فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری
پیاپی 30 (پاییز 1396)

The growth and expansion of the city is a process that affects all city structures, directly or indirectly. So, if this process does not pass the correct flow, it has many adverse effects on the city and its components. Sprawl growth and development is one of the forms of urban growth, which cause encroachment of the open spaces of the surrounding area and agricultural and rural lands to the physical body of the city and creates sprawl, due to several factors such as the lack of urban growth management programs and lack of unified and comprehensive laws on monitoring and controlling the growth of urbanization. The negative consequences of the sprawl are the destruction of fertile lands and nonrenewable resources, the conversion of agricultural land and natural resources to urban land, the threat and reduction of social cohesion, spatial separation, the removal of open spaces, increasing the dependence on the car and increasing the fuel and energy consumption. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and identify the sprawl phenomenon and measure the effective indicators on this phenomenon in Shiraz. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the dispersion rate is assessed by using 20 indicators in six groups (density, accessibility, centering, land use mixing, abnormality of built areas and activity space) in the Arc GIS environment and based on weighting factors, the severity and weakness of the sprawl in 111 neighborhoods of the city were determined by factor analysis method. The results of the research show that the physical development process of Shiraz over the past few decades is sporadically overlooked and the highest parts are in the north-west and south-east axis of Shiraz.

Because of the market access enhancement and lowered transport costs, development of transport infrastructures has been shown to increase productivity, competition, and business activity. In this article, we calculate and analyze different centrality measures of Iran’s province capitals based on their road and air connections in 2015. In this regard, related information about road and air routes were accumulated and centrality and Betweenness rank of each province capital were determined. The result indicates major gaps between centrality measures of the cities based on air and road networks. The city of Hamedan has the highest Betweenness centrality value on road network with 0.293 and Urmia is at the bottom of the list with zero centrality. For Betweenness centrality based on air network, metropolises of Tehran and Mashhad are far ahead of the rest of the cities. It was noted that geographical factors such as location, particularly the lack of other cities in the surrounding or directly linked to neighboring cities with each other, are among the major factors in centrality rank of a city. Finally, we divided the selected 31 capital cities into four modularity classes based on their road connections. We also introduce Gephi software as a useful tool to calculate centrality measures. Research type is descriptive-analytic and method used to extract data is documental.

Due to the rise in average global surface temperatures from the late 19th century, global warming has paid more attention. Increasing earth's surface temperature, especially in towns and cities is one of the major environmental problems. Many factors are involved in the creation of heat islands such as wind speed, building materials, urban green space, factories and large-scale industry and other human activities, form solar radiation etc. They have a significant impact. In this study, using two images Landsat 8. On 8th Esfand 1393 and Persian date Mordad 12 1394, layers generated from digital elevation models (including slope and aspect) obtained from sensors Aster and land use by municipalities in Zanjan to achieve ends Was used. In the first stage using Landsat imagery 8 split window algorithm calculated the Earth's surface temperature and the temperature of the earth's surface with layers of slope, aspect, NDVI and land use imported software was Saga-GIS. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed with stepwise Step-wise. Most important factor in the creation of heat islands in the study area are layers and layers of the utmost importance to 0.870643 slope, vegetation, land use and height are the next priority.

Urban spaces are places for making relationship and Interaction of human societies, where persons with different interests and demands come together. Markets and commercial centers as one of the most important urban spaces which have emerged in different forms in cities framework, are considered as an important part of urban space system. Both traditional and modern markets are considered as documents which give urban society identity, so that city’s life and market are linked. Physical and architectural features of these centers are in such ways that have changed them to a world of activities and cultural and social interactions and urban events. The aim of this research is to evaluate Ardebil covered bazaar in terms of enjoyment of urban space dynamism components and its method is descriptive- analytical. In order to collect data, library and field sources were used. Statistical population of this research is specialists, experts and visitors of covered bazaar. According to the population of Ardabil city, 384 individuals were selected as sample size and in order to analyze the data, statistical methods, one sample t test and stepwise regression have been used. The result of one sample t test shows that the status of covered bazaar in terms of enjoyment of urban space dynamism components is in a desired status because its mean value is 3.44 which is higher than threshold value, i.e. 3. The results of stepwise regression indicate that among urban space dynamism components, the component of mixed and diverse land uses have greatest impact because it has a beta coefficient of 0.397, then structure, form and flexibility, supplying safety and security, timing and permeability and suitable access components are in the next ranks, respectively.

