فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 69، بهار 1396)

Land use planning in Iran has been based on traditional detailed, comprehensive plans over the last half a century. A variety of studies and evaluations on these plans have indicated a general failure and called for reforms in terms of their content and methods. Present paper aims to find and investigate the causes of the failure to implement proposed urban land use plans with the hope that the results may be usefully direct relevant reforms.
The causes of the failure have indicated in previous studies but these are closely dependent on the professional experience of the researchers and none of them were methodologically systematic. Thus, this gap is addressed in the present paper. Unlike the previous body of research, the quantitative methodology adopted here is known as ‘grounded theory’. Required data was derived from depth interviews. Snowball sampling was employed, including 14 highly informed members from among city officials, planning counselors, professors.
Thus taking the problem as a phenomenon and using grounded theory can be useful in exploration of different causes and conditions. Grounded theory emphasizes direct engagement with real life situations in order to discover what is really going on and believes in the complexity of phenomena and human activities and those humans adopt activism in face of challenges. This theory is sensitive to dynamic, unfolding nature of events and seeks to know the corresponding relations between conditions (structure), action (process) and consequences. For this dilemma as a complex, multidimensional phenomenon, employing grounded theory is more rewarding than other research methods. According to this theory, the main causes of failures in land use plans are recognized along with their relative importance.
Results revealed that some 11 different factors have been related to fail attempts directly, conveniently called causal conditions. The most important were the lack of realism and logical thinking in making plans and proposals (26.56%), unsystematic erroneous decisions and actions (14.06%), negative financial balances in municipalities and illegal profits earned from side stepping the proposed plans (14.06). Any reform in status quo must take into account these obstacles.
In order to clarify these themes divided into two parts. The first contains the problems related to urban plans procedure and content and the second related to problems of urbanization system and structure in Iran. The results indicate that totally 192 codes generate from interviews. Of this number, 69 codes (35.93%) related to plans and 123 codes (64.06%) related to system. Then, reformation and making changes in method and content of planning only couldn’t be enough.
In addition to above conditions, contextual conditions and sustain conditions are also revealed to be effective in this issue. Contextual conditions include major factors that lie outside the reach of urban administrative system. Therefore, urban administrative system may adopt two strategies: repair strategy or conformity strategy. The factors that help the existing situation remain unchanged are called sustain conditions and must be addressed seriously, otherwise, the present problems may continue and make us cope with consequences of inaction.

Metropoles as complex systems are faced with multiple areas of policy-making which are interrelated, interactive, and with mutual impacts which go beyond the traditional borders of sectoral policy-making -- usually in a top-down manner by the public sector-- and policies in one policy area would have dramatic effect in the other policy areas. This is despite the fact that, worldwide, encountering areas of policy-making within sectoral decision-making sub-systems or within the geographically secluded and disconnected administrative units has made policy-makers to encounter challenges which indicate lack of inter-organisational coordination. Indeed, the disintegrated, uncoordinated, contradictory and even competitive nature of urban policies lead to inefficiency in policy-making when handling urban problems, specifically the problems which with their varied and multiple aspects and facets, the separate and distinctive decision-makers are incapable of encountering. This situation finally ends up in the occurrence of new, recursive and unsolvable urban problems.
There is a multiplicity of local decision-makers and policy-makers at different trans-urban, urban and infra-urban levels as well as the national decision-makers and policy-makers whose decisions and policies affect Tehran, the capital of Iran. In addition stakeholders with various interests, aims, and intensions are following their own wills; specially ones in private sector (and sometimes in public sector) are trying to maximize their economic interests by speculation of land and built spaces in Tehran. Such decisions which their impacts on the public benefit of the citizens of this city are not even measured in the process of urban planning, policy-making and management are worsening the metropolitan problems of Tehran.
The main question of this paper is “which elements, phenomena and events are forming the status of policy-making in Tehran metropolitan planning and how each of these would influence the dichotomy of integration – disintegration in this metropole. Responding this question the purpose of this paper is to exploring the dichotomy of integration- disintegration of policy-making in Tehran metropolitan planning.
This paper has chosen the “qualitative research approach” and “case study research strategy” to best match the research question and purpose. Based on the research question and in the context of qualitative case study research, a tow phase process has been designed and used; in the first phase, “systematic review” of world-wide resources related to integrated policy-making in the metropolitan planning has been done. In the second phase, “semi-structures interviews” have been applied to collect the necessary information, and " thematic analysis”, has been applied to analyse the collected information and data.
The achievement of this paper describe and explore the events, relations, and interactions which explain the status of policy-making in Tehran metropolitan planning in aspect of integration, which are: not existing the collective commitment to necessity of preparing required conditions to setting up an integrated metropolitan policy making, ignoring the potential contrasts among stakeholders in Tehran decision environment by the formal policy-makers, mixing the concept of integrated policy-making with the concept of single management, and also lack of a continuous process of planning, policy-making and management in this metropole.

