فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
سال هشتم شماره 4 (زمستان 1395)

No ecosystem is island and ecosystem sustainability depend on fitting the context of the ecosystem and the internal capabilities. Among the factors threatening biodiversity, habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are on top of major threats of habitat diversity that many protected areas has been unable to fulfill the functions defined. Therefore, analysis of the temporal changes of the protected areas and direction of composition and spatial distribution of the changes are requirements of the management of these areas The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal changes in habitat suitability as the basis of the protected areas and analyzing these changes by using landscape metrics for red deer (Cervus elaphus maral) in Hyrcanian forests of Lisar protected area in Gilan. Based on the results, besides the 35 percent decline in habitat suitability layer, we see an increase of 34 percent in the number of patches, 89 percent of edge density, 26 percent total of edge and reduction of 53% of the average size of patches. The results indicated a drop in the quantity and quality of habitat in the area investigated. This result confirms that increasing habitat destruction through the process of habitat loss and fragmentation has reduced the potential for the release and dispersal of the maral in habitat and gradually it provides the background of local extinction so reconstruction area is a key priority for management.

Urial Wild Sheep (Ovis orientalis arkali) is the biggest wildsheep species of Iran which is distributed in east of country, as an indicator in hilly habitats. This species has been recognized as Vulnerable in Redlist threaten species, due to Habitat loss and fragmentation and poaching. As such, to improve management strategies, we should identify suitable habitats and diagnose influential factors for management and conservation. In this study we identified suitable habitats model of Urial according to the direct observation by means of Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) software in Darmian Protected Area. We used 18 environmental parameters and the model could predict the high potency validity by AUC=0.92 in predicting habitat suitability. According to the results, the most suitable habitats for Urial are related to slope, elevation range of 2600 to 3000, annual mean temperature and maximum temperature in warmest month. The results showed that control of livestock grazing, habitat degradation due to agriculture and poaching are needed for effective Urial population management in Darmian PA.

The aim of this study is to determine the public opinion about knowledge and awareness towards the Persian wild ass (Equus hemionus onager), as a flagship species and wildlife symbol in Fars province to protection of this species. In this study, 660 people from Fars province were chosen via the clustered random sampling. A questionnaire comprising items about the people’s demographics as well as their awareness and behavior regarding protection of Persian wild ass was completed for all the study population through interviews. Subsequently, descriptive statistics, and Mann-Whitney test and kruscal-wallis test were employed for analysis using SPSS Software (version 19). Result showed that, 66.5 and 71.8 percent of the cases had poor knowledge about this endemic and flagship species respectively. There was a significant difference between gender and level of education with the knowledge (P

To study the genetic structure of red foxes in North East of Iran, 25 tissue samples were collected from three provinces (Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan and Golestan). After DNA extraction, mitochondrial cyt-b gene was amplified by primers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR); then 1098 base pairs of this gene were edited for each sample after purification and sequencing processes. Then by analyzing of this partial sequence of the samples: polymorphism sites, nucleotide and haplotype diversity, the amount of genetic differentiation (using Fst index), Demographic history (using Harpending's raggedness index, Tajima and Fu Fs test) were calculated and phylogenetic tree and haplotype network were drawn by Baysian and Median joining logic in order. The results showed that there were 13 different haplotypes and 22 polymorphic sites between the samples and haplotype diversity was equal to 0.88. Fst (P

Caspian pony were lived in caspian sea shores from thousend years ago and they are entioned horses in word. Proteins are operated az enzyme, hormone, antibody and homostasis factores. .Addisionall blood samples were collected from 94 clinically healthy Caspian pony from Gilan, Mazandaran and golestan provience.and serum sample were dectede.Serum total protein were estimated by Elan biochemical analyzer made by Epedorf with Biuret method. Serum protein electrophoresis was performed using a Sebia K20 agarose gel electrophoresis system. For coparision whitin mean of potein in male and female ponies Coefficients of variation were calculated. Six fraction that observed were Albumin, α1glubulin, α2 glubulin,β1 glubulin,β2 glubulin and γ globulin. The mean of total protein were 7.34±0.8, Albumin 3.68±0.03, α1 glubolin 0.19±0.004, α2 glubolin0.46±0.01, β1 0.71±0.02, β2 glubolin0.78±0.01, total glubolin3.65±0.05. Coffman (1969) and Osbaldisston(1972) in survey on 20 and 62 horses reported α1,α2,β1,β2 glubolin. Massip and fommier(1974) in survey on 98 horses and Cerek et al from 14 horses reported β1,β2,α2c and α1ab and α1 and α2 reported.

