فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
سال هفتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1394)

There are15 species of frogs and toads belonging to 8 genera and 5 families and 7 salamander species belonging to four genera and two families in Iran. This study was conducted on the Pelophylax ridibundus, is known as the Marsh frog. Specimens belonging to the Roudbar city (Guilan province) and collected by hand and net from April to November in 2013 and 23 morphometrical and some morphological characters were studied in the laboratory. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 21), and T-test analysis. To evaluate the diet, specimens were dissected after being anesthetized and all the contents of its stomach fixed in 75% alcohol and animals that were not fully digested were initial identification. The results of 65 specimens (42 females, 7 males and 16 juveniles) showed that this species has a dorsal surface to olive green in color with separate dark spots that spots are rarely in the hands. Ventral surface is white and contains several black spots that these spots are seen only in some specimens and indicating the presence of polymorphisms in the studied specimens. It was identified a number of aquatic snails, grasshoppers, spiders, beetles, ladybird, bees and ants in the contents of the stomach and intestine of this species and were identified at the family level. Males have resonators in posterior end of the mouth and on the posterior part of the tympanic membrane and callosity on the first finger. The most frequency body length (L), (61.31%) at a distance of 70-60 mm in males and of females (52.17 %) at a distance of 50-40 mm. The sex ratio of male to female was 1 to 6 in this study. It was observed significant difference in L.tym (length of tympanum) and C.int (internal metatarsal tubercle) between sexes in the level of 0.05 and did not find significant difference in the other characters.

We developed predictive habitat models for Urial (Ovis orientalis arkal) population in the Dareh Anjir Wildlife Refuge in Yazd province, using one Geographic Information System modeling technique, Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA). For this purpose, we used presence-only data to predict the suitability of habitat for Urial and 25 environment layers were used to the model as independent variables. According to the modeling, four habitat patches were identified in this area. Among of the nine habitat variables used in this study, variables of altitude, slope, vegetation type, distance from the roads, and distance from predator had the greatest plays for habitat suitability of Urial in this area, and the variable of distance from village had less effect than other variables. Urial in the study area did not prefer any particular direction and had distributed in all directions. Generally, on the base of the modeling, about 30% of the wildlife refuges were suitable for the Urial.

Considering the reduction of populations of carnivores such as leopard and cheetah in most habitats of Iran, wolves are becoming key species of many habitats as predators. Habitat evaluation leads to understanding the relation between habitat variables and species presence. These results could benefit management plans. In this research, we studied effective habitat variables affecting the habitat selection of Grey wolf (Canis lupus) using MaxEnt method based on species presence data in Khangormaz Protected Area in Hamedan province. Was record in this study 40 Presence point. Habitat variables including elevation, slope, vegetation, distance to village and livestock, distance to road and distance to water were studied. Calculated correlations between factors were using SPSS software. Distance to village was the most important variable with percent contribution of 42.2%. Other important variables were distance to livestock and poultry farming, distance to road and slope. According to the habitat suitability map and the tables of important factors, our results suggest that wolves prefer habitats near villages, livestock, and area near the roads with medium slope.

The ecology characteristics of species and habitat variables is one of the main pillars of species protection and forest.Tropical forests are deterioration rapidaly through deforestion and habitat fragmentation, which are major causes of biodiversity loss. Birds and environmental variables, including litter depth, the number of trees with dbh (0-20, 20-50, 50-100 and 100-300 cm), canopy cover trees, humidity, the number of snags, the number of logs litter cover, rocks cover, temperature, vegetation cover were studied using distance sampling method within 25 and 5 m radius of each of 74 sampling points during two seasons (autum and spring) in Hyrcanian forests.The Interactive variables significant was calculated by Minitab 15.0 software.The Results showed that habitat variables include, the number of trees with dbh (20-50, 50-100 and 100-300 cm), canopy cover trees were the most important variables affecting the presence of birds especially, Red-breasted Flycatcher, Great Tit, Blue Tit and Nuthatch in the study area. The results of this study indicated the importance of forest and patches for conserving and enhancing of avian.

