نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 112 (پاییز 1395)

Appropriate planting space and adequate nitrogen fertilizer are important factors for increasing of grain yield of rice. A field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute of Iran - Deputy of Mazandaran (Amol) during 2009. This experiment laid out as factorial in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications factors included planting space with three levels (16*30, 20*20 and 25*25 cm) and nitrogen fertilizer with four levels (0, 200, 250 and 300 kg.ha-1) practicable. In experiment, traits such as plant height, panicle length, fertile tiller number per hill, filled and unfilled grains number, total number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight and grain yield were measured. Results of this experiment showed that planting space had significant effect on panicle length, tiller number (P

In order to evaluation the efficiency of growth promoting bacteria on yield and yield components of rice under deficit irriga� tion and reduced rates of nitrogen, this research was conducted at the Rice Research Institute of Iran – deputy of Mazandaran province (Amol) in 2011- 2012, as split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment of low Irrigation were as main factor at three levels (control, no irrigation at either panicle initiation and filling grains) and nitrogen fertilizers (control or recommended dose as the rate of 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen, 50 and 25% of recommended dose) were assigned to the sub-plots, and the four PGPR treatments [control, Azospirillum lipoferum (AZP), Pseudomonas fluorescence (PSD) and AZP㴠], were as sub-sub plots. Results showed that different levels of PGPR’s had significantly effect on paddy yield in which the maximum grain yield was obtained by the combination of Azospirillum Pseudomonas bacterium (7.43 ton.ha-1) and the minimum grain yield was obtained by the control or no bacterium application (6.13 ton.ha-1). Also, Interaction effect between N and Bacterium showed that the maximum filled grain number per panicle was obtained by the treatment of 75% N and control (recommended dose) with combination of Azospirillum Pseudomonas bacterium (183 number). Using the different treatments of irrigation had significant effects on total grain number, number of filled and hollow grain and grain yield. Among the irrigation treatments the conventional irrigation had the maximum grain yield by 7.11 ton.ha-1. In total, the result of this research showed the effective and efficient role of PGPR’s on significant improvements of rice paddy yield in terms of deficit irrigation and reduced nitrogen.

The aim of this research was to investigate vertical distribution of wild mustard and volunteer canola seeds. In order to, soil samples were collected from three farms in to times (after canola harvesting and before planting in autumn). Six different depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25 and 25-30) were sampled from each farm. Results indicated that about 3000 canola seeds were distributed on soil surface after canola harvesting, that this value contained about 70% of canola seed bank. Seeds wasted for different reasons until autumn, but the most remained seeds were distributed from 5 to 10 cm soil layer at this time (about 39%). There was no significantly difference among 4 upper soil layers (i.e. 0-20 cm) in wild mustard seeds numbers at the first time of sampling, and most seeds (about 85 %) were distributed in these layers. There were most seeds of wild mustard (about 31 %) in 5-10 cm soil layer at the second sampling and there was not any differences between this and soil layer of 10-15 cm. These information can apply in ecological weed management and the models of weeds emergence prediction.

Effect of super absorbent polymer, manure and potassium on the physiological and morphological characteristics of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) in drought conditions, split-plot experimental design with three replications in a randomized complete block design, at the Research Station of Sistan Dam located in the city of Zabol implemented. Treatments consisted of three irrigation regimes, to 5, 8 and 11 days of treatment, no use of manure as a source of potassium and super absorbent polymer (control) at a rate of 40 t ha farmyard manure, potassium (k2so4) to the extent 100 kg per hectare to 300 kg per hectare and super absorbent polymer as a minor, was considered. The results showed a very significant effect of treatments on RWC, chlorophyll a, b, chlorophyll, number of branches, the carotenoids, root biomass and root dry weight, respectively. Super Absorbent Polymer greatest impact on the number of branches, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll a.Was obtained. The results of this study, none of the treatments had no significant effect on the amount of chlorophyll fluorescence.