Today, with the growth of urban population, the use of public and private transportation is increasing rapidly that causes air and noise pollution, and excessive consumption of fuel. Studies have shown that public transportation is more economical than private vehicles and emits less pollution. Public transportation requires integration and compatibility with other transportation systems for have a sustainable performance. Urmia metropolitan city with a population growth of 1.42% per year has been dealt with heavy traffic congestion and rising travel time. In order to reduce heavy traffic density and its problems in this city, Busas Rapid Transit (BRT) were designed and implemented as a public transportation system by urban planners and engineers. But, this transportation system needs integration in economical, technical, environmental and social aspects for having a proper performance and competence ability with other public transportation systems. So, firstly, in this paper, the integration criteria in this transportation system are obtained by designing a questionnaire and weighted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and then the evaluation and prioritizing urban decision makers such as urban executive authorities, urban board authorities, drivers and travelers are carried out using the COPRAS method to implement integration programs and policies and also expanding them in other parts of this city. Overall, the results show that urban executive authorities, drivers, passengers and urban board authorities in order have the first, the second priority, the third, and the fourth priority in making decisions and the integrateon of this public transportation system.

Urban Monuments play an important role in the processes of formation, change and reproduction of urban identity. Under present day conditions where the identities of cities are rapidly deteriorating and vanishing, the importance of urban monuments as objects of urban identity and character is ever growing. Iranian cities gained their own independence and identity in the past, meanwhile most believe that cities today are consisted of a large number of office buildings, complex roads and streets, and parks without forming a unique identity. Insufficient attention of the creators of these urban areas and elements with the aesthetic concept, beside the prevalence of the speculative aspects, and dominance of the materialistic methods and mentality, are the reasons which exacerbate most of the urban activities and constructions. There are several elements that creates the identity of a city. The goal of this research is to examine the impacts of urban landmarks and furniture that can functionally and aesthetically help identify a city. Five case landmarks and sculptures in city of Shiraz were analyzed and their roles in defining the city were examined. The results of the research proved that most of these landmarks do in fact help with identifying the city. It was also found that they are most often better received when they have roots in the traditions and cultures of the city. And those landmarks and elements that lack such characteristics might not be as practical. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the information collection was verifiable and based on the documents.

The geographical nature of Iran is in such a way that is always threatened by natural hazards. Natural disasters and accidents are one of the most important concerns of the human life. Administrative units play an important role as one of important elements in cities. They could play an important role during crises. For example, we can use them as shelters for injured people. We conducted the present study according to importance of crisis management knowledge and its emphasis on official buildings regard to assessing these building's vulnerability rate during crises. In this research, case study is official buildings of Isfahan city including telecommunication, firefight unit, electricity office, municipality, education and training, Gas Company, etc. it is the importance of this research that there was not any study about evaluating state of official buildings in Isfahan city. We can use findings of this research in order to organizing and optimizing official buildings of Isfahan city during crises and determining the most vulnerable official buildings during crises. The method of this research is descriptive, analytical and survey. Data collecting tool is researcher-made questionnaire, which is regulated based on literature, history and objectives of the research. Using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), we ranked offices in analysis. We used GIS software to drawing map and mean center model to spatial distribution of offices. Among offices, relief committee of town management has the lowest vulnerability and old building of third sector municipality has the highest vulnerability.

