نشریه بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

Due to increasing divorce rates among young couples in recent years, the paper using emic approach and social interpretivism aims to explore the experiences of divorce. Purposive sampling with maximum diversity and theoretical saturation is used for sampling. Thus, 25 divorced male and female aged 15-30 years old is interviewed in Tehran city. The findings in the four categories; reasons for divorce, attitude toward divorce before become divorced, challenges during divorce process, and life issues after divorce. The vulnerability of females in the divorce process (before, during, and after divorce) is more than males. Divorced females have experienced many emotional, economic, and social problems in new life after divorce. In general, results indicated divorce as process, multi-dimensional and socially constructed. Divorce is a multi-phase process; various determinants have shaped situations in before divorce (decision making), during divorce (action to divorce), and after divorce (coping with new life). In conclusion, divorce is not happened in a vacuum, but it happened in a socio-cultural contexts that affected the process and as well as the consequences of divorce.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of social factors on the body management among men 18 to 45 in Tehran “with emphasis on self-presentation”. In today's short and temporary relationships, everybody's appearance plays important role in identifying individual identity.Thus body as a tool of expressing identity becomes more crucial. Improving and controlling of body which is the characteristic of modern society takes places in creating agreeable image of body and appearance for others. .Theories of Goffman, Giddens, Elias, Bourdieu and Bandura formed the theoretical framework of this research.. Statistical population was the members of body building gyms in Tehran and the size of random sample was 384 (Cochran’ formula was used to determine the sample size).
Survey method was used for explaining the impact of social factors( Showing distinction with others, showing savory appearance, socio-economic status,learing the behavior of others, cultural capital) on the body management. Necessary informations were collected through questionnare and its reliability was tested by Cronbach's alpha statistic. Statistical tests which are applied in this research are correlation and regression. Results showed that there was significant relationship between social factors and self-presentation, self-persentation and body management and between social factors and body management.Thus it can be concluded that the mediator variable" self-presentation " overally has mediative role regarding to social factors and body management.

This study aims to investigate health related quality of life (HRQOL) in adults of Tehran, the capital of Iran, in comparison with other countries. EQ-5D-5L, the questionnaire of health related quality of life developed by EUROQOL, is used here to reach this purpose. The questionnaire consists of a visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) and a descriptive system of health. Descriptive system has five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The correlation of EQ-VAS and the five dimensions with the variables age and sex is measured by statistics. Results show poor self-reported health status in Iran, comparing with other countries. Like other researches, women evaluated their health status less than men. By EQ-VAS, the adults of Tehran assessed their health status less than most of the comparing countries. In the five dimensions of the descriptive system of EQ-5D, mobility, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression are not appropriate, but anxiety/depression needs more consideration. Adults of Tehran reported more than 23 percent problems in the dimension anxiety/depression in all ages and the problem in the age group 18-24 is more than the problems of the three next 10-age age groups. It warns about the mental health of the society specially youths. Also health status of elderly of Tehran, especially women, needs more attention

Increasing crime rates in recent years in Iran -especially in Tehran- have highlighted the subject of conformity with social norms. In the meantime, the study of the situations and conditions that create action (based on normality or norm-breaking, based on the narrative of social actors and the presentation of a typology of conformity or non-conformity types) is a largely neglected field in Iranian sociology.
Therefore, this study adopts a qualitative methodology and uses a semi-structured deep interview technique and interviews with 19 men and women living in Tehran and seeks to explore the various dimensions of conformity and the causal conditions affecting it from the perspective of social activists.
The results of this study indicate that Individuals are informed on the basis of " theoretical consciousness" from existence reasons of a social norm and they can recognize a normative fact based on "consequential consciousness" and they can aware from the consequences of conformity with social norms or deviation of them. also, when individuals encounter a norm, they refer to its possible consequences (positive or negative) and then they decide to action. Therefore, consequences and its calculation are the most important factors of conformity with the norm.
On the one hand, inner drives (attraction) based on pleasure or anti-sociality Lack of opportunities and obstruction of legitimate ways to achieve purposes are effective on social conformity and on the other hand, the cultural resistance of various subcultures in society, such as the subculture of the youth or the upper classes of society is accompanied by a kind of deviation and intentional conflict with dominant norms (in order to challenge the ruling power) that this issue greatly reduces the degree of conformity.
Accordingly, different types of conformity are: conformity based on commitment, conformity based on benefit, conformity based on compulsion and conformity based on habit. Types of norm-breaking are: norm-breaking based on neglect, norm-breaking based on intentional, norm-breaking based on benefit, norm-breaking based on compulsion and norm-breaking based on habit.

