فهرست مطالب

هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی - سال بیست و دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 72، زمستان 1396)

فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 72، زمستان 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/12/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
|
  • مقاله پژوهشی
  • محمد مهدی عزیزی*، بهاره بهرا صفحات 5-16
    از جمله اهداف اصلی پروژه های محرک توسعه، دستیابی به بازآفرینی شهری است؛ رویکردی که به عنوان یک راهبرد جامع، برای ایجاد تغییر در یک مکان با نشانه های زوال به کار می رود. تحقیق حاضر بر آن است تا با تدوین شاخص های تحرک و توسعه بافت های شهری از متون نظری و تجارب عملی، به تحلیل نقش این پروژه ها در سطح بافت تاریخی شهر یزد بپردازد. برای جامعیت این سنجش، از 27 شاخص عینی در سه پارامتر سکونتی، فعالیتی و کالبدی در برزن های نه گانه بافت مرکزی شهر استفاده گردیده است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش، تلفیقی از روش های تحلیلی، استفاده از متون معتبر جهانی مرتبط از یک سو، و تحلیل داده های ثانویه مربوط به 850 بلوک شهری در محیط نرم افزارهای تحلیل آماری و سیستم های اطلاعات جغرافیایی از سوی دیگر است. یافته های پژوهش حاضر نشان می دهد که عوامل اصلی سنجش نقش پروژه های محرک توسعه در بازآفرینی بافت مرکزی شهرها شامل شان سکونتی بافت، وضعیت کالبدی مسکن و محیط مسکونی، وضعیت فعالیتی، وضعیت اقتصادی، نوسازی کالبدی، تحرک ساخت وسازها، سرمایه گذاری دولتی و وضعیت عمومی بافت هستند. همچنین، در بافت تاریخی شهر یزد، برزن گنبدسبز به عنوان بهترین، و برزن زرتشتی ها نابسامان ترین وضعیت را در ارتباط با شاخص تلفیقی تحرک و توسعه دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: پروژه محرک توسعه، بازآفرینی شهر، بافت تاریخی، تحلیل عاملی، شهر یزد
  • مهدی رازپور، رضا خیرالدین*، عبدالهادی دانشپور صفحات 17-28
    ایجاد فضای باز در مبادلات میان مرزی غیررسمی، گسترش فضای غیررسمی توسط عوامل رسمی، مراجعه توریست خرید و انباشت سرمایه و وجود اقتصاد غیر مولد، منجر به ایجاد جاذبه بالایی برای اسکان در سکونتگاه های شهرستان بانه شده است به نحوی که نظام تولید فضا با شتاب زیادی از نظام برنامه ریزی پیشی گرفته است. هدف این پژوهش گونه شناسی جدید از نظام تولید فضای غیررسمی و بررسی نقش مدیریت رسمی در تولید فضای غیررسمی در شهرستان مرزی بانه است. این تحقیق از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش توصیفی و تحلیلی است. درراستای اهداف پژوهش، پیمایش هایی میدانی در سطح شهر و منطقه انجام شد. براساس یافته ها، نظام تولید فضای غیررسمی در شهرستان بانه از نظر مقیاس فضایی در سه سطح الف)ساخت و سازهای غیررسمی خانه های دوم در مقیاس منطقه ای، ب)پراکنده رویی و رشد روستاهای اطراف شهر، ج)گسترش محدوده های اسکان غیررسمی داخل شهر و از نظر ماهیت در دو دسته فقیر و غنی قرار گرفت. ضعف در مدیریت به هنگام، نبود برنامه منعطف و وجود عوامل و بازیگرانی که به تولید غیررسمی فضا دامن زده اند منجر به ظهور پیامدهای فضایی جدیدی در نظام تولید فضای شهرستان بانه شد. در راستای توسعه بسامان شهر و پیرامون، این عوامل باید بیش از پیش مورد توجه واقع شوند.
    کلیدواژگان: تولید فضای غیررسمی، اسکان غیررسمی، خانه دوم، مدیریت و نهادهای رسمی، سرمایه و فقر، شهرستان مرزی بانه
  • سعید گلستانی*، عیسی حجت، مهدی سعدوندی صفحات 29-44
    با نگاهی به پژوهشهای اندکی که معماری ایران را از منظر فضایی مورد مطالعه قرار داده اند با گوناگونی تعابیر به کار رفته، همچون «شفافیت، گشایش، بی مرزی، سیالیت، پیوستگی، سبکی و تداوم» روبرو می گردیم. حال آنکه به نظر می رسد؛ در بسیاری موارد، دارای هم پوشانی مفهومی هستند و این موضوع، درک مخاطبین را از مفاهیم عرضه شده دشوار می سازند.