TIn many cities, the location pattern of educational applications is not in good condition for various reasons such as the placement of annoying applications including industrial and military applications, gas stations and medical applications, which cause a fall in the service quality of schools as well as undesirable physical and psychological impacts on the students. Therefore, the location of educational facilities must be adhered principles and criteria for these spaces have compatibility with other urban land. The aim of the study is to evaluate the urban land with emphasis on the neighborhood pattern and pays to measure educational applications (high school) in the city of Maragheh. The Research Method is descriptive- analytical. The data collected through documentary and field and is analyzed in GIS software. The variables of the study are, noise pollution and air (away from industrial centers, away from the highway, away from the main roads), welfare and public safety (distance from fire stations, distance from gas stations, distance from medical facilities, distance from police stations, proximity to cultural centers, close to the sports centers) and aesthetics (proximity to green spaces, away from the cemetery). In order to weighting and assess the effect of study variables is used from FAZZY- AHP model. Then use the Arc GIS software to define user privacy training According to the criteria which have been classified in five categories fully compatible, relatively consistent, indifferent, relatively incompatible, and totally incompatible. The results of the neighborhood study of 41 high schools in the Maragheh city show, 37 percent of schools are in Undesirable state, 39 percent in relatively good state and 24 percent in good condition in terms of location and proximity to user compatible and incompatible. In schools, rank 1 is obtained by Shahid Bakeri high school boy's school and rank 41 obtained by Khajeh Nasir high school boy's school.

Today, the concept of security of the citizens becomes one of the main priorities of urban theorists.Insecurity of places and open spaces of collective prevented the development of cultural and public contributions of citizens.Urban rapid growth, migration of rural to urban and a lack of proper planning and design terminated a heterogeneous structure in the suburban areas and followed by it informal settlements have arisen. One of the most fundamental problems of informal settlements is threats and hazards that daily in urban areas affected lives of residents.These areas because of being outside the formal and legal planning of urban development and exclusion of urban services are strongly to crime.Codification of efficient and appropriate to environmental conditions criteria and providing of good patterns can help reduce the rise in crime in informal settlements open spaces.This study, with identifying indicators and factors affecting the characteristics of the environment and its impact on social security, examine these factors in urban open spaces in informal settlements in Sabzevar. This study is among the applied research.The research method, using a combination strategy is descriptive analysis and from method of interpretation and survey have used in the process of doing research. Collecting data in this study has been done after develop a theoretical framework by using questionnaires in this field.SPSS software is have used for descriptive and inferential analysis. The findings suggest that there is a significant negative correlation between six physical components as a symbol of pollution, visual pollution, land use activities, the overall quality of living, light pollution and access and social security.

One of the main goals of all governments and organizations controlling urban management is to balance spatial distribution of resources and services in cities. Equal distribution of services needs pinpointing the locations of services and facilities in a way that all citizens have equal access to them. Providing CNG fueling stations in urban areas (with the emphasis on their accessibility) is one of the major urban services that has attracted a great deal of attention. Since Ardabil city is also the center of Ardabil province, it has experienced the increase in population density and growth that has led to insufficiency (due to the imbalanced distribution of services) in providing urban services such as CNG fueling stations in different areas. This study aimed to evaluate present condition of CNG fueling stations, to locate new stations optimally and to increase citizens’ access to these stations. Due to its nature and objectives, research method is descriptive-analytical. Hence in this study CNG fueling stations were pinpointed using data from descriptive analysis and field observations; moreover, criteria (12 criteria) for locating these stations in Ardabil city were assessed through AHP model and the urban areas with no or limited access to these stations were identified. The results of zoning in Ardabil city to locate CNG fueling stations indicated that the most unsuitable and suitable zones contained 22.5 % and 15.8 % of the areas in Ardabil city, respectively. Moreover, the obtained results indicated that through establishing 6 new CNG stations we can optimize providing services to the citizens. In this regard the suggested CNG stations were studied through TOPSIS model and utilizing 8 effective criteria for their optimal spatial distribution, then they prioritized. The results indicated that the existing CNG fueling station in Ardabil city are not in line with urbanization standards and besides providing undesirable services they don’t match with land use around them. This is in turn defines the need to reconsider the position of CNG fueling stations and establishing new stations in Ardabil city