To evaluate the effect of feed quality limits during the fattening period on the blood factors of male Afshari breed lambs in this study, twenty one three month old lambs were randomly divided into three groups, all of which were prepared for testing within two weeks of preparation and administration of enterotoxaemia vaccines and anti parasite medication.
The first group was fed by fattening rations as the control one since the first day of testing. The second group was fed for thirty days and the third group for fifty days of testing by straw and hay and then by fattening ration.
Weighing was performed every other week. Blood samples were taken from each group on days thirty, forty-five, ninety and one hundred and twenty to verify NEFA, BHBA and BUN samples.
The results of this experiment show that by the end of the period a statistically significant difference (P>0.5) of blood parameters NEFA, BHBA and BUN was not observed.
As for the daily gain and final weight, though the weight gain was observed as different during the period, the end of period weight of the grooms had no significant difference. Thus, through a fifty day limitation resulting in less feed consumption and low quality of the feed during the limited days, the group had a higher economic performance.

One ml of semen obtained from 4 Mahabadi goats (3- to 4-year-old) during reproduction session was mixed with 20 ml of a tris buffer based extender contained 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 % soy lecithin as a non animal-derived additive or 1 % egg yolk as an animal-derived additive and stored in 4°C. The total and progressive motility, viability, membrane integration, abnormal morphology of the sperm at 2, 6, 24 and 48 h after storage were assessed. Results showed that sperm motility and memberan integration decreased with increasing of storage time (P<0.05) and there were no different between different extender for these parameters (P>0.05). At 24 h after storage in 4°C sperm viability in the 1.5% soy lecithin-containing extender was higher than those exposed to the 0.5% soy lecithin-containing extender. At 6, 24 and 48 h after storage in 4°C the percent of sperms with abnormal morphology was lower in 1.5% soy lecithin-containing extender than other soy lecithin-contained extenders or egg yolk-contained extenders(P<0.05). Therefore, 1.5% soy lecithin-containing extender is a proper extender for storage goat semen at 4°C.

Lack of sufficient attention to animal and plant species that are within the scope of projects, can cause irreparable consequences. Impacts of development on the environment through impact assessment report, an important way to maintain the survival of these valuable biological resources. One of the important sectors in the procurement process and environmental assessment projects, studies of wildlife. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the quality of the studies to identify weaknesses and problem wildlife impact assessment reports have been investigated. This study selected 50 reports since 1376 until 1390 during the period of 15 years the environmental assessment process based on the method of Lee and Colley (1992) to determine the quality of life studies conducted in the evaluation reports. The criteria are set at different levels in various parts of the assessment reports and the hierarchy is evaluated. In this study for discussing wildlife 7 sections are determined and the quality of wildlife in 50 assessment reports in four levels is evaluated. According to the results, 36 % of reports in studies of wildlife have good quality, 52% average quality and 7% are poor and very poor in quality.

The aim of the study is to investigate diversity, variation and genetic structure within Eurasian Nuthatches populations from Zagros and Alborz habitats. For this purpose, 19 individuals of four populations from Alborz (Golestan and Gilan) and Zagros forests were captured and blood samples were collected. Then genetic variations and Genealogical analysis was calculated using complete ND2 gene sequence (1041bp) and TRN model, Bayesian trees and maximum likelihood, respectively. Also, median joining algorithm showed the relationships among haplotypes. The results displayed that Alborz populations were separated from Zagros by 1 and 100 posterior probability and bootstrap values, respectively. In addition, among 19 sequenced samples, 12 unique haplotypes (eight individuals from Alborz and four haplotypes from Zagros) were analyzed, out of which, haplotypes of Alborz were distinct from haplotypes of Zagros populations by 32 mutations. FCT statistical values, resulted from Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), represented significant variations in genetic structure among Alborz and Zagros populations. Moreover, FST revealed significant variations among all populations. The occurrence of spontaneous expansion for Alborz and Zagros populations was determined using neutrality tests. At last, the 3% genetic distance between Alborz and Zagros populations indicated local compromise by the two subspecies which can be considered as evolutionary units in conservation plans for biodiversity.

Crested Lark (Galerida cristata) as a native and breeding species in Iran, mostly lives in open habitats with relatively sparse vegetation. The study of Crested Lark reproductive phenology in the town of Zahak, with field surveys began on Feb 2015 coincident with the season of nesting and egg laying and ended in June 2015 with the flight of chickens. In this study using direct counting method active nests were identified and analyzed. Important parameters of each nest including large diameter, small diameter, depth, and the number of eggs, length, width and weight of eggs and chickens were measured in the location. In each case, the peak of the nesting, laying eggs, hatching, nestling, post-nestling and flight age were estimated. Totally 16 samples of target species nests were identified. The bowl-shaped nest is built on the land. The number of egg masses varied between 3 to 5 white eggs with beige spots. The weight of chickens varies from 3 to 6 g. The female bird lies on eggs for 10 to 11 days and feeds the chickens for 11 to 13 days. This time depends on the time that the mother feeds her chickens. According to the observations, the rate of mortality varied in different stages which could be due to the pressure of predators such as snakes, lizards, preying birds, human interference, and destruction by the livestock in the area.