    پژوهش حاضر پس از مروری بر آرای صاحب نظران درباره ویژگی های فضایی معماری ایران و جمع بندی مفاهیم ارایه شده، با بهره گیری از راهبرد استدلال منطقی، نشان می دهد که بخشی از مهمترین مفاهیم مرتبط با ویژگی های فضایی معماری ایران، ذیل مفهومی فراگیر با عنوان «پیوستگی فضایی»، قابل سازمان دهی هستند. در این راستا ابتدا به تبیین و ساختاربخشی به مفاهیم مورد نظر پرداخته شده است و پس از آن، با به کارگیری ابزارهای تحلیلی، این مفاهیم، بر روی نمونه های شاخصی از مساجد ایران، به آزمون گذاشته شده است.
    یافته های حاصل از این پژوهش نشانگر آن است که پس از شکل گیری مساجد چهار ایوانی در قرن پنجم، مفهوم پیوستگی فضایی، به سه شکل اصلی که با نام «پیوستگی بصری»، «پیوستگی ساختاری» و «پیوستگی ساختاری- بصری» از آنها یاد شده است؛ به طور مستمر و در روندی رو به رشد قابل رهگیری است.
    کلیدواژگان: پیوستگی فضا، شفافیت، گشایش، تداوم، مسجد
  • همایون نورایی*، نیکو ستاری صفحات 45-56
    کلان شهر اصفهان به عنوان شهری که دارای تاریخ و فرهنگ غنی است، پتانسیل میزبانی از رویدادها در مقیاس های مختلف محلی تا بین المللی را دارد. این شهر می تواند از فرصت برگزاری رویدادها برای جذب گردشگر، تحریک بازآفرینی بافت های فرسوده و توسعه ی اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی خود استفاده کند. با این حال پیش نیاز برگزاری رویدادها و درنتیجه بهره گیری از منافع آن ها، فراهم کردن زیرساخت ها و امکانات مناسب است. لذا هدف از این مقاله، تحلیل میزان رویدادمداری مناطق 15 گانه کلان-شهر اصفهان با تاکید بر زیرساخت های رویداد، می باشد. در این راستا، از روش پژوهش مختلط (ترکیب کمی و کیفی) بهره گرفته شده است و اطلاعات موردنیاز از طریق روش اسنادی و میدانی (از نوع مشاهده و پرسشنامه) تهیه شده اند. ضمن اینکه جهت تحلیل داده ها و رتبه بندی مناطق، از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) با استفاده از نرم افزار Expert Choice استفاده شده است و پس از استخراج نقشه ی رتبه بندی از نرم افزار GIS، نتایج نهایی مورد تحلیل قرارگرفته اند. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از عدم تعادل و وجود شکاف میان مناطق کلان شهر اصفهان به لحاظ برخورداری از زیرساخت های رویداد است به گونه ای که عمده ی زیرساخت ها در مناطق مرکزی و جنوبی تجمع یافته اند، امری که می تواند مانعی برای تبدیل شدن کلان شهر اصفهان به شهری رویدادمدار به صورت یکپارچه باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: رویداد، شهر رویدادمدار، فضای رویداد، زیرساخت های رویداد، کلانشهر اصفهان
  • مجید پرچمی جلال*، اسفندیار زبردست، حمید فصیحی صفحات 57-70
    شهرداری ها به عنوان مجری طرح های توسعه در سطح محلی، وظیفه ی مهمی در به سرانجام رساندن اهداف و استراتژی های آن دارند به طوری که یکی از مهم ترین وظایف آن ها، برنامه ریزی و اجرای طرح ها و پروژه هاست. مدیریت سبد پروژه رویکردی نو و برگرفته از دانش مدیریت پروژه است که برای بهره وری هرچه بهتر و موثرتر مجموعه پروژه ها و طرح ها در سازمان های پروژه محور مورد تاکید است. با توجه به اینکه از انتخاب و اولویت بندی پروژه ها به عنوان گام های اصلی انتخاب سبد پروژه یاد می شود، شناسایی ابعاد و معیارهای الزامی و ترجیحی موثر در این دو گام به عنوان مهم ترین مراحل مدیریت سبد پروژه و ارائه چارچوبی برای کاربست این معیارها لازم و ضروری به نظر می رسد. این پژوهش ازنظر هدف کاربردی و از حیث گردآوری داده ها، توصیفی – پیمایشی محسوب می شود. مطابق یافته های تحقیق، معیارهای موثر در انتخاب و مدیریت سبد پروژه های شهری را می توان در 8 بعد فنی، مالی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، زیست محیطی، ریسک، سازمانی، رقابتی دسته بندی کرد که برای انتخاب و اولویت بندی پروژه های شهری تهران، معیارهای مالی، اجتماعی و زیست محیطی بیشترین امتیاز و اهمیت را دارند. همچنین برای انتخاب سبد پروژه های شهری، الگوریتمی دوبخشی متشکل از سه فیلتر با لحاظ معیارهای الزامی انتخاب پروژه و معیارهای ترجیحی انتخاب و اولویت بندی پروژه ها قابل ارائه است.
