فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 4 (پیاپی 68، زمستان 1395)

Regarding the important role of glazing systems in the building facades as influential envelope elements, proper design and selection of glazing specifications and area ratios in each climate can reduce energy consumption in buildings, because the radiative heat transfer into the building as light and heat occur through transparent surfaces. The objective of this study is to investigate and compute the energy savings and economical evaluation of the low emissivity coated building glazing systems in comparison with clear glazing systems in two extreme climates in Iran. In this paper, the cost analysis of using these coatings is performed for Ardebil and Bandarabbas which represent two cities with cold and hot climates. The EnergyPlus simulation tool is used to simulate the annual building performance with and without low-e coated glazing systems. The cost analysis is done through the payback period (PBP) indicator which refers to the period of time required to recoup the funds expended in an investment. The drawback of PBP is that this indicator does not account the time value of money. But, in Iran, the PBP is suitable as an indicator of energy performance because the investment is provided only by the private sector and it is not owned by the government. In this case, only the lowest payback period provides incentive to save energy. The analyses show that the PBP of low-E glazing systems are affected strongly by their dependency on the climatic condition. It should be remarked that the energy carrier which is used for the selected climates are different. For Ardebil, CNG is the most common and appropriate energy source because of the high heating load and very low cooling load. Vice versa, electrical energy is used for Bandarabbas as the energy carrier for the high amount of cooling demand in this climate. In Iran, the price of CNG and electrical energy differs considerably and CNG price still remains at a very low level. In the hot climate (Bandarabbas), using double glazing unit with low-E coating significantly reduces energy consumption due to higher solar transmittance and lower solar reflectance of the low-e glazing system compared to the clear glazing system. In Ardebil, this coating has a minor impact on annual heating load. The reason originates from the great amount of thermal radiation, even in the cold season. These results have been completely described in the previous paper written by the same authors. On the other hand, by comparing the PBP of low-e glazing system in two selected cities, the results indicate a considerable payback period in Ardebil in all the orientations. So, using this type of coating in this climate does not have any economical justification. It should be metioned that this situation will have economic justification in Ardebil only when the cost of energy carrier increases. For the hot climate, the PBP has a considerable reduction comparing to Ardebil. In this climate, the lowest PBP refers to the east orientation with maximum 2.7 years for the highest price of gas.

In modern societies people spend over ninety percent of their time in indoor spaces. Children spending more time at school than any other building except at home evidences the importance of providing comfortable indoor thermal conditions in schools. Thermal comfort since has been related to productivity and wellbeing in schools has gained importance in recent years. Several studies have shown that the international comfort standards for buildings and the related prediction models report a warmer sensation than the occupants report especially in the case of naturally ventilated buildings in warm climates. Indoor Thermal comfort assessments provide valuable information for architectural design although the many parameters integrated in the process usually makes the assessments complicated. Thermal comfort in classrooms due to the specific activity levels and clothing of girl students due to regulations in Islamic countries as Iran and also limitations for adaptive behaviors is important and needs to be studied extensively. Not many research has been done in the field of thermal comfort in educational buildings especially in primary school in comparison to office buildings over the world and due to the contextual dependency of thermal comfort studies, results cannot be generalized. In this study microclimatic conditions including the air temperature, relative humidity, mean radiant temperature and air velocity were recorded with instruments following ISO7730 requirements over a school day in May2013 in two non-air conditioned classrooms with operable windows located on the north and south side of a new built primary school in Kashan, a city located in the hot and dry climate of Iran. Fanger’s indexes PMV and PPD were calculated based on the measured data every hour from 7:30 to 13:30. In addition to physical measurements, subjective assessment has been undertaken. Sixty 10-11 year old girl students were surveyed regarding their thermal sensation, overall comfort and thermal preference in the two classrooms three times by means of two questionnaires, one related to actual microclimatic conditions and one related to occupant-building interactions. The AMV and DISS indices were attained from questionnaires. In addition reactions to discomfort were observed and recorded over the class hours. Results have been compared with ISO7730 and ASHRAE 55 standards. Results indicate that the thermal conditions in the surveyed classrooms are almost unacceptable in total class hours in both of the classrooms and not within the comfort ranges provided by standards. Although the south classroom was about 1.5 ° warmer due to solar gain through windows during class hours. The difference emerged from PMV and the AMV (difference between the instrumental data and the questionnaire) highlighted the importance of thermal adaption of students in classrooms. Also the applicability of the adaptive comfort model was investigated by comparing the subjective responses derived from the survey with the equation used in the ASHRAE standard 55 and Heidar's comfort temperature equation derived from field studies in Kashan. It has been concluded that due to behavioral limitations students face for adapting with thermal conditions in classrooms architects should focus on design strategies for providing thermal comfort in classrooms.

