نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 110 (بهار 1395)

In order to study effect of biological fertilizers on vegetative characteristics, dry matter and yield of corn, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in the city of dareshahr in 2010. Biological factors examined include 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer (nitroxin, nitrokara, super nitroplas and control) and 4 levels of biological phosphorus fertilizer (biophosphore, phosphate fertilized 2, mc1 and control), respectively. Results showed that biological nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on all traits (stem diameter, stem height and dry matter) had a significant impact. About of biological nitrogen fertilizer, the highest dry matter intake of 17961 kg/ ha super Nitroplas respectively, which increased 41% compared to control. About of biological phosphore fertilizer, the highest dry matter intake of 17961 kg /ha with the consumption phosphore 2 fertilizer respectively, which increased 41% compared to control. The survey results showed that the use of biological fertilizers, dry matter of corn through improved vegetative characteristics (stem diameter and stem height) increases.

Temperature is one the most important meteorological variables affecting plant growth and development.that influence on alive.In this study the heat requirement of winter whaet in to climatic region of Iran namely Pars Abad and Darab were estimated using 3 hourly tempeareure data and hourly data generating models.The results revealed that climate type,merthod of GDD calculation and temperature thresholds are have significant effect in GDD calculation.In the regions with maximum temperature above the fixed thereshold,maxmum-minimum method was superior to mean temperature method.The results showed that models using daily data are almost coincide,but a significant difference were observed between hourly and daily models.In warm climate, the calibrated values of maximum temperature was slightly above the given threshold but in cold the climate the difference between calibrated and fixed thereshold was lower.In general,the results of study showed that in early , phenological stages, mean temperature mehod is preferable for GDD calculation,in the other two stages (mid and late) due to higher daily range of temperature, the Max-Min method can be recommended.

A hydroponics experiment was conducted in biology department at the Urmia University in 2012 to investigate the effect of salinity (NaCl) and zinc (Zn2) on growth, the amount of photosynthesis pigments and Na, K and Cl- content of wheat. A completely randomized design experiment with 3 salinity levels, and 1 levels of zinc was performed. The wheat seedlings (18-day-old) were cultivated in the presence of 0.5 mmol L-1 Zn2 alone or combined with 50 or 100 mmol L–1 NaCl. The results showed that, Zn2 alone induced chlorosis and inhibited growth. Increasing of NaCl level reduced the growth parameters (fresh and dry weight and length), potassium content, Kﳖ ratio and photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, b and carotenoids) contents in both shoots and roots of 28-day old wheat seedlings. The Na and Cl- contents increased with increasing NaCl concentration. The combined effect of Zn2 and NaCl on accumulation of Na and Cl- was more pronounced then its on both Zn2 and NaCl alone. The results showed that Zn2 nutrition did not improve adaptation of wheat to salt stress.

Vetch (Vicia sp.) is one of the quality forage a plant which its role in livestock feed is of great significance. To study the effects of different levels zinc sulphatee on quantitative and qualitative species of forage vetch under Rain-fed conditions, an experiment was conducted at Research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University Iran, during 2009-2010. Treatments were Vetch species at three levels (Vicia narbonensis, V. sativa and V. dasycarpa) and four levels of zinc sulphate (0, 20, 40 and 60 Kg/h), which were arranged as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. The traits evaluated were fresh and dry forage weight, protein yield and percentage, plant height and stem diameter. Results showed that all studied traits were significantly affected by zinc sulphate application (P>0.05). The maximum and minimum fresh and dry forage yield and protein yield were recorded in plots V. narbonensis and V. dasycarpa received 60 kg/h zinc sulphate, respectively. The highest and lowest crud protein percentage was found to be in plots with V. dasycarpa and V. narbonensis under no application of zinc sulphate , respectively. The highest plant height was obtained from V. dasycarpawith 40 kg/h zinc sulphate, while the lowest plant height was recorded for V. narbonensis under control treatment. The maximum and minimum stem diameter were related to V. narbonensis with 40 kg/h and V. dasycarpa with 60 kg/h, respectively. Considering the results of present study, it seems application of 60 kg/h is found to be good to obtain the optimal performance of forage.

Weed species to various herbicides, show varying degrees of sensitivity or resistance. Therefore, to investigate the effect of herbicide application Trifuralin and Imazethapyr the composition and diversity of weeds a trial based on randomized complete block design with three replications was acheieved. Treatments were application of Trifuralin herbicide , Imazethapyr herbicide and not application of herbicide (control).The results showed that Trifuralin reduced 13/2% frequency of Lamb's quarters (Chenopodium Black album) and 3/7% of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Imazethapyr reduced 11/6% frequency of nightshade (Solanum nigrum) in final growth stage but non of the herbicides was not effect on Common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Dyer's croton (Chrozophora tinctoria),Flower-of-an-Hour (Hibiscus trionum), Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), Prostrate amaranth (Amaranthus blitoides), Flixweed (Descurainia Sophia) andDatura had low densities between herbicides treatment. In Imazethapyr treatment, Shannon–Wiener diversity index was more than control treatment in Almost growth stage and it was 0/97, 0/51 and 1/27 for Imazethapyr herbicide, Trifuralin herbicide and control treatments respectively in final growth stage.