For the first time we recorded a breeding colony of Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus fromShahid Kazemi dam, West Azerbaijan, Iran, which is considered first record for the species in Iran.Breeding attempts were monitored in 2014-2015 breeding seasons at Saidabad islet of Shahid Kazemi Dam, where Mediterranean Gulls bred in mixes-species colonies with Slender–billed and Black-headed Gulls. We recorded around 100 Mediterranean Gull nests in Seidabad islet during the two breeding seasons. The modal clutch was three-egg clutches. Nestlings weighed 27 gr (SD=1.64) at hatching and 358 gr (SD=23.5) prior to fledging. Our record in northwest Iran is suggesting that the species is expanding its breeding ranges probably as a result of variation in breeding grounds or climatic changes. Further investigations are needed to understand their breeding ecology and causes and consequences of colony expansions. Compared to a random sample, nests of common Terns, were placed on the higher parts of the island. At the same time, there was not a significant difference between the elevation of the nests of Black-head Gulls and Mediterranean Gulls, based on Mann-Whitney U test.

For over two decades molecular biology has created dramatic evolutionary in ecological science and It has provided abundant new information about ecology and evolution of plants, animals, bacteria, alga and mushrooms.
Molecular markers has contributed a lot in quantitative of genetic diversity, displacement of individual and gene exchange between populations, inbreeding, identification of individuals, recognition new species, determination historical distribution pattern of species.
A lot of molecular analysis is done on the different variety of species in the world, in this research for the first time molecular studies has been done about survey and comparision of genetic diversity intra and between populations of grey francolin in south of Iran till with study on sequence of part of the mitochondrial gene be revealed diversity intra and between populations.
This study based on survey of genetic diversity in part of mitochondrial gene named D-loop, which is in mitochondria.
Samples were collected of south of Iran from different parts of Hormozgan and Kerman province. Samples included tissues, feather and blood of this bird. Then DNA was extracted with salt method and phenol- chloroform methods, and then production was PCR and when the obvious band was seen on the agarose jel, it was sequenced.
In this research, results evaluated with help of Mega5, Network, Seqscape softwares and It shows two different populations and six haplotypes. The first population has scattered in Roodan, Minab, Kahnooj and Jiroft, the second population has scattered around the Bandar abbas.

Parvar Protected Aera is located in the north-eastern of Semnan County in Semnan Province of Iran. This area has the rich fauna and flora because of the various climates. This study was done in order to the identification of lizards' fauna in Parvar Protected Area from April to September 2013. Sampling was performed from morning to night in different parts of the Parvar Protected Area. Specimens were transferred to the Zoology Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch and metric and meristic characters were evaluated after identification. Totally, 50 specimens were collected in Parvar Protected Area and 12 species were identified belonging to 10 genera and 5 families Agamidae, Gekkonidae, Lacertidae, Scincidae and Anguidae including: Paralaudakia caucasia, Trapelus agilis, Darevskiachlorogaster, Darevskia defilippii, Ermias persica, Ermias velox, Lacerta strigata, Cyrtopodion scabrum, Teniudactylus caspius, Trachylepis aurata, Anguis colchica and Pseudopus apodous.

Haftad Qolleh Protected Area With 97,437 hectares area is located at 25 kilometers East of Arak in Markazi Province. The elevation range of this area is between 1580 to 2960 meters. The first Faunistic investigation on snakes species of Haftad Qolleh protected Area was held during May to August 2014. All collected specimens except species that are listed in the Red List of IUCN fixed with injected 96% ethanol in to the body cavity then they have been preserved in 70% ethanol and then transferred to the Biosystematics laboratory of the Shahid Beheshti University. All specimens were checked by valid keys identification of snakes. To conclude, it should be said that during this survey, 46 specimens of snakes belonged to 11 species, 8 genera and 5 families have been identified: Typhlopidae (Xerotyphlops vermicularis), Viperidae (Macrovipera lebetina), Boidae (Eryx miliaris , Eryx tataricus), Lamprophidae (Malpolon insignitus), Colubridae (Eirenis punctatolineatus, Eirenis collaris, Platyceps ventromaculatus, Platyceps najadum, Hemorrhois ravergieri ,Natrix tessellata). In This study, Macrovipera lebetina as only poisonous species of Haftad Qolleh protected area is presented.

