in online environment, girls are more active than boys. Comparing students’ interactions according to academic fields indicate that there are differences between students in terms of academic disciplines: students of Executive Management and Marketing are more interactive students of Library Sciences. Overall, with regard to the results of the present study and the literature review, there are differences between students of online learning and on-campus students regarding social presence and interaction. The type and rate of the interaction is different in both groups according to demographic factors. According to results recommendations are made for policy makers and other educational planners.

Lifestyle is one of the modern concepts to which particular attention has been paid in the last century, especially after World War II. This term is the product of the modern world in which hobby choices and behaviors are considered to be based on individual choices and behaviors due to the weakening of structural variables such as social class. Young people could be considered important to study and analyze their lifestyles. They determine their social identity using a variety of factors (such as " a lot of culture consumption, much production of culture and reproduction of cultural activities" (Wyn and White, 1997: 86). On this basis, "lifestyle, consumer behaviors and choices and so on are of very high importance in life, and are considered as the basis and foundation of social identity formation" (Bourdieu, 1984 Lash & Urry, 1987 Featherstone, 1991 Giddens, 2008). Therefore, it is greatly important to study the status of social identity of youth and how to shape and redefine it in the current situation. On this basis, the present study aims at reviewing various theories about lifestyle, providing a conceptual framework, and extracting core concepts of lifestyle based on the opinions of scholars and empirical research related to the subject, and finally suggesting a typology of current lifestyles among youth in the city of Mahabad. The method used in this research is qualitative. Qualitative method is appropriate to examine the issues in which in-depth understanding of complexities, details and context of the phenomenon under study are emphasized. Lifestyle is also a complex, multi-dimensional and diverse phenomenon, which means that it has many obscure and unknown aspects, and there are many components and elements consisting of the lifestyle, which may vary among individuals. Among the various methods that can be used for qualitative research, we picked grounded theory method, which means discovery of theory from the data that are produced as a posterior on the basis of social research. Thus, unlike methods that focus primarily on the evidence of hypotheses and theoretical propositions, this approach emphasizes the generation of theory (Dunican, 2006). Field data were collected using semi-structured interviews and participant observation techniques. 25 young boys in the range of 18 to 29 years old were finally included in the sample. The sampling method is a theoretical sampling, in which the sample selection process depends on the extent to which the sample to be selected can clarify a theory and idea that it is being developed and formed, and on the extent to which it helps the moving flow. In theoretical sampling, the sample size is determined with the theoretical saturation criterion that is, whenever researcher finds that more interviews do not provide new information and insights, or data are being repeated, or nothing new is discovered, he does not continue the process of sampling and collecting data (Mohammad Pur, 2010). In this study, to obtain more complete and better results, we have considered the concept of sampling with maximum changes, due to the assumption of diverse lifestyles. Sampling with maximum changes, environments, activities, events, and informed people are deliberately chosen so that they make different and more diverse positions available to the researcher (Wimmer & Dominick, 2008). Accordingly, in-depth interviews were conducted with 28 young boys in the city of Mahabad. After the initial survey, three interviews were removed, and finally, 25 people formed our sample size.Discussion of Results and Considering the new situation and changes in the global and local levels, no doubt a phenomenon such as lifestyle has also changed, and has taken different forms and different aspects, influenced by modern processes. Meanwhile, modern processes and phenomena of technological progress and communication technologies have strongly affected the lives of young people, leading them to accept patterns from generalistic objectives. However, an approach to tackle and to some extent combat with those which make global events also exists, which is proportionally less powerful. The identity of young people in today's changing and fluid world is uncertain and greatly changeable, and the youth are often confused, with discord of opinions and actions. They both pay attention to the modern phenomena and the local identifiers. They have shaped their identity with the selection of their lifestyle elements, and give it direction in order to make them and their lifestyles different from others with different lifestyles. The distinction between these individuals is obvious, and the difference can be found in every element of their lives. Thus, lifestyle gives both identity and distinction. In addition, these people accept separate styles with presence in different types of social status. In sum, we can conclude that along with the increasing importance of lifestyle in the recent period, this problem was apparent in the youth of our study, and their lifestyle typically leads life and determines identity. The variety of lifestyles in the present era can be found in this study, and there are six lifestyles (pre-modern, modern, scientific, sports-oriented, joyful and global-local) that prove this claim. As the most active population of society, the youth are not passive, and they value their agency. They try to shape their own lifestyles, and have access to a certain lifestyle according to the social status and influence of the prevailing global trends. Choosing any lifestyle forms patterns, norms, actions, thoughts, and generally an identity in a person, and distinguishes him/her from other people who choose different lifestyles. The modern world and its identifiers and changes, the increasing cultural capital in families, plenty of access to new elements and facilities, and special attention to the youth in this process all have enormous and undeniable influences in shaping lifestyles and consequently identities that fit within them.

