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هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی - سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 66، تابستان 1395)

فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 66، تابستان 1395)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/06/23
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • محمدحسین شریف زادگان، بهزاد ملک پور اصل صفحات 5-18
    تعریف مورد پذیرش همگان از انگاشت های برنامه ریزی هم چون خیر عمومی یا پایداری، ارایه نشده و تبیین این انگاشت ها در فرآیند برنامه ریزی، همواره این پرسش اساسی را مطرح می کند که آیا به راستی امکان حصول معنایی روشن در ارتباط با این انگاشت ها امکان پذیر است؟ برای بسیاری از آموزش دهنده گان و دانشجویان، پاسخ به این پرسش دشوار است. با توجه به گشودگی آرای لاکان بر عرصه ی تفسیر، می توان با بهره گیری از سویه های متنوع نظری مطرح شده از سوی او، زمینه ی لازم برای پاسخ گویی به پرسش دشوار یاد شده را فراهم نمود. لاکان با فراهم نمودن خوانش و نظریه پردازی نوین از سوژه-گی انسان و شکل گیری «من» که برمبنای آن هویت افراد به طور کلی و برنامه ریز به طور خاص شکل می گیرد، در پی یافتن پاسخ به پرسش یاد شده است. مقاله، قدرت تبیینی نظریه ی لاکان را برای درک فرآیند شکل گیری هویت برنامه ریز و چگونگی شکل-گیری ایده های اصلی برنامه ریزی به کار می گیرد و در این مسیر از مدل چهار کلام لاکان برای واکاوی آموزش برنامه ریزی استفاده خواهد کرد. اختیار دیدگاه لاکانی بیان گر آن است که چگونگی شکل دهی به آرمان من برنامه ریز در درون سیستم آموزشی منجر به ترویج مجموعه ای از ارزش ها و هنجارهای مرتبط با آرمان یاد شده و در نهایت شکل گیری هویت برنامه ریز خواهد شد.
    کلیدواژگان: برنامه ریزی، آموزش، لاکان، هویت برنامه ریز، ارباب دال
  • محمد مهدی عزیزی، فاطمه جمال آبادی صفحات 19-32
    باز تعریف تراکم ساختمانی در بافت های درونی که فرایند نوسازی را تجربه می کنند، به گونه ای است که نادیده انگاشتن عوامل فرهنگی در آن مشهود است. از بین رفتن حرائم خصوصی، ایجاد اشراف، تخریب حرائم ارتفاعی و عملکردی ابنیه و محوطه های تاریخی (به عنوان نمادهای فرهنگ در کالبد شهر)، زدودن حیات واقعه ای از اجتماعات محلی و... نمودی است از عدم وجود مدلی کارآمد برای تدوین تراکم ساختمانی که عوامل فرهنگی را به عنوان اصول پایه ای خود مد نظر قرار دهد. نوشتار حاضر با هدف تدوین مدل تعیین تراکم ساختمانی با تکیه بر ابعاد فرهنگی، سعی دارد تا با پیوند دو مفهوم فرهنگ و تراکم ساختمانی تعریفی برای باز حضور فرهنگ در شهرهای معاصر و علی الخصوص بافت های درونی فراهم آورد. از این رهیافت، پژوهش کمی حاضر، با روش تحلیلی به تبیین ارتباط بین فرهنگ و تراکم ساختمانی در سه بعد «کمی»، «کمی کیفی» و «کیفی» در دو محله از شهر تهران می پردازد. با رتبه بندی بلوک ها از نظر قابلیت متراکم سازی و ایجاد لفافه های تحدید کننده ی فضایی و معرفی «تراکم ادراک شده» در قالب پیوند فرهنگ و تراکم ساختمانی، مدلی برای تعیین تراکم ساختمانی مطلوب ارائه می شود که چهار اصل اساسی، شامل ورودی، هدف، محدودیت و خروجی را مد نظر قرار می دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: تراکم ساختمانی، محله، فرهنگ، هرم های فضایی، بافت های درونی
  • حمید ندیمی، سمیه شریف زاده صفحات 33-44