    کلیدواژگان: سبد پروژه، مدیریت سبد پروژه، انتخاب و اولویت بندی، پروژه های شهری، مدل مفهومی
  • صمد نگین تاجی *، مجتبی انصاری، حسن علی پورمند صفحات 71-80
    طراحان در صورت استفاده موثر از رابطه انسان و مکان در خلق فضا می توانند محیط های با معنا و با هویت بیافرینند. پدیدارشناسی به دلیل داشتن قابلیت شناخت رابطه انسان و مکان می تواند به طراحان در فرآیند طراحی کمک کند. روش تحقیق این مقاله توصیفی-تحلیلی و ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات کتابخانه ای بوده است. هدف این تحقیق چگونگی استفاده از نگرش «پدیدارشناسی» در فرآیند طراحی است. پدیدارشناسی مکان دو رویکرد هستی شناسی و شناخت شناسی را در بر می گیرد، هستی شناسی بیشتر دید مکانی دارد و به دنبال معنای مکان یا زیست جهان (روح مکان) می باشد، و شناخت شناسی بیشتر نظرگاهی انسانی به موضوع دارد و به دنبال چیستی مکان یا تجربه زیسته (حس مکان) است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد در مراحل اولیه فرآیند طراحی (شناخت مسئله) از هر دو رویکرد «پدیدارشناسی مکان» می توان استفاده کرد. در این مرحله به کارگیری روح مکان به عنوان راهنمای طراحی در فرآیند طراحی هم امکان پذیر و هم الزامی می باشد؛ و از حس مکان می توان با مشارکت ذی نفعان برای ایجاد ظرفیت ارتباط موثر بین فرد و مکان در فرآیند طراحی استفاده کرد. علاوه بر این، برای آموختن از فرآیند طراحی و همچنین بهبود ارتباط طرح با کاربر واقعی، می توان رویکرد شناخت شناسی پدیدارشناسی را بکار گرفت. در این حالت، میزان موفقیت طرح در آفرینش حس مکان پس از بهره برداری مورد سنجش قرار می گیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: پدیدارشناسی، هستی شناسی، شناخت شناسی، فرآیند طراحی، روح مکان، حس مکان
  • علیرضا عینی فر، پرستو عشرتی * صفحات 81-92
    رویکرد کل نگر به نسبت فرهنگ و طبیعت به شکل گیری مفهوم منظر فرهنگی انجامیده است که در آن فرهنگ و طبیعت به گونه ای جدایی ناپذیر در هم تنیده اند. با این وجود مرزبندی بین منظرهای طبیعی و فرهنگی که از نگاه جزءنگر ریشه می گیرد همچنان وجود دارد. هدف این مقاله بررسی چالش های این مرزبندی و تدوین مدلی کل نگر برای بازشناخت و دسته بندی منظر های فرهنگی است. پرسش اصلی این است که چه مولفه هایی در تبیین نسبت فرهنگ و طبیعت در منظر فرهنگی موثرند و ارتباط منطقی میان آن ها چگونه قابل تبیین است؟ بر این اساس مدل منظرهای فرهنگی مبتنی بر سه مولفه «میزان مداخله انسان در طبیعت»، « نوع مداخله ملموس یا ناملموس» و «زمان شکل گیری و ادامه حیات منظر» تدوین شده است. این مدل نظری دسته بندی منظر فرهنگی در مقیاس های مختلف را ممکن می سازد. برای تبیین مدل پیشنهادی، منظر فرهنگی بم به صورت موردی بررسی تحلیل شده است. در این بررسی مولفه های شکل دهنده به منظر فرهنگی در دو دسته مداخلات ملموس مبتنی بر اقتصاد و سکونت و مداخلات ناملموس مبتنی بر روابط اجتماعی، بر اساس علت مداخله انسان در طبیعت شناسایی شده است. در مطالعه بم، مدل پیشنهادی در سه مقیاس خرد (خانه- باغ)، میانی (کوچه- باغ) و کلان (شهر- باغ) تبیین شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: منظر فرهنگی، طبیعت، فرهنگ، رویکرد کل نگر، منظر فرهنگی بم
  • جلیل شاعری *، محمود یعقوبی، محمد علی آبادی، رزا وکیلی نژاد صفحات 93-105
    در ساختمان های بومی از راهکارهای اقلیمی و غیر منفعل بسیاری برای ایجاد آسایش حرارتی در محیط داخلی استفاده شده است. معماری بومی شهر بوشهر نیز در پاسخ به شرایط نامطلوب آب و هوایی، موقعیت خاص فرهنگی، اجتماعی، سیاسی و اقتصادی از ویژگی ها و عناصر خاصی برخوردار است. در بسیاری موارد بهره گیری از ویژگی های این معماری و الگو برداری از آن در ساختمان های مدرن می تواند در راستای ایجاد شرایط آسایش حرارتی مطلوب واقع شود. در پژوهش حاضر ابتدا ویژگی های اقلیمی خانه های بومی بوشهر معرفی شده و سپس دو عمارت گلشن و دهدشتی جهت اندازه گیری های تجربی و بررسی رفتار حرارتی انتخاب شد. سپس با استفاده حسگرها متغیرهای محیطی شامل دما، رطوبت نسبی و سرعت جریان باد در اتاق ها و حیاط مرکزی در بازه زمانی هفت روزه در ماه های مهر و آبان اندازه گیری شد. نتایج حاصل از مقایسه متغیرهای محیطی داخلی و خارجی نشان می دهد که شرایط حرارتی محیط داخلی ساختمان ها متعادل تر و مطلوب تر از اقلیم گرم و مرطوب خارجی است. آسایش حرارتی در این عمارت های تاریخی با استفاده از روش های سرمایش خورشیدی غیرفعال و تهویه طبیعی ایجاد شده که در ماه های گرم سال نیز همزمان با ایجاد رابطه سازگار با بستر ساختمان و شیوه زندگی ، محیطی مساعد را برای زندگی ساکنین فراهم می کنند.