The purpose of this study was investigate the overwintering Scolopacidae population in the two regions Hara Protected Area (HPA) and Haray Tiab and Minab (Kolahy, Hasan langhi and tiab Estuaries) in the Hormozgan Provence between 2007 and 2012, respectively. According to the results of a 6-year period, A total of 22 species from Scolopacidae have overwintering in the study Areas Which the number of species observed in the HPA and Kolahy, Hasan langhi, and tiab Estuaries was 20,20,17,19 species. Among the species identified from the Scolopacidae In the period that was studied, Two species Dunlin(Calidris alpina) and Eurasian Curlew(Numenius arquata) Respectively 41/08 and 17/26 percent of total observations, were The most abundant species. According to the findings of this study the most observed population was related to HPA(37054 Bird) And the lowest was in the kolahy eustary (5949Bird). Evaluation of biodiversity index and diversity graph sorting by Renyi method showed Hassan langhi estuary with species diversity indices Shannon-Wiener’s(2/18) and Simpson’d(7/14), And The values for Species Abundance(17) and indexes of the evenness Pielou J (0/69)and McIntosh E(0/82)compared to Other areas the has higher biodiversity (P<0/05) And been able to provide the suitable habitat for Scolopacidae. On the other, Analysis of Similarity Percentages(SIMPER) for Hara protected area and Kolahy, Hasan langhi and tiab Estuaries in Ordering was %61/11, %55/89, %46/20 and%63/75. Analysis of Similarity(ANOSIM) Indicated that between HPA and and Kolahy, Hasan langhi and tiab Estuaries And Also Between Hasan langhi estuary And Kolahi estuary There is significant difference between the relative similarity of the total observations (P<0/05). Distribution of the of species in the HPA and tow estuary of Kolahi and tiab from Logarithmic series distribution model and in Hasan langhi estuary from Broken stick model were subordination.

Diabetic patients normally show reduction in the memory which are caused by impaired glucose metabolism. It is believed that biological chromium supplements may reduce insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes that improves memory of patients. Organic chromium can be produced and enriched in yeast cells. According to some studies iron not only plays an important role in Myelin and neurotransmitter production but also have some effects on organic chrome absorbance in body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of iron and chromium enriched yeast on memory of induced diabetic rats. In this study, the diabetes induced in 49 adult male Wistar rats in the weight range 200 ± 30 gr with an intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Organic Chrome was created by enriching of chromium in yeast cells which subsequently was fed in various doses to the Rates by dissolving a certain amounts in the food of rats. The experiments were assigned to 4 weeks in which at the end of experiments the weight of the mice compared to control groups. Memory enhancement test was provided using eight-arm radial Maze. The results based on the weight and memory test on samples revealed that the combination of the biological chromium and iron in the treatment of diabetes can improve memory diabetic mice under the effective control of diabetes treatments as compared to (0/05>p).

The Purpose of this experiment is to test The Accumulate Effects of glandless cottonseed meals with multi-enzyme supplementation on performance and haematological parameters of broiler chickens. This experiment was done in a six week period using 270 broiler chicks, (one day old from ROSS 308 stock) on a completely randomize design experiment with 6 treatments consisting of 3 replications and 15 chicks per pen. treatments were control (without cottonseed meal), cottonseed meal(CSM)with Gossypol, CSM with Gossypol plus ferrous sulphate(Feso4.7H2o), CSM with Gossypol plus ferrous sulphate and multi-enzyme(Rovabio Excel) glandless cottonseed meal, glandless cottonseed meal plus multi-enzyme. Cottonseed meal was used in 30% level in experimental treatments. Results of this study showed that glandless cottonseed meal in diet, caused to increased broiler's performance in comparison with other Cottonseed meal with Gossypol containing treatments(P<0.05). Supplementing glandless cottonseed meal with multi-enzyme has not any positive effect on broiler's performance. About carcass characteristics, supplementing of cottonseed meal with Gossypol by ferrous caused to increasing carcass percentage in comparison with other Cottonseed meal and glandless cottonseed meal containing treatments (P<0.05), but breasts percentage and thighs, neck, wings, liver, spleen, intestine length among treatments did not show significant differences(P>0.05). Relative weight of the gizzard in treatments taken cottonseed meal with Gossypol has significant difference with the control group(P<0.05). the number of red blood cells, platelets, hematocrit percentage, lymphocytes and neutrophils among treatments did not show significant differences (P>0.05). the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and haemoglobin in Cottonseed meal with Gossypol in comparison with other containing treatments did show significant differences(P<0.05). The results of this study showed that the use of free gossypol cottonseed meal in broiler diets can be a substitute for soybean meal.