Experts in the field of cultural heritage, in expression of these four components of the message, event, value is tied to the past and the necessity and importance of the concept of value can be said to have mentioned the pillars that form the essence of cultural heritage. Preserve the value of the preservation of historical monuments is one of the important issues in the formation of modern conservation in recent decades has been the charter. Value as one of the most important features is the protection of historical monuments and perceive it to be assigned an important position. In today's speech recognition and protection of cultural heritage value lies in the effect is of particular importance. One of the factors that determine the validity and importance of the issues associated with conservation science. Protection in development policy plays a crucial role. In general, any activity that takes time protection for valuable object or location and hence decisions about treatment and intervention is in effect pursuant to this value. Today, all successful conservation activities will seem to be able to preserve their values. But the definition of the unit of value will be very difficult due to the presence of multiple factors, This concept varies according to the environment and communities. Will follow the principle of relativity, fluid and dynamic concept that according to geographical location, credentials and experience recognized. In protection, the concept of value as an inherent feature of the monument considered and the protection of ideas in the formulation of the Charter, resolutions and international law have had a serious impact, the emphasis is on understanding the security approach. However, a comprehensive definition of the word. And it would make it difficult to identify, Can only theories and laws are distributed to the various features mentioned. Therefore, in this study, which was conducted analytical methods, To explain the concept of value based on the readings semantic components and sub-sectors in the field of protection, to review developments in the field of protection based on the value point of view, analysis and review of written declarations from the standpoint of conservation issues and considered worthy of protection was dominated by the concept of value. The effective component in explaining the value of authenticity, identity, integrity, cultural, and environmental protection were the time and type of intervention and on this basis we can say in determining value when the protective interventions in the physical health over time with respect to the integrity and the dignity inherent based on originality, expression value is done in interaction with environmental media. This concept changed the way values are expressed in terms of internal and external standards, internal standards of authenticity, identity and integrity in dealing with external criteria bed changes, the time and intervention Protection, based on the environmental characteristics of the audience, attitudes and interpretations, ideas and concepts, and the correlation between the value of the change in attitude in the field of protection of monuments impact.