With the appearance of recent developments in modern culture and the globalization trend, and then technologies related to body, body management has become more important than before. The body and its management are cultural subjects related to social values and norms and if the cultural elements change in cultural globalization, the "behaviors" of humans change in this field, too. In fact, the nature of consumption and the nature of body in modern society and globalization era have made the body management behaviors such as make up, diet, aesthetic surgery, etc. are more frequent among women and have made an important social problem. In this study, a quantitative approach and measurement method was used and the necessary data was collected by using a questionnaire. Research population included the girls and women aged 18 – 65 years old, residing in Kermanshah, of whom 600 individuals were randomly selected as sample size according to Lin's Table. The method was multi-stage quota sampling method. The face validity and construct validity methods (Factor analysis technique) were used to assess the instrument's validity.Discussion of Results & According to the findings the two variables of traditional mass media and traditional lifestyle, have no meaningful relationship with body management. Perhaps it can be said that the relationship between traditional mass media and body management is not significant because the former's tools, such as national TV and radio, are directed by governmental and official organizations so they cannot ignore officially accepted cultural norms. Concerning the relationship between traditional lifestyle and body management it seems that people with traditional lifestyle use traditional mass media more so and are not therefore influenced by global messages in relation to the body. On the other hand, the study findings indicate that there is a positive and strong relationship between new informative and communicative technologies with body management. It seems that new informative and communicative mass media are effective on body management due to vast possibilities concerning make-up and fusionism. Even some satellite channels, internet sites and periodicals have been established in relation to body and its management exclusively. Other findings indicate that modern lifestyles have a positive relationship with body management. People who follow modern lifestyles welcome the modern and global measures in relation to bodily beauty because body management is one of the modern lifestyle's elements. Finally, based on multivariable regression findings the four variables of new informative and communicative technologies, modern lifestyle, friendly lifestyle and inspection, were able to explain 52.20 percent of the dependent variable's changes.

The term “modernism” which renaissance is used as its Persian equivalence was applied in 1863 first by Charles Baudelaire in the meaning of “destroying stereotypical forms” that prevent from changing thoughts and customs. Modernism in comparison with rehabilitation that is an objective process, is mostly a subjective process because it is a kind of ideology, a kind of thought that tries to displace modern instead of old because it thinks modern is better than old (Sorush 1999: 52). “Cafiyar and Vensono,” in their definition of modernism, consider individualism, subjectivism and conventionality, and customization as main elements of modern society (Tapia 2000: 107). Modernism in religion is a process that is joined with innovation and rehabilitation, detached from references such as religion and custom, and displacing material rationalism instead of divine believes in organizing current life and relying on science and technology as motor power of development. Giddens believes that confrontation with past customs is in the nature of modernism (Ghasemi et al, 2010). Although modernism detaches them, dimensions of cultural modernism include three elements including criticism, customizing believes and scientism (Ghasemi et al, 2010). Some scholars such as Shojaeezand (2006) believe that coexistence of these two items is possible if they fall short in favor of the other. In religious modernism discussion, we can observe several groups in society: religious traditionalists, who insist on their traditional believes and do not accept any criticism and idea in religious issues. But in our society, we seem to have modernists who both accept traditional laws of religion and scientism and critical bases in religion. This group accept religion and its bases by a new view. This is a circumstance that our modern society accepts. Of course it can be said that this is the same scientism and religious rationalism that our religious bases point to it again and again. And this group can be also placed in traditionalists group because science, experience and rationalism are original bases of modernism and display other aspects of its modernism by appearing rationalism and we trap into western modernism. Other group include extreme modernists that want to determine all bases of religion and tradition by rules of modernism, and sometimes lead to secularism. So modernism is not free of difficulty in the area of religion and as some researchers (e.g. Salehi 2010) showed, it is joined with social disorders. This is a survey study, performed as cross-sectional. The research statistical population include 15-40 year old citizens of Yazd. Sample size was estimated to be 384 individuals by Cochran formula and multi-step cluster sampling method was used for selecting subjects. For collecting data, a standard questionnaire about religious modernism was used. In order to determine the validity of religious modernism, content validity was used, which means that the validity and value of the scale was confirmed by experts. For measuring reliability of the scale, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used. Finally, the data was analyzed using SPSS software. Discussion and As the results show, the level of religious modernism in each of its five dimensions, is low among the youth of Yazd. Experimentalism and scientism are more popular in religious bases among the youth and elements such as humanism, and individualism are low in religion. Also religious modernism correlate with variables such as age, gender, education, employment type and well-being of the family. In particular, the younger the subjects, and higher their level of education, and higher their rank in job, the higher their tendency toward religious modernism as well. Modernism in religion area is of double significance in our society, especially in Yazd. If religious bases are reconciled by principles such as rationalism and scientism, an ideal situation may appear and we may not experience social disorders anymore, because Islam wants people to accept religious principles thoughtfully and their acceptance is not in conflict with some principles of modernism.