The Ark clam, Barbatia decussata (Bivalvia: Arcidae) is a member of intertidal communities occurring at rocky shores in the northern Persian Gulf. B. decussata is a permanent resident at the shaded side of the rocky substrates, attached by byssus threads. Distribution, density, shell length and weight parameters of this clam were explored in four sub area including Kohien, Hosseinabbad, Lengeh and Bostaneh from August 2011 to September 2012 (14 months) by monthly sampling on rocky intertidal shores in the northern Persian Gulf. The results showed that the Ark clam mostly occurred in the middle followed by lower intertidal zones and its random distribution was associated with substrate morphology mostly occurring on shaded sides of boulders and cobbles followed by in crevices. Mean density was estimated 8.4±2.1 (individuals per m2) in the study area. Although Mean density was not different between mid and low shore but it was significantly different among pairwise locations with exception of Bostaneh and Hosseinabbad. The mean shell length was significantly lower in mid shore (24.36mm) than low shore (30.13). Also the mean ash free dry weight (AFDW) in mid shore was significantly lower in mid shore (0.18g) than low shore (0.39g). Ashe free dry weight for this clam increases allometrically with shell length in mid shore (b= 2.79) and low shore (b=3) respectively.

This study has been applied within a one-year period 1391-1392 (2012-13) with the objective of habitat classification and determination of coastal-marine biotypes in Hengam Island based on CMECS ecological standard model. Members of echinoderms branch are assumed as the well-known and most frequent marine invertebrates and are considerably important. In the primary examinations, 8 stations were selected non-randomly based on geomorphologic characteristics and exclusive habitats that were easily accessible. The sampling was performed seasonally and in full ebb condition or best state of ebb. Each station was examined completely as coastal survey. The samples collected from stations after stabilization in alcohol 70%, were transferred to environment laboratory of Bandar Abbas. The samples were identified based on scientific resources and valid identification keys. Accordingly, altogether 10 echinoderm species belonging to 6 types and 6 families were identified including 5 species of sea cucumbers, 3 species of echinoidea, 1 species of brittle stars and 1 species of sea star. Frequency of echinoderms population in western half of island is lower than eastern half due to bed type, high slope and waves action. Out of echinoderms, Echinometra mathaei species; Holothuria leucospilota species out of sea cucumbers; Ophiocoma scolopendriana species out of brittle stars and Linckia multiflora species out of sea star had permanently present in the studied zone and introduced as exclusive species of island. The results present research to introduce greater potential is effective Persian Gulf waters.

Caspian Sea in Iran, particularly in the study of habitat as one of the most important water resources in the country and the largest brackish lake is of remarkable importance. The purpose of this research is to better understand the research community Khzrmy Myvbntyk Sea Ostracoda as environmental indicators suitable for assessing the environmental context are used. Geographical location between the coastal city of Nor to NOSHAHR is studied. This study sampled in two seasons (winter 1390 and spring 1391) along four transects, each with 4 stations (at depths of 20 and 5,10,15 mm) was performed using grab Van Vienna. Physical and chemical factors in the water near the seabed, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and electrical conductivity were measured during sampling, sediment and other geological studies were conducted in a laboratory setting. Based on studies of the sediments in the area consist of fine sand, very fine sand, silt and clay were determined. Among the environmental factors, significant positive correlation between the abundance of Ostracoda with the amount of electrical conductivity of organic materials and Jude Law (P<0/05). In this study, Ostracoda 9 species belonging to 7 genera of 7 families were identified