Of the 22 species of amphibians in Iran, 15 species of frogs and toads (Anura), belonging to 8 genera and 5 families and the other are the salamanders (caudata). This study was conducted on the Pelophylax ridibundus, is known as the Marsh frog. Specimens collected from the Tonekabon city (Mazandaran Province. Then 21 morphometric and most important morphological characters were studied in the laboratory. Behavioral study and habitat survey also examined samples during collection. The results of study of 95 specimens (37 females,86 males) during one years of field work showed that this species has a olive green dorsal with separated dark spots which are rarely seen in the hands. Ventral surface is white and contains several black spots which are seen only in some specimens. The sex ratio of male to female was 2 to 1 in this study. The results of statistical study showed that the data are normal and there areall the variables between males and femalessignificant difference the level of 0.05.

Due to discharge of urban, agricultural and industrial wastewater to Qarasoo River, there is a possibility of accumulation of pollutants in water, sediment and aquatic animal tissues. Therefore, this study was conducted to survey of use of Rana ridibunda toe bone as a bioindicator for monitoring of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni and V) pollution in Qarasoo River waterin 2014. Water and frog samples were collected from 4 selected stations. After laboratory preparations of samples, the concentrations of elements were determined by ICP-OES in them. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package. The results showed that significant correlation between mean concentration of heavy metals in water samples and adults and tadpole's toe bone samples. Also no significant difference was found between tadpoles and adults toe bone samples (P>0.05). Studying different tissues in bioindicator specimens can demonstrate the changing trend of pollutant concentration in aquatic systems. In summary, the elemental analysis of toe clipped bone samples have several advantages: found significant correlation between mean concentration of metals in water and toe bone, there is no need to kill the animals, the analytical procedure has a small chemical reagent demand, and only a small amount of tissue is sufficient to make several kinds of laboratory.

Present study were executed during 2014 - 2015 with the aim of the revised new information of the Persian Gulf (and the Strait of Hormuz) ichthyo fauna zoogeography and biogeoghraphy and to obtain new information about the habitat overlapping and fish species similarity of Iranian waters of the Persian Gulf (and Hormuz Strait) and Indo-Pacific region seas.Based on the results, the final list of approved fish of the Persian Gulf (including the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman border region) are 907 species in 157 families, of which 93 species of fish with 28 cartilaginous families (including 18 families with 59 species and 10 families with 34 species of shark and batoids); and 129 families with 814 species of bony fishes are. In this study, it was found that out of 907 species have been reported from the study area, 294 species (32.4 %) to benthic habitats (Benthic habitats) and 613 species (67.6 %) in pelagic habitats (Pelagic habitats) belong. Coral reefs and rocky habitats in the range of benthic fish (129 species - 14.3 %) and reef associated fishes in the range of pelagic fishes (432 species – 47.8 %), the highest number and percentage of habitat diversity (Species habitats) have been allocated. As well as fish habitats with seagrass and algae beds in benthic habitata (17 species- 1.9 %) and pelagic - Oceanic (Open sea) in the whole pelagic fish (30 species – 3.3 %), the lowest number and percentage of habitat diversity into account. Also, 13 species as well as endemic species introduced the Persian Gulf and have been approved in terms of geographical expansion of the Persian Gulf are unique to the area. From the perspective of animal geography (Zoogeography) and habitat overlaps and similarities (Habitat overlaping) fish fauna of the Persian Gulf compared with other similar seas (tropical and subtropical, and warm temperate) in the Indian Ocean area - calm on the surface, based on the presence of certain species that the fish fauna of the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea and the Bay of Bengal (East Arabian Sea) compared to other regions in the Indian Ocean (Pacific) is closer (about 50%), and the Mediterranean (East area) and The Hawaiian Islands have the lowest overlap and similarity (about 10%) of habitat and species.

In this study, some of biological indices of crooker fish (Otholithesruber) were investigated in Khozestan coasts. Sampling was done each month, from March- 2014 to February- 2015 by near bottom trawl net with 24milimeter mesh size in commercial fishing. After fishing the samples transported to the lab and were biometry. The result of study 307 number of crooker fish showed that the total weight mean was 220.56±9.1 geram and total standard length was 23.59±0.24 centimeter. Length and weight parameter relationship was measured, too. Length and weight equation was calculated as a regression equation, y=0.0172X2.826 and R2=0.8247. In this equation, a and b Parameters were calculated as 0.0172 and 2.826, respectively. The variation of some biological indices such as intensity of feeding index, hepatosomatic index and gonadosomatic index were studied too. The results of biological indices showed that hepatosomatic index was related positively to intensity of feeding and gonadosomatic indices.