    دفترچه فرآیند به عنوان یک ابزار کمک آموزشی در کارگاه طراحی معماری، نشان دهنده مسیر اندیشه و نیز اقدامات انجام شده دانشجو در روند انجام پروژه طراحی و حاوی دست نگاره ها، نمودارها، و یادداشت های وی است. مقاله حاضر گزارشگر پژوهشی است که با هدف ارزیابی میزان اثربخشی دفترچه فرایند و راهیابی ارتقاء تاثیر آن در فرایند آموزش طراحی معماری انجام شده است. مقاله، پس از برشمردن پشتوانه های نظری دفترچه فرایند، در پرتو دو مفهوم «بار شناختی» و « طرحواره ذهنی » در روانشناسی آموزش، مستندات کاربرد دفترچه را در کارگاه طرح یک کارشناسی معماری مورد تحلیل قرار می دهد. جامعه مورد پیمایش، سه دوره از دانشجویان طرح یک دانشگاه فردوسی بودند و بازخورد آنان از طریق دو پرسشنامه باز و بسته گردآوری و بعنوان داده پژوهشی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان می دهد، اثربخشی آموزشی دفترچه فرایند به عنوان یک ابزار کمکی مفید، به رغم برخی کاستی ها، کاملا پذیرفتنی است. علاوه بر آن، در جمع بندی نهائی، راهکارهایی نیز برای تقویت فواید دفترچه و رفع کاستی های آن پیشنهاد می شود. راهکارهای پیشنهادی معطوف به آن هستند که دفترچه فرآیند نقش موثرتری در کاهش بار شناختی دانشجو و نیز تقویت توان تولید و تعمیق طرحواره های ذهنی او داشته باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: آموزش طراحی، فرآیند طراحی، دفترچه فرآیند، بار شناختی، طرحواره
  • اسفندیار زبردست، راضیه رمضانی صفحات 45-54
    به منظور دستیابی به هدف اصلی مطالعه حاضر مبنی بر شناسایی رابطه میان فقرشهری و دسترسی به خدمات شهری در شهر قزوین، رویکرد فقر قابلیتی و شاخص فقر چندبعدی، مدل حداقل فاصله برای اندازه گیری دسترسی به خدمات و محاسبات فاصله بر اساس خط مستقیم یا روش اقلیدسی مدنظر قرار گرفتند. برای تبیین چگونگی پراکنش فقر در شهر قزوین، شاخص های فقر شهری (23 شاخص) از متون نظری و تجربی مرتبط استخراج شده و پس از انجام تحلیل عاملی، در سه عامل جمعیت وابسته، محرومیت اجتماعی و محرومیت مسکن و محرومیت درآمدی خلاصه و در محیط GIS ترسیم گردیدند. نتایج حاکی از تمرکز فقر شهری در بخش های جنوب و جنوب غربی شهر است. از طرف دیگر بررسی های صورت گرفته در دسترسی به خدمات شهری از طریق روش های عینی و ذهنی (استفاده از پرسشنامه) و استفاده از تحلیل عاملی، نشان دهنده ضعف برخی از خدمات شهری در سرویس دهی به ساکنین (بویژه در پهنه های فقیر) می باشد. در نهایت با بکارگیری رگرسیون خطی، یافته های تحقیق نشان دهنده وجود رابطه نسبی معنی داری بین فقر شهری و دسترسی به خدمات شهری است، به طوری که شاخص فقر شهری با دو عامل خدمات پایه مسکن وخدمات سطح برزن همبستگی داشته و رابطه معناداری دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: فقر شهری، ترسیم فقر، دسترسی به خدمات شهری، شهر قزوین، تحلیل عاملی، رگرسیون خطی
  • محمدتقی پیربابایی، مینو قره بگلو، زهرا علی نام صفحات 55-68
    تضعیف پیوند انسان به مکان های مسکونی و کاهش هویت و پایداری ساکنین در محلات مسکونی باعث افزایش نقل و انتقال ساکنین در محیط های مسکونی شده است. در این پیوند، دلبستگی به مکان و مباحث شناختی از عوامل اصلی و مهم در غلبه بر این مشکلات و موضوع پایداری محیطی می باشد. هدف تحقیق بررسی تاثیر عوامل فردی در مطالعه فرایندمحور دلبستگی به مکان با رویکرد روان شناسی شناختی می باشد و در پی پاسخگویی به این سوال است که «عوامل فردی چگونه و به چه میزان بر مطالعه فرایندمحور دلبستگی به محله با رویکرد روان شناسی شناختی تاثیر می گذارند؟». تحقیق ترکیبی از روش کیفی (مصاحبه) و روش کمی (پرسشنامه) میباشد که به تعداد 