نشریه مدیریت ارتقای سلامت
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 25، خرداد و تیر 1396)

Around two decades ago, the Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) method was introduced to sample hidden populations especially those exposed to high risk diseases. This study is aimed to determine factors affecting the design of sampling method for hidden populations exposed to high risk diseases.
In this review article, in addition to introducing the RDS method, 11 surveys that employed this method to study hidden populations are reviewed. Consequently, the key points that should be considered in designing this method including formative assessment and seeds selection are studied.
Results indicated that if the main purpose of a formative assessment and seeds selection does not achieve the hidden population parameter estimates will differ actual values and the survey would counter some biases. Uncertainty of recruiter’s degree, not-forming long recruitment chains, and slowly recruiting of recruiters could be the most important of these biases.
Without paying attention to the influential considerations in designing RDS method, this method in sampling hidden populations will not be applicable. It is recommended that researchers in order to guarantee the successful penetrating to the target hidden population, consider the key influential points RDS method in advance.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible kidney function that can lead to the end stage of the renal disease. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between blood Creatinine levels and survival of patients with kidney disease using joint longitudinal and survival model.
In this descriptive-longitudinal study, demographic and disease information of 112 patients with chronic renal failure that referred to a Medical-educational center in Gonbad-e Kavus for hemodialysis purposes between 2012 and 2014. Longitudinal creatinine levels and survival (i.e. the time interval between the beginning of the study until death or the end of the patients’ study) are considered as response variables. Data is analyzed by Joint model for assessing effective factors on survival and the result is compared with survival and longitudinal models. The models are fitted by R 3-1-3 and the significant level is considered as 0.05.
In joint model, factors such as marital status, initial amount of hemoglobin, hemoglobin, blood urea and phosphorus had statistically significant relationship with survival patients’ survival. In addition, the risk of death and sex, age, marital status, diabetes, duration of dialysis, initial amount of creatinine had statistically significant relationship with creatinine level. Moreover, results demonstrate a correlation between the survival and longitudinal creatinine models. In other words, a unit decrease in creatinine level leads to 0.34 increase in risk of death.
This study shows that the standard error of coefficients in the joint model is less than longitudinal and survival models. The use of joint model is recommended for binary correlated responses in the medicine and public health fields.

An increase of glucose and blood lipids in diabetic patients leads to worsening of late complications of diabetes. However the relationship between osteocalcin and PTH with glycemic, lipid and adiposity parameters especially following training in DM patients remains unclear. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between serum osteocalcin and PTH concentrations with glycemic, lipid and adiposity parameters subsequent 10-weeks of aerobic training in women with type 2.
In this semi-experimental study, 40 postmenopausal women with DM (40-60 years) were selected and randomly assigned in to exercise (20) and control (20) groups. Exercise protocol was 10 weeks (3d/wk, 40 to 60 min/d with 45% to 60% HRR) of PAE (aerobics and walking activities). Blood samples were taken before and after the exercise to measure serum variables. Data is analyzed by SPSS.20
At the base line, there was no significant correlation between osteocalcin (except blood glucose and WHR) and PTH with any of the variables. But after the exercise there was a significant correlation between osteocalcin with PBF, WC, WHR, HbA1c, blood glucose, insulin resistance index and between PTH with PBF and TC (P This study shows that exercising (e.g. aerobics and walking) influences on osteocalcin, glycemic, lipid and adiposity parameters, which can be used to control type 2 diabetes. However, to reduce the PTH and prevent its adverse effects on diabetic patients, this type of training is not effective and requires further investigation. This training method can be recommended as a non-invasive treatment for controlling blood glucose, serum lipids and body composition in DM patients.

Promoting a healthy life style is an important aspect for nurses. While Nurse's health may influence the patients’ health, this study aims to determine the health promotion behaviors and its correlation with selected professional factors in nurses.
This is a descriptive- correlational study. Population of the study consists of all nurses who worked in Fatemeh Zahra Hospital in Najaf Abad, Iran in 2015. Nurses (n = 115) are selected through census method. Data is gathered with demographic and “Health-Promoting Life Style Profile II” (HPLPII) in six dimensions of health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, stress management and interpersonal relationships. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability of the tool was calculated in a sample of 10 people within a week, also intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) is calculated. Data is analyzed using SPSS.19 software.
The mean score of health promoting behaviors among nurses is 122.42 ± 44.22 which indicates an average level. The highest score is in the area of health responsibility (32.40 ± 5.83) and the lowest score corresponds to the stress management (13.13 ± 3.34) and physical activity (13.45 ± 4.67). Results showed a significant correlation between health promoting behaviors and the shift work (P = 0.021), type of employment (P = 0.001) and income (P = 0.002).
Considering the low score of nurses in physical activity and stress management, it is recommended to improve the health promotion behaviors especially stress management and physical activity among through implementing educational programs about healthy life style.