In this study, some environmental parameters including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, mean water velocity, water transparency and weather as environmental influencing factors on migration of Caspiomyzon wagneri into Shirud River was investigated in spring and fall 2011. The estimated number of migratory fishes in the river through observation of the fishway. Results showed that in spring, the migration period started in 9 February untill 1 May, and in fall, 26 September untill 23 October. Migration peak occurred on 28 February and 16 October on spring and fall seasons, respectively. The maximum rate of migration occurred at night in semi-cloudy weather but the minimum amount of it, was in the morning. pH range changed 8.2-8.5 and decrease to 7.5 when it was snowy. In spring, the temperature range changed from 7.8 to 21°C and migrate peak was conducted at 10.8°C but in fall, this range was between 19.8-24°C and the peak migration was observed at 21.3°C. The migration time and cloudy weather were known as significantly effective parameters in the reproductive migration of Caspian Lamprey.

Checking and analysis of hematological and biochemical blood serum contains, electrolytes and non-electrolytes is one of the main ways in which the diagnosis in marine that several factors can change it. In this study 30 spotted catsharks, with similar characteristics of both sexes were caught from the Darvish estuary, northern of Persian Gulf. After blood collection staining, smeer prepration and separation of serum, biochemical parameters, including glucose, cholesterol, albumin, total protein, urea, cortisol, creatinine and triglycerides were measured by auto analyzer, spectrophotometry and RIA for cortisol levels. Microscopic results for red blood cells showed that they were ellipse possessed a nucleus in the center respectively. Results were indicated that no significant difference between the measured parameters except for the albumin (p>0.05). Also, cholesterol and creatinine were the maximum and minimum amounts in both sexes, glucose and urea in males were more than females, but albumin, cortisol, total protein and triglycerides were higher in females than males. In this research, blood biochemical parameters cat in cat spotted shark were similarities and differences with other aquatic animals that have been reported.

To study the diet of Spirlin (Alburnoides eichwaldii), samples were caught monthly from three stations in the Tajan River from April 2012 to March 2013. For this purpose, samples of fishes were caught with electroshocker and benthic invertebrates were collected with surbr Sampler. After primary biometry and separation of scales to determine age, their gastrointestinal systems were removed and diets were determined. Vacuity Index (CV) in both sexes in different seasons and at different ages, which proves that Spirlin is among greedy fishes. Mean of relative length of the gut (RLG) in both male and female and at different ages in different seasons are 0.66 and 0.65 respectively (P<0.05), be showed that these species tend to be carnivores. Index of fullness (IF) in both sexes at different seasons of the year, be showed that feeding of Spirlin are not appropriate. This index in different ages be showed with increasing age, rate of the index was decreased (P<0.05). Food preference (FP) in both sexes in different seasons and at different ages showed Trichoptera was main food of this fish. Also, abundance of organisms ingested (P) in all seasons and ages suggests a high abundance of Trichoptera Order in Spirlin’s gut. Rate for all prey were significantly different at all ages (P<0.05). Food selectivity index (E) was positive in all seasons, which represents the Spirlin tend to feed on Trichoptera at all seasons of the year. Condition index (K) in both males and females showed is higher in females than males (P<0.05). This study represents that Trichoptera was dominate and public food of this fish in seasons and different ages.

According to the importance of the surface water resources in terms of food production for society, and in order to sustainable development we should manage them consciously, In addition to protecting water resources provide suitable habitat for aquatic species. In the past the most Iranian coastal rivers of the Caspian Sea were the normal amplification of Ruitilus frisii kutum, but nowadays for several reasons only some of these rivers are the main areas of spring migration of fishes in Iranian coastal water of Caspian Sea. So this study was done with the purpose of assessing variation of some physico-chemical factor in major estuaries of the southern coastal water of the Caspian Sea and to identify the most appropriate river to release Ruitilus frisii kutum juveniles; So the most important environmental factor affecting the release of juveniles using the Delphi method and preference degree of factors using the AHP method was determined. So the rivers were assessed using Multi Criteria Decision method; so in multisubject compensatory decision models of grading and scoring subgroups, a simple weighted method and to reach a general consensus the mean ranks method was used. The results showed that all estuaries of rivers in the view of physicochemical Factors are subject to large variations. And results showed that Gorganrud, Tajan and Sefidrud are most polluted rivers and Cheshmehkileh, Khalehsara and Khoshkrud are best rivers for releasing of Ruitilus frisii kutum in among the studied rivers southern Caspian Sea.