297 نمونه در مقیاس محله (قره باغی ها) در شهر تبریز انجام گرفت. یافته های تحقیق حاکی از آن است که ویژگی های فردی سن، جنسیت، وضعیت تاهل، شغل، وضعیت مسکن، مدت سکونت، شیوه جابجایی و میزان پیاده روی رابطه معناداری با فرایند سه بعدی دلبستگی به مکان (احساس، شناخت، رفتار) دارند و میزان تحصیلات تنها متغیری است که با بعد شناخت فرایند دلبستگی رابطه معناداری برقرار نمی کند. دستاورد این تحقیق، معرفی عوامل فردی موثر بر ارتقای ابعاد عاطفی، شناختی و رفتاری فرایند دلبستگی به مکان و میزان اثرگذاری و اهمیت هریک در این فرایند، می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: فرایند دلبستگی به مکان، عوامل فردی، روانشناسی شناختی، محله، تبریز
  • مژگان ساسانی، علیرضا عینی فر، حسین ذبیحی صفحات 69-80
    فضای میانی به مثابه اتصال دهنده عرصه درون و بیرون در مسکن می باشد. تحقیق حاضر درصدد بررسی کیفیت این فضا و چگونگی تاثیر آن بر کیفیت زندگی در مجتمع های مسکونی شهر شیراز است. پرسش اساسی پژوهش این است که «کیفیت فضای میانی چه تاثیری بر شکل گیری کیفیت های انسانی- محیطی مجتمع های مسکونی دارد؟» بر همین اساس کیفیت فضای میانی همچون متغیری مستقل بر کیفیت های انسانی- محیطی به عنوان متغیری وابسته تاثیرگذار است. بر اساس ادبیات این پژوهش، متغیر وابسته شامل مفاهیم«محرمیت و قلمرو»،«هویت»،«امنیت»،«تعامل اجتماعی» می باشد. برای پاسخ به پرسش تحقیق، ابتدا با مرور سابقه موضوع، مفاهیم و نظریه های مرتبط تحلیل شد. در ادامه جهت ارزیابی الگوی نظری هفت مجتمع از میان مجتمع های مسکونی مورد بررسی انتخاب گردید و پرسشنامه های مناسب در میان آنها توزیع شد. لازم به ذکر است که روش تحقیق در این مقاله ترکیبی از مطالعه موردی با روش کمی تحلیل همبستگی است. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان می دهد کیفیت فضای میانی مجتمع بر شکل گیری کیفیت های انسانی- محیطی در مجتمع های مسکونی شهر شیراز تاثیر مستقیم دارد. به عبارتی هم زمان با بالا بودن میزان متغیر کیفیت فضای میانی، میزان متغیر وابسته بالاتر می باشد و بالعکس.
    کلیدواژگان: فضای میانی، امنیت، هویت، محرمیت و قلمرو، تعامل اجتماعی
  • محمد جواد مهدوی نژاد، منصوره طاهباز، مهناز دولت آبادی صفحات 81-92
    ضرورت بهینه سازی مصرف انرژی و تلاش برای کاهش مصرف آن، معماریمعاصر را بخصوص در کشورهای در حال توسعه به سمت استفاده از انرژی های تجدید پذیر سوق داده است. یکی از راهکارها در این زمینه، استفاده حداکثری از انرژی خورشید و روشنایی آن در طول روز می باشد. استفاده از نور روز در گستره وسیعی از شهرهای ایران از جمله شهر تهران به سبب برخورداری از ساعات آفتابی زیاد در طول سال، قابل توصیه است. این پژوهش، با تاکید بر تناسبات بهینه جهت استفاده حداکثری از نور روز در فضای داخلی، با استفاده از یک سطح بازتابنده و انتقال دهنده نور به عمق فضا برنامه ریزی شده است. سیستم رف نوری با پیشنهادی همزمان از دو ویژگی سایه اندازی در فضای مجاور پنجره و افزایش نور در عمق فضا، باعث فراهم آمدن نوری یکنواخت در فضای داخلی می شود. از این رو از نرم افزارهای شبیه سازی اکوتکت و ردینس برای بررسی نحوه عملکرد رف نوری و تناسبات آن برای شهر تهران استفاده شده است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می دهد که استفاده از سامانه های ترکیبی از طریق تلفیق رف نوری به همراه سایبان می تواند نوری یکنواخت با میانگین شدت روشنایی 300 لوکس در سطح میز دانش آموزان در کلاس درس مورد آزمایش ایجاد کند.