The relationship between sustainable architecture and vernacular architecture generally it seems self-evident. But the lack of a structured theoretical framework for it, challenges the usability of vernacular architecture for creating sustainability in contemporary architecture. It is therefore architects less inclined to use the principles of vernacular architecture suggest in their work. To achieve a theoretical framework, need to study the structural relationship between sustainable architecture and vernacular architecture. So, in order to investigating the relationship between these two architectures, it seems necessary to understand the nature of each of them separately. In this paper, we first briefly explain the concept of sustainable development. Then, the determinants of sustainable architecture in four fields (constitution, pattern, nature and people) have been identified. The fields that formed structure of architecture lordship have been searched in theories of learning theory. In doing so, the role of these factors in different theoretical points of views has been studied to explain the vernacular architecture and its theoretical structure framework came out of studied definitions, formed basics of quintuple model of theoretical approaches towards vernacular architecture: 1. Approaches based on public participation; 2. Approaches based on natural construction; 3. Approaches based on natural pattern; 4. Approaches based on absolute naturalistic view; 5. Approaches based on holistic view. In these categories, the distinctions of definitions of vernacular architecture are established through relationships of the four generators of vernacular architecture and each of them, shows that vernacular architecture has certain advantages for realization of sustainable architecture: in the approaches based on public participation, vernacular architecture, is seen viable for sustainable architecture in terms of providing appropriate technology for building community and build collaborative patterns. In the approaches based on natural construction, vernacular architecture, through its natural materials and passive methods of regulating environmental conditions, offers some models to sustainable architecture. In the natural pattern approaches, vernacular architecture, by offering proportional forms with ecology and low-density development, dampen harm to ecosystem, therefore it is an ideal model for sustainable architecture. In the absolute naturalistic approaches, vernacular architecture is seen as a result of evolutional process of ecosystem and part of nature (place of human life as natural species). So it can be used as a comprehend model in the sustainable architecture. In the holism approaches, vernacular architecture is considered as a completely natural phenomenon, a result of natural environmental capabilities and factors that is based on human partnership. It is a natural immediate byproduct and compatible with all aspects of nature. For these reasons, vernacular architecture is ideal model for sustainable architecture. Finally, an improvement project of villages in Iran (Khoor) has been described, that has been holistic in its approach. Investigation of the project shows that for fulfillment of sustainable architectural goals, 'holistic approach' should be considered in all components of architecture. In this context, local patterns of construction and vernacular participatory methods provide the best examples for contemporary application. So holistic approaches can introduce more potentials for producing of sustainable architecture in contemporary era.

Recently in many countries, there is wide acceptance of urban containment and concept of compact city to achieve sustainability. In fact density in residential environments, is used for design guidance to the aim of achieving to compactness. In terms of overall concept, density indicates on compactness of dwelling units and on the level of population. Therefore life condition of residents is in close contact with density. The experience and perception of density by people could be different at different densities and is not adequately expressed by either of density measures. The notion of perceived density is based on the fact that any environment offers cues that enable people to judge an environment’s nature, the potential for action that an environment offers, and the behavior appropriate for that environment. This paper considers the concept of density as one of the factors influencing the quality of human-environment interaction.
Social interaction and community spirit are considered essential for the sustainability of the community and social cohesion. There are contradictory claims about the relationship between high density and social interaction. Some research seems to suggest that high density promotes social interaction, other research indicates that overcrowding may have negative implications for social interaction. Some argue that higher density areas are considered more favorable to community life and social interaction within cities of developing countries than in cities of developed countries. Therefore the relationship of social interaction and density is not understood yet in the context of cities of developing countries.
This paper reports findings from recent research examining the relationship between urban design and layout and aspects of social and communal life in gated communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spatial configuration on social interaction through the mediating role of perceived density. To address this, three neighborhoods of same net residential and population density with same socioeconomic status of residents and different layouts and spatial configurations were selected for detailed investigation. Data on social interactions, social activities and perceptions of the built and social environment of the neighborhoods were collected through questionnaire surveys. For this reason 300 residents who were chosen randomly completed 4 point likert scale questionnaire. Housing layout and spatial configurations were analyzed using 3D visibility analysis methods and spatial openness index (SOI index).
Data analysis was done by applying SPSS-19 and Amos-23 software. The questionnaire which has been specifically prepared to draw people’s perception of density and social interactions had reliability. The alpha coefficient was satisfactory and confirmatory factor analysis is applied for assessment of construct validity of latent constructs. The results of path analysis showed that the effects of perceived density on social interaction, is significant (P