The use of procedures in crop production that improve water use efficiency and reduce water consumption is an important issue. An experiment was conducted in 2009 in order to evaluate the corn (SC704) reaction to partial root zone and potassium application at Fars province. Treatments consisted of four irrigation levels (control, alternative furrow irrigation during whole season, alternative furrow irrigation until flowering then full irrigation and full irrigation until flowering then alternative furrow irrigation after flowering) and three potassium levels (0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 potassium sulfate). The treatments were arranged as factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Corn density was 7 plants/m2. The results showed that irrigation had significant effects on grain yield, water consumption, seed weight, seed per row and grain number per ear. The highest grain yield obtained in control irrigation but it was not significantly different from alternative furrow irrigation until flowering. The lowest water consumption was observed in alternative furrow irrigation until flowering treatment. Potassium treatments had significant effect only on seed weight. Application of 200 kg/ha potassium had the highest seed weight. In conclusion the results suggested that with alternative furrow irrigation water use reduced by 15.61% compared to conventional methods.

Twenty seven pure lines including three check varieties evaluated in randomized complete block design with 3rep. at GABIT experimental field in 2012. Some agro-physiologic important traits such as, days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of filled grains per panicle, panicle length, number of fertile tillers and yield/plant estimated and the analysis of variances has shown significant differences among 30 genotypes. Line D100 with 70.67 days to 50% flowering was earliest line and SAGC-02 with 302.55 grain recognized as highest compact panicle. Line KCD1 shown higher yield comparing to IR64 check variety including WTR and LHI whit 432.10, 379.13 and 362.74 (gr.m-2) indicated the superior, comparing to the others lines. Mean while LH1 shown very good idiotype including long grain and well adopted one. Cluster analysis has shown 5 distinct group, and KCD1, WTR1, ZX788 and LH1 located as a best performance group. We believe that these lines can be used for further study and finally releasing new GSR varieties.

The effects of planting pattern and amount of copper sulfate fertilizer on production of two varieties of chickpea was studied as randomized complete block design with three replications in in dry farming conditions Khorramabad during 2006-2007. The experimental factors involved (1) Amount of copper sulfate fertilizer in four levels (control, without fertilizer and application of copper sulfate fertilizer to amounting of 15, 20 and 25 Kg/ha), (2) Planting Pattern in four levels (distances of rows 20, 30, 40 and 50 centimeters with constant crop density of 50 plants/m2) and (3) variety of chickpea in two levels (Arman and Hashem). Maximum biomass for Arman and Hashem cultivars was 304 and 341.2 grams per square meter respectively. Base on sigmoid equation, highest levels chickpea biomass per unit area for copper sulfate different levels varied from 301.7 to 348.4 grams per square meter. The average of biomass production for 20×10 cm planting pattern was 46, 49 and 72 Percent more than 30×6.7, 40×5 and 50×4 cm cropping patterns respectively. According to results of this research, Arman variety with 20×10 cm planting pattern for sowing in the end of winter in Khorramabad climate and the similar regions is recommended. Appling of copper Sulfate fertilizer in amount to 15-20 Kg/ha is necessarily recommended.

The effective parameters on wheat yield, are optimum use of tillage and planting methods. Therefore, the effect of planting and tillage methods on raised bed planting systems should be evaluated for irrigated wheat. This study was performed in the form of a split-block experimental design with six treatments and five replications. Three levels of tillage operations including (1) conventional tillage using mouldboard plough and disc harrow (P), (2) cultivating top of the beds and reshaping (C1), (3) cultivating in furrows and the top of beds and reshaping (C2) were considered as main plots. The number of rows on a bed involving (1) two rows (R2), and (2) three rows (R3) were considered as sub-plots. Parameters such as soil cone index, weight of thousand kernels and wheat yield were measured. Results indicated that between tillage treatments were not difference for soil cone index. On the other hand, the average wheat yield in the tillage treatments was about 5.4 t/ha and yield for three planting rows on each bed was 2.5% more than two rows planting on each bed. Using cultivator for tillage operation reduced the number of operations and also reduced the tillage operating cost of 80% compared to using mouldboard ploughing. Therefore, using cultivator and planting three rows on each bed (C1R3) is recommended for planting irrigated wheat.

An agricultural system will be sustainable while the lost nutrients are substituted in some ways. Chemical fertilizers is one of the main resources to nutrients supply for plant that optimum use of them, have an important role in field of ecologically sustainability and the agricultural products safety. One of the suitable tools that make it possible to manage the soil fertility is the use of soil nutrients elements maps. On the other hand zoning maps of nutrients can be guideline for proper application of chemical fertilizer. In this research, it was assessed the spatial variations and zoning of macronutrients included nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Based on these, 96 soil samples collected from surface (0-25 cm) and sub surface (25-50 cm depths) in campus of University of Zanjan, Iran. The sampling method was based on regular network and the distance between two adjacent samples was selected 250 m. Statistical analysis presented that nitrogen has the lowest variation coefficient among the studied elements. Results of geostatistical analysis revealed that exponential model describes spatial variations of the three elements properly. In the studied depths, minimum effective range of potassium were estimated between 328.1 and 553.7 m. Zoning maps of the macronutrients showed that distribution of them is not random and is following a spatial pattern.