Anzeh Fish (Barbus esocinus) is one of the species is belonging to family Cyprinidae and Genus Barbus and it is a domestic fish of Khoozestan Province. Considering to internal water resources of the province, overfishing of domestic fish, natural resources of this species has been decreased. This study was conducted to achieve an applicable method in artificial propagation of Anzeh fish. So, 20 Anzeh female brood stocks with mean weight 11.43 kg were randomly selected and distributed among 3 treatment groups and one control group. 4, 7 and 10 µg/kg LHRH-A2 hormone (as preliminary injection) was injected in pectoral area respectively for treatment 1 to 3. 0.5 mg/kg Pituitary Gland Extract (PGE) for second injection and 4.5 mg/kg PGE for final injection. In control group, PGE was only injected in two stages, 0.5 mg/kg for first injection and 4.5 mg/kg for final injection. After incubation period, eggs were collected and fertilization was performed by dry method. Finally, reproduction indexes such as brood stocks response rate, working fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate were measured and studied. Based on results, the best reproduction indexes were seen in treatment 2 so that all fish responded to the injection and the reproduction indexes were as follows: response rate: 100%, working fecundity 257240±33658, fertilization rate 96.3±0.47, hatching rate 97±0.67, larval rate: 240400±15315 which were significantly different with other groups (P<0.05). Based on the results obtained from this study, three stages injection method by administration of 7 µg/kg LHRH-A2 hormone (as preliminary injection) and two injection of PGE ) for second injection and 4.5 mg/kg PGE can be used for successful artificial propagation of this domestic fish.

The success of artificial reproduction requires rapid assessment of fish sperm characteristics followed by the ovum. This study was conducted to investigate relationship between sperm characteristics including semen volume, percentage of motile sperm, sperm motility, sperm density and spermatocrit with morphological characteristics of male broodstocks of Caspian kutum (Rutilus kutum). Forty males (3-4 years) were randomly selected from the fish captured in the west-southern of the Caspian Sea and their Spermatological parameters (semen volume, sperm density, sperm motility, percentage of motile sperm, and spermatocrit) and some morphological characteristics (weight and fork length) were individually determined. The average weight and fork length of the fish were 758.00±49.20 g and 40.35±3.72 cm, respectively. In addition, each fish had sperm volume of 2.15±0.27 mL with motile percentage of 75.36±8.65%. Sperm motility, sperm density, and spermatocrit were 41.45±3.48 s, 14.93±1.21 ×109 mL-1, and 89.75±2.45 %. The results showed that spermatocrit had significantly positive correlation with fork length (0.886) and (0.886) body height of the fish. A significant negative correlation was also obtained between fork length and sperm density (-0.829) showing a decrease of sperm density by increasing fork length in the Caspian kutum. The results of the present research showed that fork length and body height could be used as appropriate indices for identification of sperm density and spermatocrit in Caspian kutum, whereas fish weight had no significant correlation with spermatological parameters.

This study to determine the concentration of heavy metals zinc, copper, cadmium and iron in skin, muscle, gill and gonad tissues of fish (Alosa braschnikowi) in Southern part of Caspian Sea (Babolsar) came into force in 1393. For this purpose, 70 piece fish were provided randomly in fishing net at two seasons in autumn and winter. After digestion of the samples, concentrations were measured by Flame Atomic Absorption. The results showed that the lowest average concentrations were in muscle tissue. The highest average concentration of iron, zinc and cadmium in gonadal tissues, but the highest concentration of copper was in the tissues of the skin. The concentration was respectively Zn> Fe> Cu> Cd. Significant differences were between the iron and zinc in muscle, gills, skin and gonads (p <0.05). As well as significant zinc in muscle and gonad (p <0.05). But in the skin and gonad was not significant (p> 0.05). Cadmium also significant in muscle and gill but no significant difference in muscle and gonad. Metals values obtained showed compared to international standards WHO, FAO UK., the average concentration of zinc in the skin and gonad tissue proved to be higher than standard UK (MAFF) and FAO. The average concentration of cadmium in all tissues proved to be higher than international standards.