Benthic macroinvertebrate fauna have importance role in biological cycle in water resources. This research was done in order to assess water quality using benthic macroinvertebrate. Sampling of benthic macroinvertebrate was achieved by surber sampler and the results showed no significant difference between different stations and months for each 5 indices (Shanon- winner, Margaloph, EPT/Shironomidae, Density and Symmetry indices) that the main cause of it was flood monthly that occurred. As for present results quality condition of Zyarat Straem was unsuitable, Also biological indices were as the suit indicatores of aquatic ecosystems beside of physio-chemical parameters and bactrial quality calculation show general appearance ecosystems.

Rotifers are one of the most important components of, almost, all freshwater ecosystems, belong to pioneer organisms, which first appear in newly created water bodies. Rotifers have been successfully used as bioindicators to evaluate water quality, and to examine the trophic status of lakes. As a result of high reproduction rate, they are an important part of aquatic ecosystems.Only a handful number of studies have been carried out on the rotifers diversity, in Iran, and even fewer of those studies have been published. Rotifer’s identifications should be based on samplings and laboratory examinations. After examinations, estimating density and diversity of rotifers could partly evaluate biological conditions of different habitat According to statistics and analysis of variance (One-Way Anova), the average density of the stations studied showed significant differences in the difference between the two stations were pleural chitgar lake and rivers. A total of 23 species belonging to 11 families and 12 genera were identified subpopulation Monogononta. Rotifers and lake habitats in spring showed the highest abundance and diversity. 8 out of 23 samples of species identified in this study is the first report on Iran that include: Cephalodella anebodica, Lecane venusta, Lecane arcuata, Dicranophorus dolerus, Encentrum orthodactylum, Hexarthra fennica, Lophocharis naias, Notholca psammarina.

To investigate the feasibility of using poultry waste oil as an energy source in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets, an experiment designed by a completely randomized plan with three treatments and three replications for each treatment in a semi-closed aquaculture system, with an average temperature of 19.1±2.11°C (Mean±‌ SD). The experimental units consisted of fiberglass tanks with a useful volume of 100 liters by 1.5 liter per minute water replacing. Fattened fish weighted average 21.67±0.38 g were fed for eight weeks, with three of the same chemical composition and different fat sources diets (including 100% fish oil (control), 50% of poultry waste oil and 50% fish oil (treatment 1) and 100% of poultry waste oil (treatment 2)). The results of the experiment, showed significant difference in final weight, protein efficiency ratio, established protein, rate of muscle protein, condition factor, SGR and FCR between the experimental groups. Usage of treatment by 50% replacement led to fish in this experimental group, compared with the other groups on measures such as: feed conversion ratio, established protein, specific growth rate and condition factor was significantly superior (p>0.05). Overall findings indicate that the combined use of fish oil and poultry waste oil with equal proportion can be a good way to provide energy and fatty acids for rainbow trout.

This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of Nano Zn as dietary zinc source on hematological parameters of rainbow trout including red blood cell (RBC) count and indices. Total number of 900 rainbow trout (17.22±5.41 g) fingerlings were randomly distributed in triplicates among six treatments and adapted to the farm conditions for 2 days. The basal diet were contained no amount of zinc supplementation and considered as the control treatment. The experimental diets were prepared by adding 10, 30, 50 and 70 mg of Nano zinc (40-60 nm diameters) and 70 mg zinc sulfate per each kg of basal diet. The fish specimens were fed for 8 weeks with the relevant diet of each treatment and their erythrocyte properties were consider at the end of experiment. The results showed that fish in the 50 mg kg-1 Nano ZnO treatment had the maximum of hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) compared to other treatments. The largest numbers of RBCs followed by the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were also found in the 30 mg kg-1 Nano ZnO treatment, although showed no significant difference with the 50 mg kg-1 Nano ZnO treatment. Findings of the current study indicated that erythrocyte indices of rainbow trout fingerlings could be improved by the Nano Zn supplementation as a new form of physical structure of metal elements.