    کلیدواژگان: بهینه سازی، نور روز، خیرگی، روشنایی، معماری معاصر، رف نوری
  • مجتبی رضازاده اردبیلی، زهره فاضل زاده تمام صفحات 93-109
    نوع اندیشه های متفاوت که از یک شناخت عرفانی سرچشمه می گیرد، تاثیر بسیار در شکل گیری فضاهای انسان ساخت دارد. قدمگاه نیشابور به عنوان یکی از اماکن زیارتگاهی، متاثر از اندیشه های عرفانی بوده است و این مفاهیم در شکل گیری این مجموعه تاثیرگذار بوده است. در سفری که شیخ بهایی با شاه عباس صفوی در سال 1020ه.ق از اصفهان به مشهد آمده، شاه عباس دستور ساخت قدمگاه را در این محل داد و قدمگاه با طراحی وی ساخته شد. در این مقاله تلاش می شود ارتباط معماری این مجموعه با مفاهیم عرفانی بازشناسی شود. در سیر مراتب عرفان، از منازل هشت گانه ای یاد می شود که سالک با طی منازل هفت گانه تا مرتبه فنا فی الله می رسد و در مرحله هشتم، از حق به سوی خلق بر می گردد. این مقاله سعی دارد، با شناخت ویژگی های هر یک از این مراحل، ارتباط آن را با تحت تاثیر قرارگرفتن شکل گیری باغ قدمگاه با تفکر طریقت بررسی نماید. ابتدا تفکر طریقت مورد مطالعه قرار می گیرد در ادامه به شناخت و معرفی باغ قدمگاه پرداخته می شود و در گام بعدی ارتباط میان این دو حوزه بر پایه مستندات موجود مورد بررسی واقع خواهند شد. این پژوهش مبتنی بر روش تاریخی، تحلیلی، تفسیری و نیز پژوهش موردی است.
    کلیدواژگان: نیشابور، قدمگاه امام رضا (ع)، تفکر طریقت، معماری، عرفان
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  • Pages 5-18
    Traditional social science often fails when deployed to explain complex human action. In each specific social field of human endeavour¡ including planning¡ experienced actors draw on a range of conscious and unconscious performative knowledges to act with effect: the experts simply ‘know’ what to do. Some thinkers¡ suggests that to understand these complex human dispositions framing practice requires a detailed understanding of the particular¡ not the universal. Drawing on Aristotle''s intellectual virtue of phronesis¡ Also¡ planners and social scientists refers to this as a phronetic social science model. This article suggests that Lacan''s theoretical insights and conceptualizations pertaining to the split human subject¡ divided between symbolic consciousness and unconscious affect¡ can help to empower this phronetic model. The article argues that a Lacanian inspired phronetic model is particularly useful for understanding spatial planning and related urban policy discourses¡ for it provides insight as to how desire and resultant ideological fantasies shape our shared social reality and spaces of habitation in our globalized world.
    Why is it so difficult to define concisely the meaning of ‘planning’ and many of its dominant concepts—public interest¡ new urbanism¡ sustainability or smart growth—when deployed in formulating urban policy? Lacan''s discourse theory suggests an answer based on an understanding of our human subjectivity¡ a subjectivity that implicitly seeks to overlook contradiction and ambiguity in our desire to fulfill human aspirations for a harmonious and secure world. This article will use Lacanian theory to examine the beliefs of the planning profession¡ how they are shaped and then implemented in our urban environments. In particular¡ Lacan''s central theoretical premise of the Four Discourses will be explained and related to planning policy formulation. That is¡ how planners'' acquire and internalise the discipline''s diffuse sets of values¡ beliefs¡ knowledges and traditions¡ prior to then imposing them as urban policies on society.
    Can you succinctly and clearly define what planning and many of its guiding principles —such as the public good¡ sustainability¡ or even market forces— actually mean? For many of us¡ this is difficult to accomplish. Lacan provides an explanation for this challenge based on his theorizing about human subjectivity— how we acquire the identifications that constitute ourselves as planners. The article will deploy Lacan’s explanatory power for understanding how the professional identities of planners and the central ideas constituting the planning discipline are interrelated. Particularly¡ Lacan’s theoretical model of the four discourses will be used to explore planning education and how aspiring planners acquire and internalize the discipline’s often-diffuse sets of traditions¡ beliefs¡ knowledges¡ and values.
    in fact¡ This article examines Lacan’s psychoanalytically derived social theory as to its appropriateness for understanding aspects of planning practice. Lacan theorized not only about language and culture¡ but also about that which resides outside of symbolization and underlies human desire¡ to provide an understanding of human subjectivity¡ identity and motivation. We discuss how a Lacanian critical social theoretical approach could be pertinent to analysis of the complex mixture of hybrid processes – technical¡ collaborative and political – that comprise planning development assessment.