A sharp decline in natural population of Caspian brown trout lead to implementing of restocking program in Iran. Along the stock recovery program, the artificial production of this species has been attracted too much attention in recent years. The objective of the study is to assess the effects of protein and energy levels of diet on fish performance, growth efficiency of Caspian brown trout in order to develop a proper diet for production of this species. Six experimental diets were formulated by replacing casein as a pure protein source with fat as an energy source in the diets according to a 3×2 factorial design. The diet was assigned to 18 tanks with 50 fish each, with three replicated for each diet. The experiment was conducted for 8 weeks with Caspian brown trout with an initial body weight of around 7 g. Caspian brown trout demonstrated a better FCR and a larger SGR at lower protein levels (45 and 50%) in comparison to high protein level (55%; P<0.05). Protein efficiency ratio improved by a decrease in protein content of the diet (P<0.05), but energy content of diets does not affect any growth related parameter such as FCR, SGR and PER (p>0.05). There was also no interaction between protein and energy levels in the growth related parameters, suggesting the effect of protein on the growth parameters in Caspian brown trout did not depend on energy levels of diet. In conclusion diet containing 50% protein can support the maximum growth. High dietary energy level of the diet dose in cooperate in protein sparing effect.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical structure of the pellets produced in the aquaculture industry. For this reason, pellets for growthing with a diameter of 4 mm, extruded and pressed preparation for taking trout and carp, of Behdaneh factory in sari was tested. tested Grft.paramtr uniform pellet diameter, weight, humidity, immersion, spreading rate, solubility water and water-holding capacity. The results showed that the grain diameter feed made with extruded pellets compressed with a diameter of no significant difference. The results of the test weight, moisture and compressed pellets was less than the rate of expansion of the extruded pellets and showed significant differences (P <0.05), but the trout and carp pellets was not significantly different (P> 0.05). During the test floating pellets extruded and pressed pellet was completely submerged. Extruded pellet stability in water than compressed pellets and extruded pellets and pressed carp solubility in less than two types of trout pellets, but in neither case was no significant difference (P> 0.05). Water holding capacity (WHC) in the investigation of extruded and pressed statistically significant difference was observed (P <0.05) and extruded pellets in the water holding capacity was higher but not statistically significant difference in the diet of trout and carp (P> 0.05 ). Finally, it can be concluded that most of the pellets compressed extruded pellet durability, and this type of platform is more advantageous for use in fish feed.

Synbiotics refer to nutritional supplements combining probiotics and prebiotics in a form of synergism, hence synbiotics, enhancing their isolated beneficial effects. The aim of current study is evaluating effects of different levels of Immunogen with Lactobacillus casei PTCC 1608 on some digestive enzymes activities of common carp fish (Cyprinuscarpio). This experiment has been carried out in five treatment (each with 3 replicate), including 0.5 (A), 1(B), 1.5(C)percent Immunogen with Lactobacillus casei5×107 cfu g_1 per gr diet,only Lactobacillus casei5×107 cfu g_1 (D) per gr diet and control € with non-synbiotic diet. 300 fish with average weight of 65±5 gr distributed in 12 tank (20ind/300 lit tank), fed experimental diet during11 weeks. To analyze the activity of digestive enzymes, on Days 0, 30 and 60 after probiotic feeding and 15 day after treatment cessation, the fish were starved for 24 h and take 3 fish per replicate and the three are taken randomly. The results showed that synbiotic could significantly the digestive enzymes activities assay demonstrated trypsine of α-amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase of synbiotic groups considerably was higher than control (p<0.05). This study indicated different levels of synbiotic have capability to enhance probiotic substitution, digestive enzyme activity lead to digestive system efficiency and finally raising growth. It seems this symbiotic at 1% Imnogene with Lactobacillus casei could select as a good diet supplement on common carp culture.

Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons contain thousands of harmful effects that due to the relatively high volume of entering the aquatic environment, reducing pollution caused by it is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of toxic components of crude oil by nanoparticles of titanium dioxide under UVradiation. The study was conducted on hydrobiology aquatic propagation lab of Khatamolanbia University of Behbahan. 210 specimens of Cyprinus carpio (average weight = 54.4 ± 8.43, average total length= 15.4 ± 0.53) were purchased from a private aquaculture center and acclimation was done for two weeks in 300 liter tanks. Standard solution phase synthesis of crude oil and titanium dioxide nanoparticles by mixing one part Petroleum with 9 parts titanium dioxide nanoparticles were prepared. Then the fish were treatmented in group 7 (with three replications) consisting of 10 specimens randomly. In the days zero and 21 fish specimen per tank number of 3 was taken randomly and evaluate each fish separately with digital scales and bioassay was conducted with the board. Then anatomy the fish and entrails, which each weighed separately. The results showed that titanium dioxide nanoparticles both visceral for treatment and solution phase petroleum under ultraviolet radiation and titanium dioxide nanoparticles and the feed conversion ratio for oil treatment solution phase crude oil under darkness control group showed a significant increase (p<0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the process of photocatalytic titanium dioxide and Ultraviolet radiation lead to a reduction in the adverse effects of poorly soluble phase was crude oil.