    کلیدواژگان: آسایش حرارتی، معماری سنتی، عمارت گلشن، عمارت دهدشتی، اقلیم گرم و مرطوب، بوشهر
|
  • Mohammad Mehdi Azizi *, Bahare Bahra Pages 5-16
    Regeneration of historical and deteriorated areas of cities has been noted in recent urban planning literature worldwide. Inefficiency is a main problem in deteriorated urban areas where the possibility of updating and spontaneous changing has disappeared. Similar to many other countries, current process of extension of urban deteriorated area in Iran indicates that problems will be complicated, if we did not apply any precautionary measures, suitable policies, planning and ation plans. In this regard, one solution has been implementation of flagship developments. One of the main objectives of flagship developments is to achieve urban regeneration goals; an approach that is used as a comprehensive strategy for applying some positive changes in one place that have signs of deterioration. It considers quality improvement, with integrated goals of economic, social and physical topics. This strategy is used in order to improve a place that is in the process of decaying and deteriorating, but advocators of flagship development have unanimity in this subject, which one zone of urban wont achieve regeneration without such projects; Because of, flagship developments caused a series of reactions that will be finished to regeneration of urban fabric. On the other hand, it is not true that we hope to achieve development in the vast area of urban just by relying on this project because many projects in all around the world could not achieve their main goal that was regenerating a decaying fabric. Historical fabric of Yazd city is one of the important historical urban fabrics of Iran that have high historical value but in recent years, is encountered with decaying process. Accordingly, the present article is to collect indicators of urban mobility and development by studying the theoretical literature and reviewing practical experiences, to study the role of flagship developments in historic fabric of Yazd city. For having a comprehensive evaluation, had used 27 objective indicators in three branches: residential, activity and physical parameters, in the nine neighborhoods of the central districts of Yazd city. The research method is a combination of analytical techniques; On the one hand the world's leading texts on the urban regeneration and flagship development have studied. On the other hand the secondary data analysis of 850 city blocks in the statistical analysis software (SPSS 21) and geographic information systems (Arc GIS) was conducted. The findings of this study show that the main factors of evaluating the role of flagship development and such projects in regenerating the inner cities fabric, includes eight factors. These factors include: residential status, the physical condition of housing and residential environment, the activity situation, the economic situation, physical renewal, construction's mobility, governmental investment and general situation of neighborhood's fabric. Then by using TOPSIS as a multi-criteria decision making technique (MCDM) the results show that in the historic fabric of the city of Yazd, Gonbadesabz neighborhood has the best situation and Zoroastrians neighborhood has the most chaotic situation in relation to the combined indicators of mobility and development.