In this research, Yazdi Bandi Domes considers as a one of the roof ornaments in Iranian traditional Architecture that in local expression called “Karbandi”. Karbandi is a expression that refer all of the three dimension works in Architecture motifs of the roofs like “Muqarnas”, “ Rasmi Bandi” , “ Kase Sazi “ and “Yazdi Bandi “. The aim of the paper is to present a New Identification by categorizing and geometrical and structural analysis of Yazdi Bandi. The authors observed and surveyed the many cases of Yazdi bandi in different cities and monuments. Specially Historical Iranian cities like Isfahan , Yazd , Kerman and Natanz and it observed in many types of the building like Mosques , Madrassa, Bazars and others. Also it covers many historical eras from the Seljuk’s Empire in 5th century (A.H) to Qajars dynasty in 19th century. To reach the aims, first authors search for the origins of this architecture element in the primary sample of the ribbed vaults in Isfahan specially the great mosque of Isfahan. And then by categorizing the observed cases, attempts to analysis the geometry and structure specification of the Yazdi Bandi. Therefore, the existence of a determined Geometric units named “ Sine Fakhri “ is held in common in all of the cases, so it could be consider as a most significant geometric elements of Yazdi-Bandi. After survey of Yazdi Bandi cases by authors, this elements of Iranian architecture can be categorize in two types. First of them refers to kind of Yazdi Bandi that most of the geometric and structural specifications is resembles to Rasmi Bandi. This type of Yazdi bandi seems has been created by mutation of Rasmi Bandi with fragmentation of geometric units to Yazdi Banid geometry. This types of Yazdi divided in two groups. In the first group, there is no Horizonal elements in Structural form but in the second, there is a horizontal star shapes polygon that called “ Takht “. Because of horizontal shape of this elements, this types of Yazdi Bandi cannot consider as a load bearing structure. Among the cases observed, this types of Yazdi Bandi has the most redundancy between other types. This types of Yazdi can be observed in many monuments like historical houses specially in Kashan and Kerman. Also there is anothers types of Yazdi Bandi that could be observed in some historical monuments specially in Isfahan, In “ Chahar-Bagh Madrassa “ or “ Naghe Jahan square “. This types of Yazdi Bandis unlike other types, the geometric and structural specifications of them likewise construction techniques are most resemble to Muqarnas specifications. By geometric analysis and survey in drawing methods as well as two and three geometry dimensional analysis, it can be suggested that this kind of Yazdi Bandi has been created by mutation and evolution of Muqarnas specifications. The research methods of this paper consist of direct survey of case studies and also utilize of resources and documents in library

This study examined the effects of spatial configuration of the system of collective activity areas are houses. For this purpose it is necessary degree of integration and resolution of configuration and system houses as collective field activities to be monitored home. The study was based on the analysis from selected samples of 110 traditional and moder4nization of house layouts in Kuhdasht city, through adopting the theory of space syntax and its techniques (gamma analysis method).For the analysis of collective activities of Means-End model and Research Viewing lifestyle between families was used and for greater compatibility and visibility of the activities of collective areas in three neighborhoods of correspondence analysis was used. This study, interpret and identify the relationship between spatial configuration and changes in the field of collective scale through collective activities Categories, the main features of space systems and measurement and numerical data and its impact on the houses is a pattern. Socio-cultural characteristics of inhabitants, housing configuration to affect the day. The system of activities and rules governing the relations between the inhabitants will be configured. So a cultural group with genotype housing should be the same. The results show that by changing the spatial configuration, the system does not change, but inhabitants of the house with your activities to adapt their spaces. Its inhabitants and housing on the basis of the gain relationship between family structures explains the compatibility and adaptation. But the response of residents to adaptability actually to create facilities that are factor or potential in houses and through the forms and meanings to adapt space needs, behavioral and psychological humans depend. Another result of this study was that in all three types of housing, among other of individual sectors and collective sectors of home services sectors, with the highest integration and has the lowest depths of space.
This is a testament to adapt the structure of the home space with the system is of activities. This implies that the value of high integration collective space facilitates collaborative activities and social events.So that most the inhabitants relations and social media activities with guests as it happens. The continuity of the power system collective field activities, social and cultural laws Research findings showed that despite the change in the spatial configuration and remove some areas of collective spaces, the system will the continuity of activities in this field. The study suggests the absence of such relationships the continuity of system collective field activities show Correlation events with cultural and social - cultural laws so that configuration changes created space and no significant effect on the events.Inhabitants preferences of your physical adjust to changes and behaviors, values and match it to your needs. Ability of individuals to adapt to the environment, analysis of space syntax doubt, so it suggested to validate the syntax analysis the level of satisfaction to be evaluated the more. In other words, the configuration space, the spatial organization and different means of creating social - cultural, the ultimate goal of all this effort.