Academic resilience is one of the components that relates to academic achievement. The aim of this study is to predict the academic resilience on the basis of personality traits with mediation emotional intelligence.
This is a descriptive-correlation study that applies structural equation modeling (SEM). 489 participants through cluster sampling are selected from Zanjan University to measure the variables, “Samuels Academic Resilience Inventory” (ARI), “Schutte Emotional Intelligence” and “NEO Personality Inventory-Revised” are used. The validity and reliability of these instruments have been confirmed in the previous study. Data is analyzed by AMOS.7.
With respect to results, neuroticism (β = -0.171, P Study indicates that neuroticism, conscientiousness and emotional intelligence predicts the academic resilience. Furthermore, emotional intelligence mediates between the agreeableness, extroversion, openness and conscientiousness with academic resilience. It is recommended that training course can increase academic resilience of students.

Because of their ongoing contact with patients, nurses have an important role in maintaining and improving standards of patient safety, in which nurses’ workplace condition may have impact on the incidence of nosocomial infections and may endanger patient safety. Aim: the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between nurse's workplace environment and nosocomial infection.
This descriptive - correlational study was done on 300 nurses working in teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Subjects were selected through stratified sampling method. Data related to nurse's workplace environment were collected by Nurses Work Environment Index (NWI). Its validity and reliability was determined by content validity and Cronbach's alpha (0/89), respectively. Data related to nosocomial infection were extracted from INIS software. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential analysis (Pearson’s correlation test) by SPSS (ver.16) software.
The result showed that the mean incidence of nosocomial infections in the selected hospital was 3.47%, and urinary tract infection (UTI) was the most common infection in these hospitals (39.7%). Pearson's correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative relationship between each domain of nurse's work environment and the incidence of nosocomial infection (p It was found that there was a negative correlation between nurse's work environment and nosocomial infection. Therefore, one of the important strategies for decreasing of nosocomial infection and promotion of patients’ safety is the improvement of the work condition of health care professionals, especially nurses’ work environment.

The job burnout of and mental health problems occurs among teachers of special schools. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between the job burnout and mental health of teachers in special schools of Zanjan using job involvement mediation.
This research is a descriptive- correlational study. 116 teachers of the special schools during the 95-94 academic year are selected through census sampling. Data is collected using “Maslash Burnout Inventory”, “Job involvement Questionnaire” and “General Health Questionnaire”. Data analysis is performed by Lisrel 8.5 software and the proposed model is tested through structural equation modeling.
Emotional exhaustion through job involvement has correlation with physical health (-0.21), anxiety, insomnia (0.17), social function (0.1) and depression (0.19). Depersonalization through job involvement has correlation with physical health (-0.14), anxiety, insomnia (0.11), social function (0.06) and depression (0.17). Lack of personal success through job involvement has correlation with physical health (-0.19), anxiety, insomnia (0.15), social function (0.09) and depression (0.24).
Job involvement as a mediator has a relationship between job burnout and mental health of teachers in special schools. It is recommended to use the findings of this study to plan and enhance the job involvement of teachers in special schools.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in the central nervous system which affects an individual’s daily life. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of Pilates workouts on fatigue, motor disability, and muscle flexibility in women suffering from Multiple Sclerosis in Tabriz.
In this quasi-experimental study, 34 women who are suffering from Multiple Sclerosis are selected through convenient sampling and randomly divided into two control and experimental groups. Data is collected by “Fatigue Severity Scale”, Expanded Disability Status Scale’ and “Muscle Flexibility Test” questionnaires. The exercising protocol for the experimental group included three 60-minute sessions of exercise per week for eight weeks. 24 hours prior and after the first and final exercise sessions, the variables under study are assessed. The data collected is analyzed using SPSS.20.
After eight-weeks of pilates workouts in experimental group, fatigue, motor disability and muscle flexibility are significantly different with similar ones in the control group (P = 0.05). These values were not significant in the control groups.
This study indicate that, the Pilates workouts on women suffering from the Multiple Sclerosis reduces fatigue and motor disability. Therefore, to reduce the fatigue and enhance the motor disability in these patients, it is recommended to apply Pilates workout session as a novel non-aggressive technique.