The rapid growth of urbanism in Iran has resulted in that the cities today is faced many problems, for this purpose an organization must be organized, systematic and regular to do administrate of city. In most countries of the world including Iran the municipality is responsible for administration of the city, and study of its operation has been discussed between researchers constantly. The aim of this paper is study of municipality performance of Dehdasht city in different dimensions and evaluation of individual, social factors influenced on it from the view of citizens. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and survey. The statistical sample consisting of the heads of households in Dehdasht city, randomly selected and through the use of Cochran’s formula amounting 384 cases and by questionnaire has been studied. The methods of factorial model and the Cronbach alpha coefficient have been used to determine the validity and reliability of the questionnaires. The results indicate that citizens are in dimension of technical-development "somewhat satisfied”, in dimension of services "Satisfied" and in dimension of social-cultural "Dissatisfied". Results of multiple regressions based on stepwise method also show that social participation, social knowledge, social confidence and age have 26% changes in dependent variable (satisfaction of municipality performance).

The main objective of this study was to determine the best location for the construction of urban parks using a location model of Maxi-Min and Mini-Max which is developed in this study. In this research, to locate new parks, interaction between the candidates, with incompatibility issues of urban land use has been considered. The best places to build green space areas that are closest to their customers, or in other words lands with most compatibility, and also the furthest with incompatible places. The location model found the optimal points so that the total distance from incompatible land uses maximized and to compatible places minimized. This location model using CPLEX software has been written and solved. Incompatible and compatible places in ArcGIS environment were included. The best locations for the construction of new urban parks using the green zones in Tehran’s comprehensive plan for Region 17 were introduced. In this study, six scenarios were developed to locate new parks. In this study six scenarios were developed for the location of new parks. In the first to fourth scenario, 19, 23, 31 and 43 new parks were located. But the fifth and sixth scenarios failed to reach the optimal answer. This means that the optimal selection and deployment of urban parks from the candidate points cannot be increased to more than four meters per capita in the region. But the per capita can be increased by an optimal amount of up to 6.18 m2 per citizen.

This study aimed to identify the principles, objectives and indicators for urban regeneration in a number of countries and compare it with the principles, objectives and indicators of sustainable urban regeneration in Iran, and evaluation of tissues worn offices facilitator in achieving the goals of a comprehensive urban regeneration in total sustainable city of Shiraz. The performance of the offices of the three groups of people, residents, administrators and urban management experts and experts from offices in relation to achieving the goals of sustainable comprehensive approach to urban regeneration in the city about evaluated. Research Methodology a combination of documents available quantities of letters and methods and a survey questionnaire and interview and using content analysis methods and logical reasoning and evaluation of the stage and the impact of the offices of success in achieving sustainable comprehensive recreated goals of the descriptive research - is used. The results indicate that the principles, objectives and indicators of sustainable urban regeneration in Iran is in compliance with other studied countries, as well as facilitating services offices with the principles, objectives and indicators of sustainable urban renewal in matches. Performance evaluation offices are three groups of people, urban management and offices facilitating been successful. As achieving physical targets in the first place and to the objectives of social, environmental and economics.

The quality of the environment of the city is essentially a multidimensional concept and includes physical dimensions, spatial, economic, social and urban environment. On this basis, the quality of the urban environment can be found on the social relations of effective citizens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the quality of the urban environment on the social relations of space use in walk Avicenna in Hamedan is a positive step in the direction of increasing the quality of urban spaces and the environment as well as improving and upgrading the level of relations and social interactions in the space. Applied research and methods a descriptive analytical sample size it is also from the formula (the determination of sample size unknown society) equal to 225. Simple random sampling technique as well. for the analysis of variance analysis software SPSS) is a two-sided T-test and Chi Square correlation Tests-Chi-square). The results of this research show that the environmental quality and social relations between the users of the space there is a high correlation of two variables the vitality and quality of the environmental quality in the public arena has the most influence on social relations level abu ali sina walkway. In fact, the quality of the individual's persistence in the environment causing the space and make it social action. That is why this research in order to increase the quality of the suggestions in the space provided.