The Karoun 4 dam lake with 2/5 billion m3 is one of the important reservoirs in Iran. This can be considered in aquaculture. In this study, the effects of cage culture in bacterial load were investigated. Sampling of lake water was carried in 2013 for 6 months from April to September. The water samples were provided in several distances from cages. According to the results the presence of some bacteria include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in samples were 47%, 70% and 23% respectively. The variance analysis showed a significant difference between the number of coliform and staphylococcus bacteria (P<0.01) but no significant difference was observed between total bacteria, E. cloi and Staphylococcus (P>0.01).Also the results showed the highest number of bacteria in near cages distances but just the number of coliform and streptococcus have a significant difference (P<0.01).

In this study, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio᾿s parasites were investigated during two sampling (summer and winter) in the earthen ponds around Ghaemshahr city. Water quality parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH was measured in the location of the sampling with using of Alcohol thermometer, pH meter and Oxygen meter respectively. Fishes were examined according to common methods of dissection after biometrics. Then The separated parasites were fixed by Formalin solution 10% and finally parasites were identified by identification keys. The parasites were found, including: Trichodina sp., Ichthyophthirius sp., Dactylogyrus sp., Bothriocephalus sp., Nematode and Acanthocephala. According to the results Dactylogyrus sp. Were the highest mean frequency (0.8) in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and Nematoda were the highest mean frequency (0.9) in Cyprinus carpio, that these parasites showed significant difference compared with the other ones (p≤0.05). The highest intensity of parasitic infections were Bothriocephalus sp. in Cyprinus carpio and Trichodina sp. in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. The results of this study showed that intensity of parasitic infection in Cyprinus carpio is a significant increase compared to the Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (p≤0.05).

A 60-day growth trial was conducted the effects of selenium nanoparticle (Nano-Se) in comparison with organic selenium (Selemax) on growth performance of fingerlings of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in aquaculture hall of university agricultural and natural resource, Sari. Carps with initial weight 8.60 ±0.05 gr were randomly stocked into 21 tanks (300 lit) with density of 40 fish so that three replicates were available for each of the six treatments and control. Nano-Se and Selemax were added to the semi-purified diets at levels 0, 0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 mg Se/kg. T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-5 and T-6 were fed with diets containing 0.5 mgNano-Se/kg, 1.5 mgNano-Se/kg, 4.5mgNano-Se/kg, 0.5mgSelemax/kg, 1.5mgSelemax/kg and 4.5mgSelemax/kg, respectively. The control groups were fed basal diets without Se addition. Fingerlings about 3% of body weight fed with three daily meals and biometry was carried out every two weeks. Growth and survival factors were analyzed at the end of the trail period and results showed that the addition of Nano-Se and Selemax in the dietary treatments affected final weight, specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain percentage (%WG) and food conversion ratio (FCR). There were significant differences (P<0.05) in final weight, DWG, SGR, %WG and FCR of T-1, T-2 T-3, T-4, T-5 and T-6 compared with the control. The highest value final weight, SGR and %WG were observed in fish fed diets with 1.5 mg Se/kg diet, followed by 4.5 mg Se/kg, then 0.5 mg Se/kg, and lowest in fish fed the basal diet. Survival rate were not affected by the dietary treatments. Furthermore, the best growth performance was achieved in carps fed with level 1.5 mg Nano-Se/kg diet. Effect of selenium in nanoparticles form was more than organic form on the same level.

Vitamin C is an important nutrient in aquatic animal nutrition and has great importance in boosting resistance against stressors and animal growth. Effect of dietary supplementation of different levels of vitamin C in the form of L-ascorbyl-2-polu phosphate on growth, survival and some hematological parameters of red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) were investigated in ten weeks. A number of 240 fingerlings with mean initial weight of 3.51±0.22 g (20 fish in each aquarium and each with three replicates) were fed with four levels of 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg vitamin C per kg of diet. Results showed that fish fed vitamin C included diets had higher amount and percentage of body weight increase and mean day growth than control fish (P<0.05). The increase of specific growth rate and improvement of food conversion rate were obvious in fish fed vitamin C compared to control treatment although the difference was not significant (p>0.05). The level of hemoglobin and blood total protein were not significantly different between treatments but fish fed 400 and 800 mg vitamin C had a higher level of hematocrit than control fish (P<0.05). Usage of vitamin C is recommendable in Red Pacu diet due to the improvement of growth indices and the increase of hematocrit level.