    Keywords: Flagship development, Urban regeneration, Factor Analysis, TOPSIS, Yazd city
  • Mehdi Razpour, Reza Kheyroddin *, Abd Alhadi Daneshpour Pages 17-28
    Today, a different kind of informal space production in urban and regional scales has caused urban sprawl, increase in population and physical growth of rural settlements which are close to cities, and the growth of some corridors on a regional scale. Creating a free commercial space for informal cross-border trades, the growth of informal space by the officials and governmental authorities, high volume of trade-based tourism and the growth of capital in the urban areas in the shadow of the existing poor economy are the main reasons for the emergence of high demand for accommodation in urban and rural settlements in Baneh county. So the housing and urban sprawl has trespassed the planning system at a rapid pace. This leads to the growth of construction in the form of informal settlements. The purpose of this research is to present a new typology that describes these informal settlements and addresses the role of officials and governmental authorities in creating these informal spaces in the border town of Baneh. The research’s fondest hope is to be a practical study, and its method is descriptive-analytical. To achieve the objectives of the research, field surveys and studies have been conducted in the city and the peripheral region. On the regional scale, the location and number of second homes were identified in three corridors as macro level of informal settlements in Baneh County. The second level of informal settlements was identified by questionnaire distributed among the villages as supplementary material to the field survey. This was conducted in a buffer of a two kilometer radius from the city of Baneh. The population data of villages were collected through library researches and by referring to data provided the health center of Baneh County. The third layer of informal settlements in Baneh County was identified through field survey and documentary method to delineate the customary range of accommodation in Baneh. In doing so, also the Delphi Method was employed. The results of the present study show that the informal settlements can be classified into three layers with respect to spatial scale (informal construction of second homes in regional corridors, urban sprawl and physical growth in rural areas around the city, and the expansion of informal settlements in the city). These layers can be classified into two poles regarding their nature: the poor and the rich informal settlements. The consequences of informal cross-border economy and trade have led to the growth in activities and increase in the border residents’ income. But some setbacks such as the lack of proper and timely managements and flexible planning and the presence of factors and agents that have created informal residential spaces have led to emerging of new spatial consequences in accommodation system and the growth of the city and peripheral region of Baneh. Thus, it is pivotal that these factors and agents be considered more than ever in order to make the growth of the city and peripheral region proceed in a proper manner.
    Keywords: Informal Space Production, Informal Settlements, Second Homes, Formal institution, Management, Growth, Poverty, Baneh Border County
  • Saeid Golestani *, Isa Hojat, Mehdi Saedvandi Pages 29-44
    The genesis and development of Iranian Mosques during the history, is an ideal context to study the process of spatial changes in Iranian architecture. The turning point of the Iranian mosque progress is the transforming of simple Arabic Mosques to four-Iwan mosque in the Seljuk dynasty era at the first of the 11th century. After the time, Iranian architecture, focused on refinement and development the Iranian mosque type. Through their innovation, they succeeded to achieve a diverse and integrated spatial system. We frequently face some special terms such as transparency, expansion, fluidity, continuity and legerity, while reviewing some studies on spatial features of Iranian traditional architecture. These terms seem to be mostly overlapped in concept, which itself cause to misunderstand the differences. In the article after reviewing existing theories about spatial features of Iranian traditional architecture, through application of logical reasoning strategy, we concluded that all the terms can be organized under a pervasive concept which called as “spatial integration” in this paper. In the research to achieve a better perception of the Iranian architects approach to organize the space, first of all, we tried to organize and explain the concepts of the mentioned terms. Then, the terms were examined through analyzing a number of Iranian ancient mosques using analytic tools. The incorporation of Iwan and Dome into the simple Arabic mosques, in 11th century, led to the rupture of the open space of bedchamber, it also led to some functional conflicts for the prayers. The results obtained of this study showed that after the transition, architects to resolve problem, constantly follow the concept of spatial integration. It shall be divided to three main derivatives, visual integration, structural integration and visual-structural integration: - Visual Integration (Spatial transparency): Developing of visual connections between different spaces, through fading the mass around the spaces.