    Keywords: Planning, Lacan, planning identity, master signifier, planning education
  • Mohammad Mehdi Azizi, Fateme Jamalabadi Pages 19-32
    Planning for urban density is one of the most important problems facing contemporary urban planning at both national and universal. Urbanized world - that is changing permanently - needs an optimum extent of urban density which can consider both quantitative (efficient use of land and urban infrastructures, reducing energy consumption, etc.) and qualitative requirements (such as providing desirable neighborhood, vitality, mobility, etc.) of urban planning. Re-Defining construction density (F.A.R) in inner city neighborhoods, which are experiencing the renewal process, is in such a way that disregarding the cultural factor is obvious. Elimination of privacy of houses, destruction the functional and altitudinal territories of historical buildings and zones (as the symbols of culture in urban fabric) announce the absence of an efficient model for determining construction density which takes into account cultural factors as it is a basic principal in urban planning.
    This paper aims to define a model for determining construction density that emphasizes on cultural factors; and tries to make the pretext of re-presence of culture in inner city neighborhoods, by linking the two concepts of culture and construction density in both practical and theoretical context. Hence, this quantitative research, in a descriptive – analytical method, analyzes the relationship between culture and building density in three dimensions: quantitative aspect of construction density (as the cause of problem), quantitative – qualitative aspect of construction density (for linking the culture and F.A.R in terms of perceived density) and qualitative aspect of construction density (through the indexes which are derived from or related to culture). These analyses are accomplished in two old neighborhoods in Tehran, named Iran and Takhti. The renewal process is completely occurred in Takhti, so that it is a neighborhood with 4 to 5-storey flats frequently; while its original form has been undetached houses in 1 or 2-storey and all of the problems mentioned above are taken place in it clearly. In the other hand, Iran neighborhood is in the middle way of Takhti’s destiny. Its several historical buildings and areas are destroying; the houses type is changing to flats. Because of this, the old citizens are leaving the neighborhood and its and famous community is eliminating. Desirable and suitable F.A.R with respect to cultural factors can prevent arising more problems providing a favorite neighborhood.
    Ranking the ability of neighborhoods’ blocks for densification is undertaken via TOPSIS method - that is a technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution – then, by making spatial pyramids for each block and calculating their differences to status quo, suggests a model for determining desired construction density with especial respect to cultural factors, while it has attention to economic aspects. Statistical analysis by Microsoft Excel, spatial analysis of ArcGIS, analytical drawings in SketchUp are used besides applying AHP model for scoring the indexes and Likert Scale for quantification of qualitative measurements. Data collection is done via library data, surveying and questionnaire. At last, the model is stated in a function which is:
    Keywords: construction density, neighborhood, culture, spatial pyramids, inner city
  • Pages 33-44
    Within the domain of education, the design process is presumed by educators, as important, if not more, than the final design product. The reason lies in the fact that the very aim of design education is the enrichment of the students’ thinking processes, in their progress from given design problems to solution proposals. And more, to enable them to identify the compatible problem solving strategies for various problem types. An insightful means to that end is supposed to be the encouragement of students to orderly document their thinking processes, in what could be called a “Process Book”.
    The process book documents the progression of a project from design brief to design solution. It includes all the stages of the process from primary investigations through to design drawings and sketches, written notes, diagrams, images of 3D study models, and the final design alternatives.
    The present article introduces a research conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the process book, as well as the ways it could be enhanced, in architectural design education.
    The theoretical framework has been configured upon the assumption that application of the process book, in line with the objectives of the design studio, will facilitate the students’ design thinking processes. The effectiveness of the tool is theoretically endorsed by two theories of “cognitive load” and “schema” in educational psychology.
    The research reflects, and heavily draws upon a nine-year application of the process book in architectural design studio1 of BArch. program, at Ferdowsi University. Three groups of architecture students, who were experiencing and/or had experienced the application of the tool, participated in separate surveys. The students’ perspectives of the process book were collected in two stages, using open and closed questionnaires. The questionnaires were outlined on the basis of two research questions: 1. What are the efficiencies and deficiencies of the process book?
    2. How can the effectiveness of the tool be enhanced?
    The results of the data analysis, on the whole, supports the before mentioned assumption. To be more precise, the application of the process book, from the viewpoints of educational requirements, helpfulness and effectiveness, attained positive feedbacks from the participants. So, given the results driven from the data, it could be maintained that the process book, as a useful educational tool, is worth being recommended. It is well capable of decreasing the unnecessary cognitive load of students to the benefit of creating mental schemata from the subtleties of the design process.
