فهرست مطالب

نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 119 (تابستان 1397)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/05/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 6
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  • ریحانه عظیمی ، غلامعلی حشمتی، محمد فرزام، مرتضی گلدانی صفحات 1-20
    مهم ترین مرحله در شرایط نامساعد محیطی اراضی معدن کاوی شده، استقرار اولیه نشاء گیاهان است که به د لیل کمبود بارش، فقر عناصر غذایی خاک، بهم خوردن لایه های مختلف خاک در اراضی معدن کاوی شده مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک اغلب با شکست مواجه شده می شود. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی امکان افزایش استقراراولیه و رشد گیاه مرتعی Agropyron elongatum در اراضی معدن کاوی شده آلوده به فلزات سنگین، ابتدا نشاء های کشت شده در گلخانه با میکوریزا (Glomus intraradices) ، زئولیت و سوپرجاذب تلقیح و سپس در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در منطقه نیمه خشک اراضی کارخانه سیمان شرق مشهد در سال 95- 1394 کشت شد. در این تحقیق درصد استقرار، ارتفاع گیاهان کاشته شده، درصد کلونیزاسیون میکوریزا با ریشه گیاه آگروپایرون و برخی از خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی از جمله وزن خشک اندام هوایی، وزن خشک ریشه و وزن خشک کل گیاه اندازه گیری شد. تیمارهای زئولیت، میکوریزا و سوپرجاذب موجب استقرار اولیه گیاهان (به ترتیب 46 ، 46 و 8 درصد) افزایش ارتفاع (13، 11 و 10 سانتی متر) ، افزایش وزن خشک اندام هوایی (0. 75، 0. 69 و 0. 41 گرم) و وزن خشک کل گیاه (1. 14، 1. 06 و 0. 51 گرم) نسبت به تیمار شاهد شدند. همچنین تیمارهای زئولیت، میکوریزا موجب افرایش وزن خشک ریشه (0. 46 و 0. 33 گرم) نسبت به تیمار سوپرجاذب و شاهد شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تیمارهای میکوریزا و زئولیت بیشترین تاثیر را بر-افزایش استقرار اولیه و بهبود خصوصیات رشدی گیاه A. elongatum داشتند و می توان جهت استقرار اولیه گیاهان در اراضی معدن کاوی شده کارخانه سیمان شرق مشهد پیشنهاد کرد
    کلیدواژگان: عرصه، فلزات سنگین، مراتع، نشاء کاری
  • سلما کلانتری خاندانی صفحات 21-45
    به منظور بررسی تغییرات عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و نسبت برابری زمین در کشت مخلوط ارقام ذرت و سویا، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‏های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی با 4 تکرار در سال‏های 1392 و 1393 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به اجرا درآمد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل ترکیب ارقام ویلیامز و سحر سویا و ارقام Ns640 و Ossk713 ذرت و همچنین چهار نسبت مختلف ذرت و سویا (صفر، 25، 50، 75 و 100 درصد برای هر دو گیاه در ترکیب‏های مختلف) بودند. طبق نتایج آزمایش، تیمارهای ترکیب ارقام و نسبت دو گیاه در کشت مخلوط دارای اثر معنی‏دار بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت و سویا و نسبت برابری زمین بودند. بیشترین میزان عملکرد دانه و زیست توده ذرت و سویا در کشت خالص ارقام حاصل شد و با کاهش نسبت هر کدام از گیاهان ذرت و سویا، عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک کاهش یافت. به دلیل دوره رشد طولانی تر، رقم ذرت Ossk713 و رقم سحر سویا در بین ترکیب‏های مختلف تیماری دارای عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک بیشتری بودند. در بین ارقام سویا، رقم ویلیامز نسبت به رقم سحر میزان نیتروژن، پروتئین و فیبر خام بیشتری داشت. همچنین در هر دو سال زراعی، بیشترین میزان پروتئین نسبت به سایر تیمارها در تیمار ذرت 50-سویا 50 حاصل شد. شاخص برداشت ذرت و سویا نیز در کشت خالص بیشتر از سایر تیمارهای کشت مخلوط بود. از طرفی، بیشترین نسبت برابری زمین کل (ذرت + سویا) در شرایط کشت 25 % ذرت رقم Ns640 و 75 % سویا رقم سحر ثبت گردید.
    کلیدواژگان: ترکیب ارقام، درصد پروتئین، درصد فیبر، نسبت کشت
  • رحیم یوسفی، محمد بنایان اول، سرور خرم دل*، مهدی نصیری محلاتی صفحات 46-72

