مجله مطالعات زبان فرانسه
پیاپی 2 (Spring-Summer 2010)

In this article, first an overview of the term "connotation" is presented as it was used by logicians and linguists before Hjelmslev. Then, this term is examined in the field of semiotics in the works of Hjemslev, Barthes and Greimas, and we go to see that in semiotics, a connotative system can be one of the creative systems of the sense, but it must be completed by other mechanisms. Finally, we shall place the connotation in the field of semantics by referring to Pierre-Yves Raccah's point of view, stemming from the theory of the "Argumentation in the Language", according to which words used in statements force points of view. We are going to give our definition of this term and we indeed go to see that the notions of point of view and connotation are strictly connected.

Curiosity arising from Baudelaire's aesthetics leads him towards a world of imaginations. Across the works of this poet, the absolute ruling role of images can be observed. These images have been sometimes arisen from his poetic taste with the use of artistic devices and occasionally from his search for reaching the mystic utopia. Thus, poem is a tool for the poet to depart from nature,which, in his opinion, is a symbol of the external reality and is nothing but wickedness.Consequently, the poet stands against this hackneyed nature. Such understanding of the nature,together with the creation of the images, with the help of the supernatural imaginative power can be seen in Baudelaire's works.

Verbal communication requires at least one locator (speaker) and one interlocutor (listener) who converse about a particular subject. This conversation usually takes place within a specific time and place and has to abide by the rules and principles of the language and the norms and connections of the cultural context. Therefore, in order to perform a successful verbal communication, it is not enough to have only linguistic competence; in addition, the interlocutors should also possess communicative competence. The present article deals with the interactive context of verbal communication and the appropriate strategies the speaker and listener utilize, in order to successfully interact with the other interlocutor.

The twentieth century is a period when man seeks to demystify the truth, to create reality. This mission inspires most writers, poets, novelists, playwrights, critics, etc. Gradually, as the author feels the need to strengthen the relationship between his art and his tendency to find reality, he consciously chooses to speak of the reality he observes. Thus, his work puts a vast panorama of life_social and individual_in front of the eyes of the reader; so it allows us to see a whole lifetime and not a particular aspect. This tendentious choice, to speak of true stories, is also done in Iran by a series of writers such as J. Ale Ahmad, B. Alavi, S. Choubak, GH. H. Saedi, to which must be added the name of Simin Daneshvar who benefits from this kind of scrutiny at the discretion of the woman, her joys, her miseries and wholesale social situation in the country. The study of the identity of Iranian women through Daneshvar, is the object of our study.

Proust's psychology is based on the distinction between “superficial ego” and “profound ego”. His “superficial ego” in turn, consists of two “egos”: “social ego” and “private ego”. In Proust’s work of fiction, “social ego” has his manifestations in the society and is the one we present to others. The Narrator of show him. The “private ego” of the Narrator is analyzed only by himself all along the fiction. The second “ego” is impermeable and can be reached only by “involuntary memory”. This phenomenon provides a panoramic, but unplanned and partial vision of Narrator’s “profound ego”. A thorough investigation of “ego” in direct contact between “profound ego” and the “world”.

All of the literatures have studied the basic question of death and life and the Persian literature, too.These concepts have been studied broadly by great contemporary Iranian poets such as Sepehri,Akhavan, Farrokhzad, Youshidj, and Shamlou. The perspective of these poets to these questions,based on their own philosophy, seems radically different; some have a positive point of view while others have a negative one. Studying the concept of death and life, in a comparative process, by using examples from their own main works, is the base of our study.

Arthur de Gobineau in the introduction to his book, the writer who has compiled his personal grudge against Iranians. In order to eliminate these doubts and misconceptions, Arthur de Gobineau took to writing the above collection. He has paid special attention to the history of "Ghanbar Ali", pointing out the characteristics, customs and traditions of Iranians. Additionally, he has described strike, pilgrimages and travels. He has simultaneously considered the two significant roles of comparative literature in relation to the above factors: the various origins of the story and their progress through the ages as well as the resources which form an integral part to the factual truths of the story.

Training of the foreign language has experienced changes and variations during the successive years, and the language is no more instructed theoretically or analytically. Thus, the skill in increasing the applicability of a language has gained much importance than before. Hence, during learning of foreign languages in an educational environment, a dialogue for the analysis of the language becomes inevitable, which leads the teachers and trainers to use a language that is called “meta-language” so to speak. The kind of the language used is very important because it may cause a mistake and mislead the language learner. The role of grammar in learning none-mother tongue through different methods (traditional, audio-visual, etc.) is emphasized in this essay. Various grammars used in these methods are studied during the learning process as well, and defining the meta-language and its varying versions are introduced according to the view points of different theorists.