    - Structural integration (Spatial continuity): Gradual conversion of a space to another space or Walking inside the spaces without facing any barrier.
    -Visual-structural integration (Expansion): Retreating of walls and creating new spaces around a spatial core, full fading of spatial borders and maximum combination two spaces.
    The paper also demonstrates despite of some viewpoints, the progress of Iranian traditional architecture never stopped in the different historical periods. In this way, spatial creativity during the Qajar period, at the end of tradition, situated in higher level compare to the past. This study also showed that how architectures can access a continuous and integrated space by innovating new spatial combinations.
    Keywords: Spatial integration, transparency, Expansion, Continuity, Iranian mosque
  • Homayoon Nooraie *, Nikoo Sattari Pages 45-56
    The metropolis of Isfahan, as a city with rich history and culture, has the potential to host events on a variety of local to international levels. The city could use the opportunity to hold events to attract tourists, stimulate the regeneration of decayed areas, and develop in economic, social and cultural dimensions. However, the prerequisite for holding events and, consequently, benefiting from them, is to provide adequate infrastructure and facilities. Therefore, in this paper after literature review in theoretical and practical part, 23 criteria with regard to infrastructure of the event extract. Then by classifying the above mentioned criteria, the 15 regions of Isfahan metropolis have been ranked and analyzed in terms of having the mentioned infrastructures. This research is in the category of applied studies and is mixed research paradigm (mixture or combination of quantitative and qualitative methods). The required information is obtained from the documentary method by referring to the statistics and government documents and also surveying (observation and questionnaire type). For analyzing the data and ranking the regions, AHP method with Expert Choice software has been used. After extracting the rating map from GIS software, the final results have been analyzed. The results indicate that there is a gap between the metropolitan areas of Isfahan in terms of having the infrastructure of the event, so that most of the infrastructure has accumulated in the central regions, which can be an obstacle for the emergence of the metropolis of Isfahan to the eventful city. In addition, it was also revealed that regions 2, 9, 11, 14 and 15 are in a very bad position and require special attention and placement in the first priority of planning. Regions 7, 10, 12 and 13 are in short supply, are considered as deprived areas and are planned in the second priority. The 4th and 8th areas in the semi-privileged group have a relatively favorable situation and are planned in the third priority. Regions 1, 5 and 6, which are at the optimal level in terms of having the infrastructure of the event, are in the fourth priority, and in the end, region 3 is with a high degree of status, so is more favorable than other regions and is scheduled in the fifth priority. It is worth mentioning that, in general, Iran is not able to comply with the protocol set by the owners of cloud-based events, and therefore hosting large events in the present situation of Iranian society seems impossible. So paying attention to smaller events at the national and local levels and providing the necessary infrastructure for them can provide a suitable field for hosting larger events in the future. It was also revealed that the metropolis of Isfahan needs a special and comprehensive attention to qualitative and quantitative infrastructure development in order to become an eventful city. To this end, provides suggestions for eliminating the exclusion of Isfahan areas from the infrastructure of the event and prioritizing them.
    Keywords: Event, Eventful City, Event space, Event Infrastructure, Isfahan
  • Majid Parchami Jalal *, Esfandyar Zebardast, Hanid Fasihi Pages 57-70
    Municipalities play a crucial role in achieving strategic goals at the local levels. As a matter of fact one of their most important duties is to plan and implement urban programs and projects. Generally, it can be seen that the lack of integration management in projects leads to some problems such as overlapping of the projects, different conflicts, reselecting similar projects to the former unsuccessful ones, extending activity domain unconsciously, selecting further projects that cannot be afforded And etc. Portfolio management as a new approach, offers new opportunity to manage programs, projects and operations concentrated and integrally, for reaching strategic goals. Selecting and prioritizing are two main steps in portfolio projects management process. The goal of this research is to identify indexes and sub-indexes in urban projects in order to select and prioritize Tehran municipality’s urban projects through presenting a conceptual model and offers an optimum projects portfolio.
    This study, is practical in term of the goal, and descriptive - survey in terms of data collection. Reviewing documents, interview and questionnaire can be named as its data collection tool. We use snowball method in order to determine the sampling society. Targeted sampling were done in the questionnaire step and 30 experts and senior managers of municipalities were chosen to respond to the questionnaire. In order to analyze the interviews, we used coding method and non-parametric statistical method for questioner analysis. To analyze the questionnaires we used non parametric statistical methods. In order to prove the questioners reliability, Cronbach's alpha method were used.