In this study activity rate of α-Amylase, Tripsine and Lipase enzymes was examined in three parts (anterior, mid and posterior) of intestine in 12 wild Schizothorax zarudnyi (with average weight: 141.6±6.3, 209.55±2.63 and 326.15±26.9 gr). The results showed that α-Amylase had the most activity among these considered enzymes. The most activity rate of α-Amylase was in the middle part of intestine and significant differences were observed among different parts of intestine (p<0.05). Examinations showed that the most activity rate of Tripsine and Lipase was in the anterior part of intestine. In both of these enzymes a significant difference was not observed between anterior and middle parts of intestine (p>0.05). Totally, activity rate of examined enzymes was increased with increasing of weight. According to obtained results, it seems that preparing of food ration based on carbohydrates, can be used as a suitable dietetic tendency for this species.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici (CNCM-MA 18.5 M, Lallemand, France) on the growth performance and hematological parameters of the ornamental fish, Severum (Heros severus). In this regard, 120 fish Severum with average weight and initial length of 0.53±0.01 (g) and 27.2±0.03 (mm) were prepared and randomly release to the 12 aquarium. After 2 weeks period adaption, aquariums divided into four groups each with three replications. The fish fed with four isocaloric-isonitrogenus diets containing 1, 2 and 3 g probiotic kg diet for 12 weeks, the control diet were without supplements. Along the period, the fish were biometry every 15 days and blood sampling was performed at the end of the period. The results showed that treatments feed with probiotic compared with the control group had a significant impact on growth performance, survival and hematological parameters (P<0.05). The fish fed with the diet containing 2 gr probiotic kg had the best growth performance and this difference was significant compared with the other groups (P<0.05). Hematological parameters in fish fed with supplement had significant differences compared with control (P<0.05). The maximum amount of hematological parameters (i.e. RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCH and WBC) in fish fed diet containing 2 gr probiotic kg diet (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici at 2 gr probiotic kg dry foods can have a significant impact on growth performance, survival and hematological parameters in fingerlings, Severum (Heros severus).

Yellow gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus auriu) larvae rearing with the three food chain rotifer – algae, rotifer – yeast and algae Compared with The control group (Egg yolk) for 20 days, Daily feeding rate was 9 to 11% of body weight. At the start of experiment and on days 7, 15 and 20, total Weight and total length of fishes were recorded. At the start of period Average initial weight was 0.75 ± 0.05 mg the all experimental group. The result obtained showed that growth and nutritional index of yellow gourami larvae, specific growth rate (SGR), body weight gain (BW %), present body weight increase, there were significant differences (P<0.05). The maximum amount weight 9.75 ± 0.59 mg, length 9.75 ± 0.45 mm was in rotifer-algae treatment. Treatments compared to the control group could, in water to make a better physical and chemical conditions and There was a significant difference with the control group (P<0.05). The highest survival 81.89 ± 0.33% was in rotifer-algae treatment and lowest 57.33 ± 2.02 % was observed in the control treatment. Carcass result of chemical analysis (protein and crude lipid) showed that the treatments had a greater impact on freshwater rotifers was a significant difference between the control group (P<0.05), and in between all treatments, the highest protein 57.83 ± 0.20% and crude lipid 25.16 ± 0.15% were observed in rotifer-algae treatment.