In order to agroecological evaluation for dryland wheat cultivation, geographical information system (GIS) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) were applied to agricultural land of Aq-Qalla township in Golestan provinc. For this purpose, environmental layers of the study area collected, and required thematic maps such as slope, elevation, precipitation, average, minimum and maximum temperatures and some of micro and macro elements were provided. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was applied to determine the weight of environmental variables. Then the digital environmental layers overlaid and integrated in GIS media and final layer fitted to agroecological requirements of crop. The zoning of lands carried out in 4 classes for dryland wheat cultivation. The results showed that 13.7% and 25.8% of this area were high suitable and suitable for wheat cropping, respectively. These zones had enough rainfall (>400 mm), and high fertility. These suitable area were located in south of township. Also, the semi-suitable and non-suitable regions were located in the central to north of Aq-Qalla township. In this areas, the limitation factors for wheat cropping were include: lack of precipitation, some in desirable soil variables such as high pH and salinity, no-suitable texture classes, high potassium and calcium contents, low phosphate, iron, organic matter and also, high slope.

In order to study the effects of mycorrhizae fungi application under drought stress condition onseed yield and some morpho physio logical traits in sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus L.), a split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted withthree replications during growing season 2011-2012in Kalpush Region-Mayamey. irrigation at tree levels (full irrigation, cut off irrigation after emergence and cut off irrigation before flowering) was assigned to main plots and factorial of sunflower cultivars (Progress, Farrokh. and Lakumka) and mycorrhizae application (Without application and 20 g in each planting hole) to subplots. The results indicated that drought stress had significant effect on seed number per head,1000 seeds weight, and seed yield. Maximum seed number per head, seed yield and 1000 seed weight, 702.67, 3438.28 kgha-1 and 61.62 g, respectively obtained from full irrigation. Among the three cultivars, Lakumka had highest yield (3397/45 kgha-1) and highest grain weight (64/02 g). The mycorrhizae application was significantly increased seed yield. The interaction effects indicated that the highest seed yield was obtained fromLakumka cultivar in full irrigation condition.

In order to study the effect of residues of Metribuzin herbicide in soil on growth and nodulation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotyps, a greenhouse experiment was conducted. Experimental type was completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement with 3 replications. Treatments included Chickpeagenotypes ( Hashem , Ilc482 , Kaka and Kermanshahi) and herbicides residue concentration in soil ( 0, 6.72 , 13.4 , 26.9 , 40.3 , 53.8 , 80.7µg a.i/kg soil were 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30% the recommended amount of Metribuzin herbicide, respectively ). At the beginning of the reproductive stage, aerial biomass, root biomass, nodule biomass and nodule number was measured. Based of the result, all the traits of chickpea genotypes decreased significantly with increasing of residues of Metribuzin herbicide in soil. The lowest levels of residual herbicides, had, the stimulatory effect on chickpea genotypes traits. The highest (47.33%) lost of root biomass and shoot (48.45%) were observed respectively in levels 30 and 20% of herbicide residues in soil. Among the studied genotypes of chickpea , Hashem - Kermanshah had the least shoot biomass and Kermanshah produced the highest (49.9 %) root biomass loss. Based on the test results, the highest (57.60 and 68.77 %) lost of nodule biomass and the number of nodule ( 35.26 , 50.62 and 45.18 %), was respectively in levels of 20,30 % and 15, 20, 30% of herbicide residues in soil. Number of nodule genotypes of Hashem and Kermanshah and biomass of nodule Hashem decreased in response to herbicide residues of Metribuzin in soil.

In order to study the effect of time incorporation to the soil and green manure crop on chemical soil properties and the primary growth of wheat a field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Agricultural Faculty of ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz at 2013-2014 growing season. Experimental design was randomized complete block as a split-plot with three replications. The main plots was three time incorporation to the soil of green manures includes 40,50 and 60 days after planting and sub-plots was different green manure crops including Sorghum, Barley, mungbean, Intercropping of barley and mung bean and fallow (without green manure application). The results showed that the green manure treatments had significant effects on soil chemical properties. The mungbean treatment had the highest nitrogen content (0.085%). Barley-mungbean intercropping had the highest soil organic matter (1.33). The highest electrical conductivity (EC= 2.7 ds/m) was related to sorghumgreen manure treatment. Also the result revealed that the highest effects of green manure on wheat seedling dry matter and LAI for all three time incorporation were obtained at mungbean and barley-mungbean intercropping treatment. It is concluded that green manure type and decomposition duration are two main factors affecting soil properties and subsequent crop growth in crop rotation.