    In order to enhance the effectiveness of the process book, two following deficiencies need to be resolved: 1. Limitation of easily encompassing some types of representations (3D models, digital files, and the like)
    2. Impeding arbitrary and fertile shifts of attention between various representations of design activity, despite the chronological structure of the process book.
    To solve the above deficiencies, further research undertakings should focus on devising and testing the necessary modifications in the design and structure of the process book.
    Keywords: Keywords: design education, design process, process book, cognitive load, schema
  • Esfandiar Zebardast, Raziyeh Ramezani Pages 45-54
    Exploring distribution of urban poverty in Qazvin city, accessibility to urban services in poor districts of the city, and evaluating the relationship between urban poverty and access to urban services are the purposes of the study. By reviewing urban poverty theoretical literature, the Amarita Sen (1981) definition for capability approach of poverty and multidimensional poverty index (MPI (, against the classic approaches or income poverty was addressed in the study. According to this approach, poverty is related to the accessibility of people to services which are desirable. In other words, while lack of income is not rejected as an important factor, enjoying sufficient income is not equal to be far from any deprivation for a certain individual/household. Dimensions of Urban Poverty regarding this approach are Income poverty, Health poverty, Education poverty, Tenure insecurity, Personal insecurity and Disempowerment. On the other hand, Lynch (1981(definition of accessibility is considered, which is "the ability of urban residences to have good access to activities, resources, services, information and alike". Most common accessibility measures are the well-known gravity potential formula, minimizing travel cost, covering objectives and minimum distance. In this study minimum distance model is used for measuring the accessibility, which is the distance between origin and a certain kind of services-for example a park. For distance calculations, the Euclidian distance or straight-line method is selected among other methods such as Manhattan block (distance along two sides of a right-angled triangle, the base of which is the Euclidian distance) or Network (shortest network paths). For exploring urban poverty distribution in the city of Qazvin, urban poverty indices are collected from literature review and finally 23 indices are selected, which by using factor analysis, these indices are transformed into three factors and then mapped in GIS. The three factors are named “dependent population”, “social housing deprivation” and “income deprivation”. Results show that urban poverty does not have an even distribution in the city and is mostly concentrated in south and west south of the city. Also surveys conducted in access to urban services by objective and subjective methods and factor analysis; reveal that some of urban services are not accessible for residents, especially the ones in poor areas. Objective method in here is based on drawing optimum radius for capturing function area of each urban services, applying GIS software while employing accessibility to services methods as mentioned above. Subjective method is accomplished through distributing questionnaire in poor districts of the city while the number of questionnaires and determining the districts are recognized using Neyman Allocation Method. Understanding the relationship between urban poverty and accessibility to urban services, separate linear regressions are applied in the poverty factors identified, the index of multiple deprivation (IMD) and five factors which are extracted from factor analysis of access to urban services. Using linear regression, indicates a meaningful relationship between urban poverty and accessibility to urban services, as index of multiple deprivation (IMD) correlates with “basic housing services” and “district level services” and there is a meaningful and direct relationship between them.
    Keywords: Urban Poverty, Poverty Mapping, Access to Urban Services, Qazvin City, factor analysis, Linear Regression
  • Mohammad Taghi Pirbabaei, Minou Gharehbaglou, Zahra Alinam Pages 55-68
    Human’s weakened bond to residential areas, compromised identity and stability of residents in residential areas, have resulted in higher rate of transfer. Nowadays, following the loss of importance, the texture of neighborhoods has lost its relation with in the perception of the human living in it and has confronted him with a serious crisis of identity. In this regard, place attachment and cognitive issues are among the most important factors in overcoming these problems and environmental sustainability. Place attachment is an urban space quality and yet it has a form of product-based output, it needs to pay a serious attention to stages and process of place attachment. Hence, extraction of factors involved in the formation of place attachment and applying them in future designs is a prerequisite for fulfillment of needs and realizing goals through the place. In analyzing the process, it is important to apply relevant sciences to process of human cognition and relationship between human and environment. Since as part of a broader and wider field of cognitive science, cognitive psychology deals with relationship between human intellectual processes and environment, understanding cognitive structures and new methods of research in this field will provide designers with valuable information.