    According to the results we could categorize indexes into eight groups which include technical, risk, financial, economic, social-cultural, environmental, organizational-political and competitiveness. Moreover we found 39 sub-indexes. Meanwhile technical, finance, social indexes are playing a crucial role in this research because they support 26 sub-indexes. Also, we suggest a conceptual model for Tehran portfolio project management which can optimize urban portfolio projects by 3 filters such as obligatory indexes, selecting indexes and prioritizing indexes. That obligatory index includes 1-support plans and visions 2-support city council policies and budget programs 3-cheacked other organizations projects in order to avoid redundant projects 4- endorse mega projects by urbanism and transportation division 5- the projects that should be supported by initial condition such as location, technical, cultural, social, passive defense, environmental and economic factors 6- technical report details.
    Second filter includes 31 sub-indexes but the most important sub-index induces 1-aligning with people needs and wills 2-protecting environment 3-cost of the project 4-facilitating financial project 5-mental and physical citizen health impact 6- spatial justice and distribution of projects location 7-expert experience, knowledge and skills in organization 8- up taking investment and creating employment 9- functional scale of project
    In the last filter, we found 34 sub-indexes among current and new project. we considered: 1- The required credit for project’s completion 2- aligning with citizens’ needs and wills 3- facilitating financial project 4-percetage of progress 5-risk (technical risk, management risk, legal risk, financial risk, external environment risk.
    Keywords: Project portfolio, portfolio management, selecting, prioritizing, urban project, Conceptual Model
  • Samad Negintaji *, Mojtaba Ansari, Hassanali Pourmand Pages 71-80
    Today, due to the lack of the effective use of the relationship between human and place in the creation of space, man - made environments have no meaning and identity. However the first priority of designers is to recognise and understand the environment, the relationship of human and place, and it,s application to design. Because of its ability to percept the relationship between human, environment, space and place; Phenomenology can help designers. In this paper, descriptive - analytic research method has been used. There are two approaches of ontology and epistemology in the phenomenology of place. Ontological approach has largely a spatial viewpoint and searches the meaning of the place which has been defined as the spirit of place in the architecture or Life - World. The spirit of place is created by the relationship between things and gives a special sense or character to the environment and is mostly in the field of concrete dimensions. But the epistemological approach has mostly a humanistic point of view to the subject and wants to find what the place is or Lived experience. By the study of the experience structure, they suppose that the sense of place is effective for the perception of the environment. The sense of place needs directly human and human experience to exist. In addition, it is formed as a continuous cycle in which firstly, place identity (to be recognized), then belonging to the place (desired characteristics) and finally, attachment to the place (to be attached) are formed. The sense of place involves a route from the objective field to the subjective Which controls the harder it is for designers. The results of the research indicate that the use of a phenomenological approach in the architecture necessitates the use of both phenomenological approaches to the place, namely acceptance of the origin of "life-world" with social and cultural domain as well as the "lived experience" of people. In this route, formation of a place sense starts with the perception of the life-world characters (spirit of place) and ends with the attachment to place. Spirit of place exists wherever, and is formed by a combination of "space", "order" and "time", so the spirit of place cannot be created by the design. But it is both required and possible to use the spirit of place as a guide to design process in the architecture. However, regarding the use of the sense of place in the architectural design; since the sense of place results from the interaction between the human and the built environment and it is added to the architecture over time, then it cannot be established at the design stage, but with the participation of stakeholders and users in the process of design and architecture based on their beliefs and values; the capacity to create a sense of place can be increased. In addition to we can use design process evaluating by the sense of place for measuring the effectness of the design.