Diazinon is one of the organophosphate toxins which has destructive impacts on skin and tissue in fish due to having high stability and low solubility in water. Farm fish are exposed to these toxins, since water wastes are not filtered after exiting. Aloe vera is pharmaceutic plant with anti-inflammatory and immune stimulant effect. This research was conducted to evaluate the short-term effect of Aloe vera on rehabilitate the tissue of common carp damaged by sub-lethal diazinon concentration. For this intent 90 carps with initial mean weight of 45.2±6.05 were divided into 9 aquariums. Sub-lethal diazinon concentration was applied at concentration of 0.5 mg/l. Treatments were including 1) diet containing 5% crude Aloe vera 2) Aloe vera 10% bathing 3) control (without Aloe vera) and each treatments were in 3 replicates. Results of the blood parameters including red blood cell, white blood cell and hemoglobin showed significant differences between treatments (P<0.05) But there were no significant differences in hematocrit, MCV, MCH and MCHC (P>0.05). Higher value of red blood cell, white blood cell and hemoglobin was observed in the Aloe vera bathing fishes but control fish was lowest among treatments. Histopathologic results showed hyperplasia in primary and secondary gill filaments, shortening the gill filaments and secondary gill base swelling in fish fed diet 5% of Aloe vera. Also hyperemia was observed in Aloe vera bath treatment. Generally it seems that, Aloe vera bath treatment had the better influence on recovery of tissue and blood factors improvement.

Worldwide, the genus Metopograpsus consists of six species . Metopograpsus thukuhar and Metopograpsus messor are common species belong to the genus that found in the Persian Gulf.. These two species are morphologically very similar to each other; as a result, their recognizing is morphologically very confusing. The existence of cryptic and sibiling species are common in marine crustaceans. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the six morophotypes (A-E) from Metopograpsus are genetically differentiated or not, and thus, it used molecular data (mitochondrial COI) with emphasis on ultrastructure of the male first gonopod to explore evolutionary relationships in this genus. The results of present study showed that the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial gene fragment (COI) is not identical in all samples examined and from these 6 morphotypes ,Metopograpsus sp.PGE species was more different with other morphotypes and it was placed in a separate clade. Ultrastructure Study of the apical part of the first male gonopods showed that there are differences in the apical part of 6 color morphtypes. what was obtained from this study showed that It is very important to investigate the first male gonopod based on the COI gene in separation of species since, identification of species is difficult for many similarities morphology.

Aras Dam reservoir is a habitat for endemic crayfish which has economically high value among aquatics. The lake behind the dam is one of the important sources of fisheries in the field of aquaculture. Ecological diversity of different areas of the lake has caused several populations of crayfish that live in different parts of the Lake. These ecological divisions may cause phenotypic differentiation among populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological and morphomeristic features among different populations in 3 different stations in the lake. For this purpose, 72 samples were taken from 3 Stations, and then 27 morphological and 6 morphomeristic factors were examined in the laboratory. The results of this study showed this crustacean population has a certain morphological differences. According to Canonical Discriminat Function Analyses (DA) some of these traits like ABH, CFL-R, CLL-R, CLW-R, CPW, HEW, TEW and α angle are more influenced by ecological circumstance of area.

Eyestalk ablation is the most common procedure to induce gonadic maturation in commercial hatcheries of penaeid shrimp. This study was conducted in order to investigate the potential of using Ovaprim (gonadotropin and dopamine antagonist) hormone to induce ovarian maturation on Litopenaeus vannamei. The female broodstocks were divided into 4 treatments as follows: 1) Eyestalk ablation; 2 and 3) Ovaprim injections at 500 and 1000 ng/g body weight (BW), respectively; 4) sterile vehicle solution injection (control). Reproductive parameters were evaluated such as the number of eggs, oocyte diameters and gonadosomatic indices and number of nauplii. The results of the analysis of reproductive factors showed that there was significant difference between experimental treatments (p< 0.05). The highest average number of egg and nauplii (83100± 16993 and 56132± 5180 respectively) was obtained in eyestalk ablation treatment. The weakest reproductive performance was observed in the sterile vehicle solution injection treatment (control). Hemolymph changs to physiological stress (eyestalk ablation and injection treatments) was investigated. The results showed that humoral cell number was no significant statistical differences between eyestalk ablation and injection treatments (p> 0.05). Metabolic response (protein, glucose, lactate and cortisol) was significantly different between experimental treatments at the time 0 and 45 minutes (p< 0.05). The both time, metabolic parameters increase in the eyestalk ablation treatment and was reduced injection treatment.