    The aim of research is to investigate the effects of individual factors in process-oriented study of place attachment with a cognitive psychological approach. Research with the presupposition that each of the individual factors differently affects the realization of attachment and the effectiveness rate of each on the attachment process is discussable, seeks to answer the question: "How and to what extent the individual factors affect the process-oriented study of place attachment with a cognitive psychological approach?".
    Given that the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of individual factors on the place attachment process and in this process individual's understanding of the environment is examined, a specific neighborhood in Tabriz (The Gharebaghi's neighborhood) with purposeful sampling was chosen as the case study to minimize cultural and social variables affecting the attachment process, the constancy of local variables and focusing on the cognitive elements of individuals. Research is a combination of qualitative (interview) and quantitative (questionnaire). In order to determine the appropriate number of participants, first a pretest was performed as a pilot study on 40 residents of the neighborhood and after the estimation of variance for the initial sample (S2) at the confidence level of 95%, the number of the sample was increased to 297.
    Results indicate that individual characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, work status, housing status, stability, traffic and walk duration have a significant relationship with the three dimensions of attachment process (emotion, cognition and behavior). Education is the only variable that does not interact significantly with the cognition dimension of the attachment process. Achievement of this research is to introduce the effective individual factors on enhancement of the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions of place attachment process and effectiveness rate of each in this process.
    Keywords: Place attachment process, Individual factors, Cognitive psychology, Neighborhood, Tabriz
  • Mozhgan Sasani Pages 69-80
    One of the most important thing that inadvertence in contemporary houses is relation between indoor and outdoor space. Relation between inside the dweling and outside environment is needed to be considered for human settelment planning and design. This process occurs at logical hierarchy between inside and outside space. The coherence between them create by in-between space (IBS). Contemporary residential space of iran, has created without any relationship with street and other spaces. In fact hierarcy and Spatial continuity between indoor and outdoor have been lost when you walk from private territory to public spacees. This attitude and separating house from surrounding environment caused to remove all territories that linking city to house and in this case we cant see any evidence of IBS. This space is an important element that design, usage and it's function in residential complexes should be mention by designers. So eliminate IBS can arise many problems in residential enviroments.
    This research investigate the quality between indoor and outdoor space of residential complexes in shiraz. Foundamental question in this research is "the quality of IBS how influence human-environment concepts (HEC) in residential complexes". This research based on quality of IBS as a "independent variable" that influence HEC as a dependent variable. Literature in this research is according to describe "privacy and territority", "identity", "amenity", and "social contact" implications. These concepts represent human needs at his own environment life.
    Respond to this research question we analysis related concept and theories according to issue record. Afterward for evaluating hypothesis, seven residential complexes have choosen and appropriate questionnaire distributed among them. Samples selected through areas with more construction in compare with another restricts of shiraz and sort by IBS typology.
    It should be noted, this research is a quantity type and refers to applied research why so it's goal is casual effects of in-between space quality on "amenity" ,"privacy and territority","socialcontact", and "identity" in residential complexes of shiraz. However, result application is important for individuals that contribute in residential complexes planning.
    Method of collecting information in this research, based on experimental research treatment and is a scale factor type. It should be mentioned, data analysis have done by Spss20 and Amos20 softwares.
    First of all, informations have been coding and then transferred to computer through Spss software. Data analysis done at two part ; descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. In descriptive statistics section, by using charts ,frequency table, index such as average and standards deviation(SD), describing data done. Inferential statistics created in two part: pearson's correlational matrix have been used as a relationship between variables at first section. In Second part, for testing research hypothesis through investigating “ structural equation model and path analysis” , data transferred to Amos software and sample research proposal tested and research hypothesis studied, according to testing results.
    Research result, represent quality of residential complexes IBS, have direct influence on HEC in residential complexes. This means HEC appearance more than before when the quality of IBS increase and subsequently life aspects improve in residential complexes.