Values and beliefs of a culture is embodied in its people and their lives, which now we look for this embodiment. We are seeking embodiment of “Pashtunwali” concept in castle houses “Qala” of the Pashtun ethnic, a house which its pattern, according to some, is embodiment of Afghan Pashtun culture. Pashtunwali is known the ideology and code of behaviors of the Pashtun that guides their ethnic life. For this reason, the study of concepts and content of passhtunwali is necessary for analyses of the Pashtun’s castle houses and establishing the relevance of the concept with its architectural pattern. This study aimed at describing and analyzing – the castle houses and pasthtunwali- to determine the effect of the code based on the architectural pattern of the Pashtun’s castle houses.
The study has benefited from descriptive analytical research method, the theoretical framework has been established and the content of pashtunwali has been analyzed; moreover, the comparative methods and logical reasoning were applied to the findings in terms of the theoretical framework.
According to the theoretical framework and the fact that house is made of culture, at first different models of house cultural analysis were split in two categories: analysis of culture to components and categorization of culture to consecutive and relevant layers. Then, according to the holistic research approach to culture, the cultural level formed the basis of research analyses. The model explains that culture possesses three level relationship, inner, middle, and outer levels. The values is the inner layer and the manifestations of culture such as architecture is the outer. Lifestyle and behavioral codes that are affected by the values is intermediate and path to culture crystallization that help to decrypt the relation between culture and house form.
Opposite to many researchers who consider pashtunwali as the behavioral code of the Pashtun, the conceptual and contextual analysis of pashtunwali has shown that it is a code of values. And through normative principles and concepts it is reflected in the life and architecture of the Pashtun. Study of the contextual factors of the code and analyzing it in relation to architectural pattern of the “Qala” showed the impression of the pattern from pashtunwali principles and among the principles there are concepts that have tangible impression on the physical structure of the “Qala”. The principles include independence, Melmasteya, Namus, and Seyali that are reflected in the form of behavioral patterns, internal collaboration, external competition, hospitality and protection of gold, women, and lands- creating the spatial elements and system as well as the physical form of the castle houses. Finally, the results are summarized in a table with the hidden layers and levels of pasthuwali and its relationship with “Qala” pattern are presented in a hierarchal form. The results of this study and the realities of the multi-ethnicities of the Afghan society indicate that, without considering the concept of pashtunwali, understanding and recognizing the original architectural-housing identity of the Afghans is impossible and the academic training of their architecture would be incomplete.

Identity crisis in contemporary architecture and urbanism of Iran” is an issue that in recent years, numerous articles and books have been written about it. The question that forms the configuration of this study is so: "what is the roots of identity crisis in contemporary architecture and urbanism of Iran?" To answer this question, with an interdisciplinary approach and using religious texts, a synthetic method is used (archival research method for gathering data and qualitative content analysis for analysis step and judgment of data is used).
According to the findings of this study, identity crisis in contemporary architecture and urbanism of Iran has a source beyond urbanism, and it is rooted in the challenge of genuine Islamic civilization (as a divine civilization) and contemporary civilization of the West (as an atheistic civilization). To prove this claim, numerous Quranic verses are cited which some of them are as follows: He said: 'I swear by Your Might, that I will seduce all of them. Except those among them who are your sincere worshipers. ' (Sura Sad, verses 82-83). And hold fast to the Bond of Allah, together, and do not scatter. Remember the Favor of Allah bestowed upon you when you were enemies, and how He united your hearts, so that by His Favor you became brothers. And how He saved you from the Pit of Fire when you were on the brink of it. And so Allah makes plain to you His verses, in order that you will be guided. (Sura Al-e-imran, verse 103). It is He who has sent forth His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to uplift it above every religion; no matter how many the idolaters hate it. (Sura Tawba, verse 33). (satan) said: 'My Lord, for Your perverting me, I shall make (matters) in the earth seem most fair to them and I shall pervert all, (Sura Al-Hijr, verse 39). A protection against every rebel satan; so they cannot listen to the High Assembly, for they are pelted from every side. (Sura Saaffat, verses 7-8).
With analysis of above verses, it is shown that both theistic and atheistic civilizations are authoritarian; but because of the emergence of civilizations in the world of matter and characteristics of the material world, theistic and atheistic civilizations are relative and they cannot be in absolute terms attributed to true or false. So it is briefly stated that according to the early history of Islam, atheistic views and values and foundations of a civilization does not mean that there is no learning point in that civilization. But however, contemporary architecture and urban planning of Iran should maintain its physical individuation in order to extend its Islamic identity. But today, in the contemporary Iranian buildings (such as commercial, official buildings and etc.), no noticeable difference is not observed with similar examples in western countries. It is obvious that in such circumstances, speaking of the continuation of Islamic identity in contemporary architecture and urbanism of Iran is so far from reality.