The selection of an appropriate protocol for intact DNA extraction from shrimps’ old tissues that have been preserved in alcohol for a long time has an important role in the success of molecular biology analysis. The aim of current study was to optimize a simple, reproducible, safe and reliable protocol for quality genomic DNA extraction from old muscular tissues of Green Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus. The main advantages of this procedure involved Pulverizing the tissue in a mortar after being dried in 40 ° C Temperature, avoiding the use of liquid nitrogen for tissue pulverization and the reducing ot extraction time to 5 hr. Because the success Inverse PCRis highly dependent on the quality of DNA temolate, the isolation of a part of beta actine gene using this reaction for the evaluation of the quality of the extracted DNA was considered. Success of amplification and sequencing of the beta actin gene of the Green Tiger Shrimp indicated that the resulting DNA from this procedure had necessary for this reaction. Regarding the success of the Invers PCR the resulting DNA from this protocol can be successfully used as a template in other molecular studies such as AFLP, RFLP and the amplification of long fragments which require quality DNA.

this research in 2014, the effects of density and cannibalism on survival, in Indomysis nybini was studied in Indian White Shrimp brood stock ponds of Kollahi port in Hormozgan province, Iran. Density experiment was conducted with 5 treatments, T1 =10, T2 = 20, T3= 30, T4 = 40 and T5 = 50 mysids per liter for 7 days. The treatments had 4 replications. The average water temperature was 23.8 ± 1 ° C during the experiment. In all experiments of one-liter beakers of filtered sea water was used .Artemia naupliuse was used for feeding. Cannibalism experiment was carried out with two treatments T1 with food and T2 without food. Water temperature was 24.6 ± 0.5° C during the experiment. Density experiment showed that there is significant statistical difference in survival rate among different treatments of mysid density (P≤0.05). There was no significant statistical difference in survival rate among treatments T2, T3 and T4(P≥0.05). The experiments results showed that there is significant statistical difference in survival rate among treatments T1, T5 (p≤0.05). Indomysis nybini mysid was the first mysid species that identified in Hormuzgan. Also the highest average survival rate was observed in density of (T1).This species of mysid is scavenger.

This research was conducted to evaluate the possible bacterial contamination on cysts of cultured Aretemia urmiana. Samples caught by using of 100 micron mesh sterile net from Artemia Research Center 's pounds. Then the samples were transferred in sterilized containers of bacteriology laboratory center. Of that center, then, separately crushed in mortar and 1 g of it was mixed with 9 CC pepton water. All samples were placed in incubator at 35-37 degree centigrades for 18-24 hours. Then, each sample was cultured and identified in general culture mediums agar and specific nutrient broth containing 3% NaCl. The results of experiment with gram painting, key morphological identification and etc., bacteria congaing Psudomonasaeroginosa, gram negative Coccii, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella typhimorium, and Vibrio bacteria were observed in the Artemia cysts. These infections can be transmitted to aquatic consumers. Thus the cyst consumed in aquaculture should be disinfected with disinfection compounds and then could get packed.

The present research was conducted during April-October 2014 on 10645 pieces of prawn (Macrobrachium Nipponese) consisting of 5667 male, 4978 female and 68 juvenile. The male/female ratio was 1/14:1. The weight-length range among the prawns recorded were 0.01-13.69 gr and 6.5-81.5mm respectively. The average body weight-length among male prawns examined (TL= 46.6mm , W = 2.76gr) showed to be higher than those of in female (average TL = 44.5mm and W = 2.14gr). The body weight-length relationship in both male and female proved to be strong, enjoying positive allometrics (r2 = 0.99; b= 3.22 female, b= 3.33 male). The condition factor of male prawns fluctuated from 1.96 to 2.33 (average, 2.07± 0.04) while in female prawns it varied from 1.97 to 2.17 (average 2.04±0.04).The ovigerous females were observed from May to September with a peak time in July.The minimum and maximum total lengths of female spawners were 23.7 and 71.5mm respectively that occurred in July.The mean size at first maturity measured, stood at 46.1mm.The lowest fecundity rate was in Aug with a minimum 42 pieces of eggs followed by the highest fecundity in July with 5821eggs (Average, 1227± 48). There appeared to be a direct and significant relationship between egg number and the total length(r= 0.79).The reproductive output was different in various month of the year ranging from 1.6 in September to 22.4in July (average, 9.2±0.2). The results indicate that there is a favorable environmental condition for M. nipponese.