    Keywords: In, between Space (IBS), Privacy, Territority, Identity, Amenity, Social Contact
  • Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad, Mansooreh Tahbaz, Mahnaz Dolatabadi Pages 81-92
    Nowadays, energy crisis is one of the most challenging issues regarding to contemporary architecture of developing countries such as Iran. It is important to combine architecture and new technology to reduce energy consumption in educational and learning buildings those who are run in day-time period. Therefore, the architecture of educational and learning building more than other types of office buildings shifts toward adoption of renewable energy sources. The attempts to reduce the consumption of energy have led to use of renewable energy sources especially daylight. Literature review of the paper show that one of the most recommended approaches toward adoption of maximum daylight energy is to concentrate of the proportion of classroom as well as opening properties of the class, in order to maximize the use of solar energy during the day. It is very important to explain that a considerable number of Iranian cities such as Tehran enjoy a significant amounts of sunshine duration. It is to estimate the total energy provided with sunlight over a given period of a day, months or year. Sunshine hours as a climatological indicator in major parts of Iran such as Tehran, show that a considerable quantity of daylight energy is available during daytime. In other words, sunshine duration refers to level of cloudiness of a location as well as direct or indirect access to solar energy. The main goal of the research is to optimize the properties of light shelf system in general openings of south side of a sample classroom, in order to find energy efficient properties of light shelf in that sample classroom. Thus, the research is to find the most efficient properties of light shelf to collect better daylight distribution based on better uniform illumination, decrease the level of glare and normalizing the average intensity of daylight. The most important questions of the research are: 1- What are the most important characteristics of light shelf for better uniform illumination, decrease the level of glare and normalizing the average intensity of daylight? 2- How could the properties of light shelf for education and learning spaces be optimized? In order to find the answers of the research questions, cosi-experimental research strategy has been adopted as well as simulation and modelling research methods based on Readiness and Eco-Tec commercially available software. Based on experimental discussion, the results of the research show significant consequences of adoption of reflective surfaces in light shelf system. The results suggest usage of reflective surfaces to transmit light into the depth of such spaces. The suggested system not only provides the classroom with shade near the window, but also increases light penetration into the depth of the space. Therefore the optimum model shows better uniform natural illumination for the interior space of a sample classroom. The results persist on remarkable performance of using combined energy efficient lighting systems those in which light shelf runs along the canopy. The developed lighting system provides a uniform illumination with an average intensity of 300 lux which is recommended for the school classroom.
    Keywords: Daylight, Glare, Contemporary Architecture, developing countries, Light Shelf
  • Mojtaba Rezazadeh Ardebili, Zohreh Fazelzadeh Tamam Pages 93-109
    In different communities, with different cultures, traditions and beliefs, various kind of beliefs stemmed from a mystical knowledge, have a great influence on the formation of man- made space. It seems that Neyshabur Ghadamgah as one of the shrines and holy places, has been influenced by the mystical knowledge and these concepts had a great effect on the formation of the complex. Ghadamgah complex has been constructed in different periods of time. This building is a symbolic memorial. But about this construction , " in his journey in 1020 AH, Sheikh Bahai with Shah Abbas Safavid came from Isfahan to Mashhad, Shah Abbas has ordered the construction of Ghadamgah in this area and this construction has been built base on his design''. Hence, we try to reanalyze the relationship between architecture of this collection and mystical thought and concepts. The research is based on historical, analytical, and interpretive methods and in the meanwhile is a case study. Here we deal with the 8-stage hierarchy which encrypts the station of Imam Reza and his footprint. In investigation conducted in the research we came across the documents related to forecourt of Ghadamgah (the steps area). These documents helped us to study the hierarchy of the garden gate and mausoleum of Ghadamgah. We see hierarchy with forecourt signs, ascending and elevating stairs as joints, walls as limiting stands in first and third courts, tops of the entrances to meaningful places such as barrel vault parts, color, geometry, silence, manifestation of nature and water, light, dome part, and the stone bearing the footnote of Imam Reza (Peace be upon him) at eighth level as a mystery and encryption. It is believed that in the journey of the mystical staircase, there exists eight step of mysticism, by passing the seven step of mysticism, the wayfarer arrives at the stage Fate in allah destruction in god, and in the eighth stage, he goes back from the Right to the Creation.Translate from Persian
    This article tries to study the characteristics of each of these mystical stage and their effects on the formation of the Garden ghadamgah and its relationship with mystical thought. At first mystical thought is analyzed .then, ghadamgah garden is introduced and in the next step, the relationship between these fields is studied based on the present evidence. From the studies made on eighth level, one can infer that the eighth Imam is placed at the highest point of mysticism after evolutionary developing from the created to divine truth and then turning back from divine truth to the created. Considering the creative thought of the architect of Ghadamgah, Sheikh Bahai, and proving the world of ideas in Mulla Sadra point of view, it is inferred that Sheikh Bahai has designed the stone bearing the footnote of Imam Reza (Peace be upon him)for this place while he was aware of the place of eighth level. Our understanding from the mausoleum is that the seventh level is annihilation of self and the eighth level is union with divine life.
    Keywords: Neyshabur, Ghadamgah Imam Reza (AS), Mystical Thought, Architecture, Mysticism