    Keywords: phenomenology, ontology, epistemology, design of process, spirit of place, sense of place
  • Alireza Einifar, Parastoo Eshrati * Pages 81-92
    The concept of cultural landscape, as the product of the interaction between culture and micro-ecosystem over the passage of time, have been formed with the aim of bridging the gap between the concept of culture and nature in modern atomistic perspective and re-linking these two concepts in an approach called "holistic" in this paper. Over the passage of time, this concept attracted the special attention of conservation organizations as a form of human cultural heritage. However, the boundaries between the natural and cultural landscapes deriving from atomistic viewpoint still exists. The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenges of making these boundaries and develop a holistic model for recognition and classification of cultural landscapes based on the proportion of culture and nature of cultural landscapes. The key question is what elements are included in the explanation of culture and nature proportion in cultural landscape and how the logical relationships between them can be explained. Given the general approach of the paper that is making theory and analytical model, the qualitative research method is used; and case study is applied in order to explain the model resulted from qualitative analysis. In this paper, an analytical model is presented in order to recognize and classify cultural landscapes based on the proportion of culture and nature. This model suggests that the recognition of a cultural landscape is subject to the identification of three main factors shaping each cultural landscape, including “the human intervention in nature”, “the type of this intervention regarding being tangible or intangible”, and “the time of formation and existence continuity of that landscape”. Comprehensive coverage of the different types of cultural landscapes and identification of the main factors shaping each cultural landscape; as well as solving the problem of demarcation of cultural and natural landscapes can be mentioned as the results of this analytical model.
    Following that, using the proposed model, the interaction of man and nature in the urban landscape of Bam in three scales of small (garden-house), medium (garden-alley), and large (garden- city) are identified and analyzed. Secondary outcome is revealing the importance of “the cause of interventions” in identification of cultural landscapes; so that the main interventions shaping the cultural landscape of Bam are divided into three groups of tangible interventions based on economy, housing and social relations. The cause of interventions, in addition to helping Bam Cultural Landscape recognition, reveals the importance of economy in the formation and continuity of cultural landscape, and defines the type and extent of man's relationship with nature and social relations of the city residents. This importance is such that the sustainability of life in the city of Bam without the balance of economic cycle based on horticulture and cultivation of palm trees seems impossible. By explaining the proposed analytical model of this research in “Bam Cultural Landscape”, the efficiency of the model holism in covering the identification and analysis of cultural landscapes in different contexts and scales can be concluded.
    Keywords: Cultural Landscape, Nature, Culture, Holistic Approach, Bam Cultural Landscape
  • Jalil Shaeri *, Mahmood Yaghoobi, Mohammad Aliabadi, Roza Vakilinazhad Pages 93-105
    Today, considerable amount of energy is spent for heating and cooling indoor environments to provide thermal comfort for the building's residents. Availability of modern heating and cooling systems caused to pay no attention to non-active solutions in the modern architecture .Greenhouse gas emissions and global warming in recent years and high energy consumption in the residential sector caused more attention to be paid on climatic strategies and more effort is made to use such strategies in local and traditional architecture in modern buildings. Building and climatic strategies used in local and traditional buildings for so many years based on trial and error and these experiences are going to be forgotten. The most traditional buildings in hot and dry climates have been comfortable for residences passively compared to modern buildings and consumed less energy for air conditioning. Located in southern part of Iran, Bushehr with hot and humid climate has a spectacular vernacular architecture. It has many creative architectural aspects applied in order to reduce high air temperature and humidity. These features use two main strategies to moderate the harsh weather condition: shading and natural ventilation. This article aims to identify the effects of thermal passive strategies and features used in vernacular architecture of Bushehr through experimental study. As so in the first step, thermally passive features and elements were described. Second two case studies were selected for experimental data study, one in the coastal area and another inside the city context. The main climate variables including air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were recorded in a week from 27th September to 27th October. The sensor data loggers were installed in different spaces in the case studied buildings. Based on the results the average indoor air temperature in case studies is 6% less compared to outdoor temperature. While relative humidity is about 18% less than outdoor relative humidity, indoor wind velocity is in thermal comfort zone. The results show that the main passive features used to provide indoor thermal comfort are natural ventilation and shading and the techniques are as follow: a) Catching desired wind flow from sea. b) Use of light color on exterior building envelops. c) Application of materials with low thermal capacity, such as wood in ceiling, windows and shading devices. d) Application of porous local materials (coral stone and gypsum) to prevent humidity absorption in building envelops. e) Design of deep veranda, and shading elements and semi-open spaces called “Tarmeh” to make cool shading spaces. f) Use of central courtyard to make microclimates with lower air temperature and humidity. g) Room arrangement around a central courtyard to provide natural cross ventilation transferring wind flow from alleys to rooms. h) Considerably high height to width ratio of alleys helping to increase wind flow speed and shade building exterior walls. The lessons learned from Bushehr vernacular architecture can be used to define guidelines for new building design in hot and humid climate which leads to reduction in energy consumption and sustainable architecture.
    Keywords: Thermal comfort, Traditional architecture, Gloshan's house, Dehdashti's house, Hot, humid climate, Bushehr