نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 16، بهار و تابستان 1396)

Orientation such as space, time, people and background activity may change in different combinations and to different degrees of hesitating. There are two important matters in studying narratives based on cognitive issues, mental processing and changing the real world to the world of narrative. Forty woman between 18 – 22 years and forty 9 years old girls have attended in this research. They saw a six minutes global film. Except than natural sound, there is not any words in this film. Then the participants told the story of the film. Data was saved and necessary information was extracted. After statistical analysis, it was cleared that there are not sensible differences between duration of each narrative, the number and duration of hesitations, initial, internal and boundary hesitations between two groups. But the women's speed of speech is higher than girls. This shows the rapid mental processing in adults. In addition, data declared that one of the most regular places of hesitation is when the narrative is started, when narrators is interring to the world of narrative. In addition, hesitations in the idea units are less than between them, because in each idea unit we are more concentrated than between them.

The present paper aims to investigate the distribution of the sentential negative marker in Dashtestani dialect within the framework of Chomsky’s (1995; 2001) Minimalist Program. As well as adhering to the beginning of the tensed main verbs and tensed auxiliary verbs, the sentential negative marker in this dialect is able to sit immediately before the objects. Following Zanuttini (1997; 2001), Haegeman (1995), Haegeman and Zanuttini (1991), Payne (1985), Ouhalla (1990), Halle and Marantez (1993), and Laka (1991), the study examines the morphological and phonological nature of the sentential negative marker, together with its distributional properties on the hierarchical structure of the sentence. The findings of the study show that the sentential negative marker is considered a ‘negative prefix’ in the position immediately preceding the tensed main and auxiliary verbs and a ‘negative particle’ before the object. Having generated in the head of NegP, the negative marker as the negative prefix agrees with the verb so that its uninterpretable features are checked and valuated. The negative marker is then manifested on the verb after the syntactic levels by means of the application of morpho-phonological rules. It is also suggested that negative marker as a negative particle is generated in the head of a different NegP.

Fictive motion is a fascinating mechanism in language through which a static scene is expressed in terms of motion. Persian is one of the languages in which fictive motion is pervasive. The current study aims at describing some properties and constraints of fictive motion construction in Persian. In doing so, first researchers have tried to elaborate possible distinctions between metaphorical motion sentences and fictive motion sentences of this language. The research data includes 98 fictive motion sentences collected from a number of Persian websites and weblogs. This investigation reveals that, in contrast to fictive motion sentences, metaphorical motion sentences are verbal representations of conceptual metaphors. Moreover, while fictive motion sentences are idiosyncratic, any metaphorical motion sentence is only one of the representations of an underlying conceptual metaphor. The study also discusses the constraints and effective factors in fictive motion constructions. The results obtained reveal that factors including number, direction of motion and agency of trajectory in a sentence are of crucial importance. Also, it seems that some fictive motion sentences in different directions could compose to describe only one static scene. Furthermore, the results show that just as in English, there may be a term denoted to time duration or distance in Persian fictive motion sentences. But, in contrast to English, there is not any limitation on the tense and the aspect of the sentence.

The present paper investigates the syncretism patterns of path expressions in Persian, Kermanshahi Kurdish and Luri (Minjayi dialect) according to Nanosyntax theory. In the introduction, we elaborate Nanosyntax theory by referring to some works as literature review. In the next part, along with explaining Path decomposition, we investigate syncretism patterns in the three mentioned languages. The data is gathered from native speakers. This paper indicates the extent in which Nanosyntax can answer the syncretism in Iranian languages and which patterns they have. The pattern of syncretism in Persian is Location¹Goal¹Source = Route. Most of the time the syncretism of Route = Source is spurious and the reason is that the verb lexicalizes the route node. Syncretism pattern in Kermanshahi Kurdish depends on the position and type of the verb. In the case of verbs which accept enclitics, if the verb is in the initial position, the pattern is “Location=Goal¹Source”; and if the verb is in final position, the pattern will be “Location=Goal=Source”. In the case of verbs which don’t accept enclitics, there are two patterns: “Location=Goal=Source” and “Location= Source≠Goal”. In Luri, if the verb is in the initial position, the syncretism pattern is “Location=Goal≠Source”; and if the verb is in the final position, the pattern will be “Location= Source≠Goal”. According to researches, no language has been found to have the last pattern in Path syncretism.

Following Svennevig’s (1999) model and framework in conversation analysis, this paper aims at examining the most common conversational sequences applied by unacquainted participants. To achieve this purpose, recorded conversations between six unacquainted Kurdish speakers are analyzed. The aforementioned speakers, are newcomers of a mountain climbing club in Bane County who have tried to elicit their interlocutors’ personal and social information or represent their own information while communicating. According to the results, at least two different types of conversational sequences can be recognized in these conversations: direct type and indirect type. The direct type consists of at least three turns: the first speaker’s question, the addressee’s response to this question and the first speaker’s reaction to this response. The indirect type consists of a set of temporary breaks in the conversation process. These temporary breaks -called side sequences- are provided by the participants to examine, repair or display their background knowledge about the ongoing topic.

Application, descriptively speaking, is a grammatical term used to refer to a morphosyntactic process which affects the argument structure of a verb through either the introduction of a new argument to the argument structure of the verb or the promotion of an indirect argument with an oblique status to a direct argument status. Description, and let alone analysis, of application and the ensuing applicative constructions in Iranian languages have largely failed to draw the attention of researchers working on these languages; accordingly, the current research represents the first serious attempt to study application and the applicative constructions in an Iranian language, that is Kalhuri Kurdish. To be more specific, this papers aims at introducing a set of descriptive tools to characterize the applicative construction and at elaborating on the theoretical dimensions and implications of such constructions in the light of empirical findings from Kalhuri Kurdish. As such, the current research is setting a preliminary basis for further exploration of the properties of such constructions in Iranian languages.