A psychological approach to architecture, especially ‘Characterology’, with the aim of establishing a better relationship between architecture and the human has become increasingly important. The various attitudes and different opinions of people, when faced with an architectural work, with the assumption of independence of thought, represents the being alive of thought and the difference in angles attitudes and ideologies of people. Whatever recognition of the various aspects of human existence and his architectural perspective would be obtained better and more precise, naturally, better understanding of the human needs and demands will be created. Better understanding alongside the proper implementation of architecture leads to desirable features of space in itself, and provides satisfaction to the users. Several studies with different titles including ‘participatory design’ have been carried out to improve the relationship between human and environment in recent decades, but they have not achieved the predicted success, due to the inability to accurately recognize the real needs of space users; it should be mentioned that most needs are mental and emotional and are hidden from sight in the unconscious of person. The Myers -Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) instrument is the most trusted and widely used personality assessment test in the world and it is one form of personality recognition based on Carl Gustav Jung's theory of personality. In fact, ‘personality type’ is congenital and non-acquisitive tendency in every human that determines the values, desires, thoughts and actions of each human being. In this category, there are 16 personality types based on 4 dichotomous personality preferences that can be identified as motivation factors and inner desires of human in 4 preferences including: “energy orientation” - Extraversion & Introversion-, “information gathering” - Sensing & iNtuition, “decision making” - Thinking & Feeling, and “lifestyle” - Judging & Perceiving. The MBTI, as the most prestigious categorization of personality types, can give correct and unmediated information that could be basic criteria apart, from the one-dimensional taste for designing, to predict the outcome of the project. In this study, architecture was evaluated to check that whether there is a link between personality types and selection of architectural space. For deeper investigation, two of the 16 personality types, “INTJ” - Introversion, iNtuition, Thinking, Judging and “ESFP” - Extraversion, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving -, were examined. The research method is correlation, so the relation between two variables is evaluated. The independent variable is personality type and the selections in architectural space were considered the dependent variable. Statistical analysis was performed by the Pearson test in SPSS software also the reliability of architecture questionnaire by Cronbach's alpha is done in SPSS software. The results indicate a positive correlation between each of the preferences with selections in the space, so this is the correct way to encounter space and undoubtedly the personality profile of the space user has a scientific functionality as a background of Characterological approach to guide the designer to create options that are more likely to satisfy the user.

Some experts believe that today’s Iranian architecture is not in the way of the traditional architecture. Reviewing history books and magazines shows that heritage of traditional Iranian architecture has been neglected since Qajar era. Therefore establishing a link between the present and the past is considered an important issue of Iranian contemporary architecture and it has been years that “Iranian identity in architecture” and “an architecture that is catered to Iranians’ preferences” have become critical challenges of many Iranian architects. In contemporary era, many architectural scholars recognize the establishment of a connection to the past as a way of transforming the current undesirable status of architecture, asserting that Iranian traditional architecture has implicit and explicit principles that can be realized at any time. Therefore, after when the negative aspects of this neglect were revealed, several architects began to restore the heritage in their architectural pieces and many considerable works have been created. Also in theory many scholars have thought about this issue and many meetings have been held in this topic.
In the last decades, some researches have been done with the aim of finding the contemporary architectural pieces and buildings that have tried to follow the traditional rules and criteria of Iranian architecture. This research studies some of the contemporary residential buildings in Tehran, which are designed by following this course- with the aim of identifying design approaches. Researchers referred to scholars of today architecture and experts – academicals or professional - for selecting precedents of this typology. Finally, four projects out of thirty are analyzed by using innate critique and “understanding the architecture through itself”; Because understanding the relationship between the past and the present established in architectural projects can only gained through contemplation on the works themselves.
After analyzing the projects, architectural approaches in the way of creating a connection to the past, are explained. The conclusion includes acknowledgement of contemporary architects’ attempts in order to establish a connection between the present and the traditional architecture; illustrating their success and failures.
In the end, the architectural approaches in these four houses are categorized in two main groups: Overall approaches and detailed approaches. The results show that using brick and stucco as well as the composition of volumes and masses has helped in creating an Iranian and familiar appearance. Also creating traditional spaces such as vestibule and corridor is another approach. Eventually the central courtyard – as one of the most important approaches- is defined and the results of such a decision in these cases will be assessed. It can be concluded that maybe having a central courtyard in the contemporary residential buildings is not compatible with today’s lifestyle.
This article refutes that the judgments made can be extended to any architectural projects of this typology, but the results of this research can be hypotheses for future detailed researches in this area and within the limits of contemporary architecture in Iran and countries that face similar problems - especially in the area of residential buildings.