This paper elaborates on the issue that has been raised in our previous studies i.e.,”an analysis of the reproduction of conservative values in mate selection on iran” and “gender differences in mate preferences in online dating in iran”. In those studies we concluded that the homogamy is the core theory that explains the mate preference behavior of Iranian youth. This theory Is the main sociological analysis tool for mate preference in almost every recent research literature. The raise and the popularity of online dating among iranian youth has motivated us to answer the following question, whether the mate preference of users in online dating services follows the theory of homogamy, and also whether the theory holds for online dating as well as real life dating. To answer these questions, we based our work on the data gather from profiles of 84000 users of a well known Iranian dating service (called Tooba). The paper depicts the statistical results in various tables through the paper.

Social apathy is defined as “not participating in social issues, disappointment, be unconcern to social issues, lack of civic involvement as a citizen, and inattentiveness to social, political, and cultural issues.
This study was conducted using survey research and questionnaire along with historical and qualitative studies. The research statistical population includes two urban areas (Ghezel Ghaleh Quarter - district 6 of Tehran) and a rural area (Nezam Abad village, Islam Shahr).
The findings of this study shows that there is a significant correlation between social apathy and social trust, social satisfaction, social normlessness, the level of fatalism, and feeling of injustice, both in urban and rural areas. This means that an increase or decrease in these variables leads to change in the social apathy. Meanwhile, the effect of distrust variables in urban society and social dissatisfaction in rural society was more obvious.

In recent decades, alongside increasing in rate and changing in types of crimes in Iran, the rate of formal related punishments or special crimes by penal system, have also increased. These punishments which sometimes had been performing publicly have different reactions in society and public opinion which are qualified for scientific and empirical inquiries. The aim of this survey is the assessment of formal punishments’effect on public attitude toward crime through “Deterrence principle” and “reinforcement of social integration” .The research population consists of all citizens above 18 years old in Khomeini Shahr, Isfahan. 171 people were selected from total population as the research sample by cluster sampling technique. Findings show that generally, Khomeini Shahr citizens have a negative attitude toward the spectrum of studied crimes. Furthermore, there is a relationship between awareness and assessment of execution of formal punishments with deterrence principle and reinforcement of social integration. Results were explained by theories of social control, social integration and deterrence.

Healthy family is the foundation of future health of society. It requires strategies for social and cultural reform, since the divorce in our country is a crisis researchers has prompted to explore this issue. The main objective of this study was to analyze researches on divorce in Iran. This can create a connection between studies and access to a coherent result from the studies help disperse.
Given the purpose of this analysis is the methodology of the study. The first meta-analysis of individual data from primary sources is extracted and then the data will be combined with each other and eventually obtained a new result related to divorce papers in scholarly research population over the last 10 years, the articles published in journals and dissertations of master's degree and doctorate in the period 1384 to 1394. Charles Spearman validity of the formula and William Brown, was 0.147, indicating good reliability Related to divorce papers in scholarly research population over the last 10 years, the articles published in journals and dissertations of master's degree and doctorate in the period 1384 to 1394. Charles Spearman validity of the formula and William Brown, was 0.147, indicating good reliability among the factors affecting the social stigma of divorce with effect size 1.34, the type used by the mass media with an effect size of 1.25, effect size 1.002 education level, mode of selection wife with 1.58 and 1.14 children are the most effective factors in the incidence of divorce. Survey shows average effect size of 0.84 is due to social factors, as interpreted by Cohen showed great influence of social factors.