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and fatty acids were determined for whites shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Shrimp (weight average 0.25gr) was feed in sex treatment and 18 tanks during 8 weeks it was including T1 (300 individual/m2, 1×1010 cfu/gfood) and T3 (250 individual/m2, 1×1010 cfu/g food), T2 (300 individual/m2, 1010 cfu/gfood), T4 (250 individual/m2, 4×1010 cfu/g food) and control group (C1 300 individual/m2, C2 250 individual/m2). Apparent digestibility coe⁄cients was determined using OF 0.03% Y2O3 as an indicator. In all treatment digestibility of T2 (300 individual/m2, 4×1010 cfu/gfood) and T4 (250 individual/m2, 4×1010 cfu/g food) exception (ADCs) of dry mater showed significant increasing to control groups (p<0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficients ADCs of diets T1 (300 individual/m2, 1×1010 cfu/gfood) and T3 (250 individual/m2, 1×1010 cfu/g food) didn’t show increasing different to control groups (p>0/05). But, Apparent digestibility coefficients of ash and amino acids showed significant different between all treatment including (T1, T3) (T2, T4) and control groups (p<0/05). In all groups, highest digestibility was belong amino acids, it was showed highest increasing to another factors. Probiotcs effect on density in all treatment did not show significant difference (p>0.05).

A study was done to identify and measure concentration of heavy metals including Cr, Ni, and Hg in Iran on the ground water sources on Lavasanat area of Shemiranat district in the northern Tehran. In this study atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), graphite stove and laboratory methods were used. Seven sampling stations were determined based on geographical, climatic, physical, biological and chemical characteristics of this region. Results showed that the highest concentration of Hg was related to stations Barg-e-Jahan (1) and Zard-e-Band (4) while the lowest was observed at station Niknam Deh (5). Concentration diagram indicated that the trend of Hg concentration was inconsistent and irregular the stations Kond-e-Sofla (6) and Rahatabad (7) showed the highest and lowest concentration of Cr respectively. There was a descending trend for Cr concentration. The highest and lowest amount of Ni was related to stations Zard-e-Band (4) and Rahatabad (7) respectively. The variation of Ni concentration showed the same trend as Hg.

In the cow, retention of the fetal membranes for more than six to eight hours post partum is one of the commonest diseases in the postpartum period. It can lead not only to the persistence of putrefying tissue but also to reduced milk yield, an increased incidence and severity of endometritis and poorer fertility. Treatment should therefore be aimed at reducing these effects and removing the retained placenta (RP). The therapy of RP has been a controversial subject for many years. Manual removal of fetal membranes and an intra-uterine antibiotic treatment are common in veterinary practice. The aim of this study were use smoke of Peganum harmala L seeds and Donkey excrement on retain placenta in dairy cattle. Two dairy cattle were used in this study. In first cow was used mixed smoke of Peganum harmala L seeds and Donkey excrement and second cow was used smoke of Peganum harmala L seeds. Results showed that RT delivery in two cows and no infection was found.

Order Hymenoptera, with more than 115,000 described species, Comprises 10% of Earth's species diversity. Ants are the most successful groups of insects that are found around the globe. The present research deal to faunistic investigation of Ants in western part of Zanjan Province. 780 samples were collected from 12 different ecological stations during 2012-2013.Species were identified using stereomicroscope and the available keys. The results pertain to 5 new species of genus 5 from Iran.

Order Odonata with about 6000 species has an important role in biological control of pests. The present research deal to faunistic investigation of Odonata in Mazandaran Province. 174 species were collected using sweeping net from 10 different ecological stations during 2012-2013. Speciemens were identified using key identification. The results pertain to 5 new species from 4 genera of the suborder Anisoptera from Mazandaran Province.

Despite of all the studies of aquatic invertebrates of Bahracan estuary, as yet Amphipoda inhibiting in the eastern shores muddy substrates of it, have not been studies from the point view of identification. The present investigation, aims to identify the Amphipods Bahracan shores (29˚ 50'-30˚ 15'N, 49˚ 30'-49˚ 55'E) of the Persian Gulf which was done during the seasons of spring and summer of 1392. Sampling was done by using vanveen Grab (with 0.0625m² surface areas) from stations in intertidal zone and 6-25 m depth. The samples were counted and identified through the valid identification keys. The obtained results of the study, identified six families were belonged to suborder Gammaridea, which are fallow: Ampithoidae, Ampeliscidae, Isaeidae, Gammaridae, Melitidae, Ischyroceridae. Frequency of each family was calculated throughout the study period; the families of Ampeliscidae and Ampithoidae were identified and introduced as the dominant families in Bahracan with 39.47%.