The following article is a result of a field and librarian study in recognition of the connection between school and city in Iranian Islamic architecture and tries to find the different forms of these connections by analyzing physical characteristics of schools’ space and finding their source. Decreasing of targeted engagement of students and people in modern schools in one hand, and the similarity between modern education and Iranian classical foundations about the role of social relations in education on other hand have caused this approaches and contemplation in the architecture from this view is a great step toward reviviscence of engaging joint of school and city. Thus, more than twelve structures from reputed eras of Timurid, Safavid and Qajar were chosen. Then by studying the situation of the country in the specific era, presence or absence and the location of a collective space for students and people in schools were studied. In this article which is applied and developmental, comparisons show that in the schools of that eras of Iran there were a view of connecting to city and foundation of this connection was considered. Thus, dissimilar incorporation of social space with school shows that there is not a uniform approach to all of engagements. It seems that the base of such difference should be discovered in the difference of the policies of each government. Accommodation of analysis shows three general interpretations from meaning of connection. It is best to arrange and analyze different connection qualities to clearly understand these interpretations. In this way, different kinds of educational space combination with social space in each era is explained. In schools’ structure of powerful and Sunni Timurid, social space is in median of city’s public domain and school’s private domain, in a way that separation of students’ territory from people is clearly observable. After that and with the rise of Shiite and influential government of Safavid’s schools became the place of thought exchange and improvement of national unity. In this era, while maintaining visual connection, presence of common relative spaces between social space and school increased. On the other hand, In Qajar era, the government which is afraid of riots, shows no tendency toward making a connection between scholars and students with people and budget allotment for school management is not an agendum. Thus, although there is a public control in school, connection to city becomes less clear and the connection between people and school degrades from thought exchange to an economical connection. Schools which are beside mosques (social space) are built but they act different in some parts even in entrance. This separation shows itself in the yards and other spaces too. It can be concluded from analysis that knowing the socialization of schools plays a key role in explaining the position of this space in each era and it seems assuming that “although schools’ structure of traditional Islamic eras of Iran were affected by their performance, they consequently reflect beliefs of rulers” is defendable.

This institution of endowment is the partial or total assignment or transfer of a property or real estate to certain entities, mostly for the benefit of the public. An objective and distinguished instance of endowment, which has also been investigated in our current paper, is the Naghshe Jahan Square in the city of Isfahan. As a supportive and protective measure, Shah Abbas, I (996 – 1035 A.H.) endowed some real estates to the square after its construction. Though kept preserved through various periods, deeds of endowment had their donating rulers changed, and in some cases new deeds of endowment emerged for the donation of new real estates, resulting in a diverse proprietorship structure with respect to this ensemble.
Longevity and eternity of this square has always been the main priority for which a substantial strategy has been developed from the beginning. A transient look at this ensemble reveals that endowment has played a great role in its performance and longevity. This role is so significant that nothing more than some sporadic buildings would have survived from Naghshe Jahan Square if the endowment system was not there to support and protect it.
An analytical and historical point of view to the issue of proprietorship and its types, as well as investigating the contribution made by the waqf system in the longevity of these buildings is essential for finding right answers to these questions.
The institution of endowment is the partial or total devotion or transfer of a personal property to one or more special persons for taking actions that are mostly altruistic and beneficial to the public.
Endowments have served a wide range of diverse purposes, such as protection of donated properties, hosting some religious and national ceremonies, helping the needy and sustenance of the donor's name.
A tangible instance of endowment, which is also the subject of the present study, is the Naghshejahan Square. King (Shah) Abbas, of the Safavid dynasty, endowed part of the royal properties to this compound in order to have them conserved. endowment deeds of Naghshejahan Square, though ultimately survived, but underwent some changes in the course of the history after it was built, particularly in the Qajar and Pahlavi eras and afterwards in terms of mode of application, and in some cases new endowment deeds have been issued that encompassed new properties.
Probing into the history of deeds of endowments issued from the time of its construction, prioritization of the deeds on the basis of their being principal or subsidiary, how the custodians adhered to the articles of the deeds of endowment, and the great number of endowers of the square are points under investigation in this paper. These are issues that need investigation given the importance and function of endowments in economic, social, and religious areas in the Islamic community in different eras, particularly today.
The research adopts a descriptive-analytic approach, relying particularly on the documents that exist in the relevant libraries, organizations and institutions