This research seeks to analyze the effectiveness of morality-based approaches in quiting addiction; in this case, we used different theories: theory of social learning, Durkheim’s theory, social deviances theories and social morality theories. By using qualitative method and specifically content analysis, semi-structured interviews have been done. At the first stage, all documents (books and statute), magazines and formal website of association, narratives of public relations and board of directors, programs, structure and 12 principles of association were analyzed via content analysis method, based on social morality and collective approach. After this phase, we followed grounded theory method and interviewed members of association. Statistical populatin of research were 4700 members of Anonymous Association of Boroujerd city. They were categorized in 22 groups of men and women. The research sample consists 25 people, who were members. These people were selected through theoretical sampling. After reaching theoretical saturation, the findings were analyzed through Strauss and Corbin’s pattern. These findings indicate the presence of a strong and non-ideological moral approach in association’s programs in 3 phases. Also, these programs are positively effective in changing the definition of addiction, strengthening moral thinking among addictives and resocialization of social morality principles toward leaving addiction and retrieving health.

This paper aims to develop a conceptual and analytical model of academic entrepreneurship ecosystem, from the viewpoints of experts and managers in Iranian public universities. The method of this study is the mixed method. In the qualitative section, a conceptual model of the academic ecosystem is developed by using exploratory and documentary study (20 research documents and viewpoints of 15 experts of Higher Education) and in the quantitative section (survey), dimensions of the academic entrepreneurial ecosystem were monitored by 79 university managers. In this study, reliability and construct validity of the survey instrument were calculated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis. In the survey section, data were analyzed using the SPSS21 software. The conceptual model of the academic ecosystem is developed in six key dimensions including policy, financial and economic fields, cultural and social, supports, institutions, networks and interactions and human capital and based on SWOT analysis manager's viewpoints of public universities were analyzed according to four aspects including strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Results and findings show that due to the special value calculated for each factor, in terms of policy, strengths have been the most powerful determinants. In terms of human capital, institutions, networks and interactions set, weaknesses have the most potential participants. In supports and cultural and social aspects, the most powerful determinants are the opportunities, and ultimately more power in the context of financial and economic determinants are the threats.

As a social disorder, murder-suicide is a phenomenon in which a person attempts to commit suicide shortly after killing other persons. Despite the diversity of manifestations of the disorder, we can encapsulate all kinds of it in two categories; motivational murder-suicide and non-motivational murder-suicide. The distinction between the two types of murder-suicide is a special motivation for committing murder (contingent on an emotional relationship between killer and victim) in motivational murder-suicide and lack of such motivation in non-motivational murder-suicide. The method used in this research is qualitative with targeted sampling of 50 of Psychology and psychiatrists who examined the records associated with Murder-Suicide. Interviews continued until data saturation and analysis interviews conducted with method of open coding. Findings Show that can classification various type of murder-suicide based on relation family, motivate and rate. Also, can consider for murder-suicide features of Violent nature, elevated decided, excite emotional relationship, The prevalence of committing men and women as target of crime, and the phenomena has four overall manifestations namely spousal homicide, filicide, familicide, lover killing. Also, about factors of this behavior can refer to: emotional harm and lack of self contorol, mental position as the direct causes of murder-suicide.

This article aims to study the socio-cultural challenges of private dormitories in Tehran. The population of research is all students who are living in private dormitories. The data are collected through quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (interviews and observations) methods. The results show that students in private dormitories are faced with the problems and challenges such as lack of privacy due to population density, conflict among students, non-student residents, lack of belonging to the dorm, alienation from the dormitory, conflicts with neighbors and tendency to risky behavior and social vulnerabilities as watching of illegal movies and sites, smoking, and use of drugs.