In order to evaluate mixture of herbicides in wheat, two distinct experiments were conducted in the Research Greenhouse and Farm of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The pure and mixed treatment of mesosulfuron誇梲몺 with 2, 4-D〣 in greenhouse was applied for controlling wild mustard as typical broadleaf weed. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in completely randomized design with four replications. Field trial was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replications at 2014-15. The results of greenhouse experiments on wild mustard showed that mixture of mesosulfuron誇梲몺 with 2, 4-D〣 had synergistic effect. Maximum and minimum effect in decreasing dry weight of wild mustard was related to 100:0 and 0: 100 mesosulfuron誇梲몺 and 2, 4-D〣 ratio with ED50=2.13 and ED50=3, respectively. The results of the field experiment showed significant difference between different ratios were observed in measured parameters of wild mustard, flix weed, and common fumitory. The field results were consistent with the greenhouse results. For example, the greatest impact on parameters of percent control, reduction of percent biomass and populations was occurred when mesosulfuron誇梲몺 applied alone with 100, 97.47 and 93.61, respectively. In addition to, the outcome of yield and yield components showed that parameters of grain yield, biological yield and fertile tiller number was significant at the 5% level that as results of the greenhouse, the highest and lowest effect between herbicidal treatments was related to mesosulfuron誇梲몺 and 2, 4-D〣 application alone. Mixture of these herbicides can be used to increase the efficacy of herbicides 2, 4-D〣 and delaying weed resistance to mesosulfuron誇梲몺.

The purpose of the present study was to compare canola production in irrigated and rain-fed systems in terms of energy balance and economic analysis. Data were collected from 300 canola farms in 9 city of Golestan province. For this purpose, farms were selected based on random sampling methods and questionnaires were conducted in a face-to-face interviewing from 2011 up to 2013. The results showed that the total energy input consumed in irrigated system was greater than that of rain-fed system. In two canola production systems, the most important energy inputs were diesel fuel and fertilizers. The average share of renewable and non-renewable energy of the total energy input in both systems was the 10% and 90%, respectively. This indicated, the effect of non-renewable energy in increase of final yield was greater than that of renewable energy. The outputinput energy ratio, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy of irrigated system were calculated 2.8, 0.1 kg MJ-1, 8.8 MJ kg-1 and 37436.9 MJ ha-1, respectively and in rain-fed system were calculated 3.3, 0.1 kg MJ-1, 7.5 MJ kg-1 and 30799.0 MJ ha-1, respectively. The total costs of canola production were 11081550 Rials ha-1 in irrigated and 8312515 Rials ha-1 in rain-fed systems. The benefit–cost ratios of 2.09 in irrigated and 2.12 in rain-fed canola production systems were achieved. Based on the results of the present study, the current production of canola in Golestan province in terms of energy consumption is unstable, because of the too much reliance on non-renewable energy resources, lead to environmental pollution and system instability, however, it was economically acceptable.

The concept of food security is broader than sustainable agriculture that requires a wide range of factors to achieving its sustainability such as food availability, access, utilization and stability as the major pillars of food security. In this study required food security indicators were calculated and Potato consumption in Khorasan Razavi province were determined using questionnaires. Also premire farmers’ average yield was measured in two years. The results showed that there was a difference of 198.5 percent between the production of potato (63 g per person per day) and demand (125 g per person per day) and per capita production of potato was not equal to the demand. According to this, the need to import potatoes was equal to 155.5 thousands ton. However 2.4% of dietary energy, 2.8% protein, 11.9% of the vitamin C and between 1 to 10 percent of vitamins of B group was provided by the province’s potato production. The results also showed the premire farmers produce 22 percent higher than the estimates of the Ministry of Agriculture for the Province. This amount provided 80.8 g potato for daily per capita consumption and gap between potato production of the premire farmers and the province’s potato production was obtained 50.8 thousands ton. Although the results indicated on food insecurity in the province in terms of potato production and its dietary energy but emphasized on the regional potato production based on management practices implied by the premire farmers as an ecological intensification method effective in achieving sustainable food security.