فصلنامه دانش حسابداری
پیاپی 30 (پاییز 1396)

Forecasting earnings per share (EPS) are among the most important and crucial tasks for both outside investors and internal managers. The focus of most articles in literature is forecasting EPS with linear methods. Researchers rarely employ nonlinear models to forecast EPS. However some researchers show that nonlinearities exist in the relation between EPS and its determinants. This finding of nonlinearities provides support for the use of non-linear models in the field of earnings per share.
In this paper, the model based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict EPS is proposed. After that, ANN model was optimized by Genetic Algorithm and particle swarm optimization. The Genetic Algorithm and particle swarm optimizations used to select the most relevant input variables because selection of input variables is a key stage in building predictive models,
In this paper, The Genetic Algorithm and particle swarm optimizations used to select the effective variables on the EPS using a sample of 131 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange through for the years 1389_1391.The results reveals that the genetic algorithm and swarm optimization is able to extract the effective variables on the EPS amongst the factors affecting EPS, and also have been caused improve power capabilities and expansion of neural network structure.

Management in line with achieving persistent earnings tries to remove periodical fluctuations of earnings and attempts to present an appropriate picture of the performance of the firm. While according to the economic theories, the effective factor in assessing the performance of the firms are major and rather persistence factors in industry.
The present study investigates the difference in the persistency of earnings in industry, firms and their elements. The data under investigation include 238 firms between 1387 and 1394. The results indicate more persistent earnings in industry and its elements than the earnings in the firm. Also business shocks are effective factors in reducing the persistence of earnings and accruals industry is more stable than company-specific accruals. However, bad news cannot significantly affect the persistence of earnings.

According to article #13 of information disclosure instruction for the firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange, publishers are charged to disclose the important information immediately. This research investigates the market reactions to disclosure of the important information as mentioned article. Research method is event-study using content analysis. In this regard 213 announcements which published during 2010-2016 was investigated and categorized into 3 categories: Positive, Negative and Clarifier. In this research, Cumulative Abnormal Returns was measured for short-term windows of weekly (-1, ), 5-days (-1, ), 3-days (-1, ), one day (announce day), 2-days (0 , -1) and weekly (-5, ). The results show that the investors had a significant positive reaction to negative announcements before announce and no significant reaction after announce. Also, investors had a significant positive reaction to positive and clarifier announces.

The present study is about an investigation of the impact of financial expertise of audit committee on the information environment of the companies. Although there are several methods for the measuring of IE in the accounting and finance literature. However in this research by considering different results, presented in a comprehensive index using mathematical method measure IE. With this aim, the impact of financial expertise of audit committee on the IE during 2012-2015 after the approval of guideline, about 121 companies by the panel data analysis show, there is positive relationship among financial expertise and IE. Our findings show this characteristic is important in the company. The financial expertise is character which affects on the effectiveness of audit committee and finally improves the information environment of companies.

The current research examine the signaling through discretionary accruals and its impact on capital investment and ROA of financially constrained firms in Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, four hypothesis have been developed. three multivariate liner regression models and panel data used for examining the research hypothesis. The sample of current research consists of 128 firms listed in Tehran stock exchange during the 1386-1393. The results show that financially constrained firms with high investment opportunities have significantly higher discretionary accruals compared to financially constrained firms with low investment opportunities. Findings also show that constrained high-accrual firms have higher earnings announcement returns compared to constrained low-accrual firms, and invest in projects that appear to improve ROA.

Managers of companies that are facing financial crisis, have high incentives to use discretionary accruals and earnings because of declining profitability and the resulting stock price decline his bonus, such acts lead to a reduction in earnings quality and reduce the quality of financial information, So the financial crisis has weakened the trust of investors in financial reporting system and the quality of its accounting is of great importance. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of financial crisis on quality of financial reporting. In this study we use a sample of 90 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2002 to 2015. The results of multiple regression model and panel data with fixed and random effects, showed that financial crisis has significant negative effect on the earning smoothing, value relevance and conditional conservatism, but it was not found significant correlation between the financial crisis with unconditional conservatism.

Agency problems, as a result of a conflict of interest between managers and shareholders is created. The audit efficient way to limit the powers of the managers are in contractual relations.The Purpose of this study was to evaluate the Stickiness of audit fees(Audit cost asymmetry), adjustments related to differences in the long-term impact of the increase or decrease in the risk of diversion of tax audit fees are fees from the standard model. For this purpose, data from 140 Tehran Stock Exchange members for the period of 1386 to 1394 have been used. Testing of research hypotheses is done using the regression model of combined data. The results show that audit fee stickiness does not follow a specific trend and varies over long periods of time. Also, tax avoidance, causes a deviation from the standard model of audit fees and wage increases.

This study examines the relationship between overinvestment, type of subsequent earnings management and tenure of CEO's of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period from 2005 to 2016 deals. One of the main objectives of this study is that after overinvestment, managers how the subsequent financial incentives to distort information for the benefit of shareholder expectations about return on investment? Also, given that CEO tenure with his ability to influence the allocation of corporate resources and related financial reporting process, it is assumed that a positive relationship between overinvestment and subsequent earning management does not apply for the new CEOs. In the present study to measure the accrual earning management the Kothari, Leon and Wesley (2005) model, and to measure actual earnings management Dichow et al. (1998) model and the Roychowdhury (2006) model and to measure overinvestment Richardson (2006) model were utilized. The results show that the firms’ current overinvestment has positive and significance relationship with accrual and real earnings management. In addition, the results showed that there is no significant relationship between overinvestment and earnings management (accrual and real) with CEO tenure.