    این آزمایش با هدف اثر تاریخ کاشت بر رشد، اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد ارقام گندم در سال زراعی 95-1394 در ایستگاه تحقیقات دیم استان خراسان شمالی بصورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. سه تاریخ کاشت پاییزه (10 مهرماه، 10 آبان ماه و 10 آذر ماه) به عنوان عامل کرت های اصلی و هفت رقم (سرداری (رقم قدیم) ، سبلان (رقم قدیم) ، اوحدی (رقم جدید) ، هما (رقم جدید) ، کریم (رقم جدید) ، آذر 2 (رقم قدیم) و کراس سبلان (رقم قدیم)) به عنوان عامل کرت های فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر ساده تاریخ کاشت بر ارتفاع بوته، تعداد روز تا گلدهی و رسیدگی و اثر ساده رقم بر ارتفاع بوته، تعداد روز تا گلدهی و رسیدگی، تعداد دانه در متر مربع، وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیکی معنی دار بود. اثر متقابل تاریخ کاشت و رقم تعداد سنبله بارور، تعداد دانه در متر مربع، وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد دانه را به طور معنی داری تحت تاثیر قرار داد. بیشترین و کمترین تعداد دانه در متر مربع به ترتیب برای رقم اوحدی در تاریخ کاشت دوم و کریم در تاریخ کاشت اول با 4149 و 1309 دانه در متر مربع مشاهده شد. بالاترین عملکرد بیولوژیکی برای رقم اوحدی با 3465 کیلوگرم در هکتار ثبت شد. بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد دانه به ترتیب در تاریخ کاشت دوم برای رقم اوحدی (1639 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و تاریخ کاشت اول و رقم کریم (8/297 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بدست آمد.

    کلیدواژگان: تعداد روز تا گلدهی، دوره رشد، عملکرد بیولوژیکی، عملکرد دانه
  • رقیه آقایی اوخچلار ، رضا امیر نیا، مهدی تاج بخش شیشوان، مهدی قیاسی صفحات 73-91
    به منظور بررسی تاثیر محلول پاشی عصاره کودهای آلی بر صفات مورفولوژیک و عملکرد کمی و کیفی بادرشبو، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ارومیه در دو سال زراعی 1394 و 1395 به صورت کشت بهاره انجام گرفت. نتایج تجزیه واریانس مرکب داده ها نشان داد که اعمال تیمار های محلول پاشی (شاهد، کود گاوی، کود مرغی، ورمی کمپوست و کمپوست) بر صفات ارتفاع بوته، تعداد سرشاخه هایt گلدار، طول برگ، عرض برگ، سطح برگ، عملکرد و درصد اسانس در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی دار شد. همچنین اثر اکوتیپ (ارومیه، سلماس، عجب شیر، تهران، اصفهان و شیراز) بر صفات ارتفاع بوته، تعداد سرشاخه های گلدار، طول برگ، عرض برگ، سطح برگ، عملکرد و درصد اسانس در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی دار شد. اثرات متقابل اکوتیپ در محلول پاشی بر صفات طول برگ و سطح برگ در سطح احتمال یک درصد و بر صفات عملکرد و درصد اسانس در سطح احتمال 5 درصد معنی دار بود. اثر متقابل اکوتیپ در محلول پاشی بر صفات ارتفاع بوته، تعداد سرشاخه های گلدار و عرض برگ معنی دار نشد. بیشترین درصد اسانس مربوط به اکوتیپ ارومیه و محلول پاشی عصاره کود مرغی با میانگین 99/0 درصد و سپس اکوتیپ ارومیه و محلول پاشی عصاره ورمی کمپوست با میانگین 95/0 درصد به دست آمد. با توجه به نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش کاربرد تیمار محلول پاشی عصاره کود مرغی ، ورمی کمپوست و اکوتیپ ارومیه درمنطقه ارومیه و کشت اکوتیپ-های بومی در سایر مناطق در زراعت بادرشبو توصیه می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: تغذیه برگی، درصد اسانس، گیاه دارویی، متابولیت های ثانویه
  • منصور علیزاده مراد، محمود رمرودی ، محمدرضا اصغری پور صفحات 92-118
    به منظور ارزیابی تاثیر تاریخ کاشت و محلول پاشی عناصر ریزمغذی بر ویژگی های کمی و کیفی چای ترش در کشت راهرویی، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار در بین درختان خرما شهرستان بم اجرا شد. تاریخ کاشت شامل: 20فروردین، 10 و 30 اردیبهشت به عنوان عامل اصلی و محلول پاشی عناصر ریزمغذی شامل: سولفات آهن و سولفات روی به نسبت نیم در هزار، ترکیب آنها و شاهد (محلول پاشی با آب مقطر) به عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان داد کهتاریخ کاشت 20 فروردین و محلول پاشی عنصر رویبیشترین تاثیر معنی دار را بر ارتفاع بوته داشتند. برهم کنش تاریخ کاشت و محلول پاشی عناصر ریزمغذی بر تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد غوزه در بوته، وزن غوزه، عملکرد کاسبرگ، درصد پروتئین و محتوای آنتوسیانین کاسبرگ، درصد ماده آلی و خاکستر و پتاسیم دانه معنی دار شد. بیشترین تعداد شاخه جانبی (01/18) ، عملکرد کاسبرگ (28/1498 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و درصد پروتئین کاسبرگ (80/14 درصد) از برهمکنش تاریخ کاشت 20 فروردین توام با محلول پاشی آهن و روی و بیشترین محتوای آنتوسیانین کاسبرگ (00/42 میلی مول بر گرم) ، میزان پتاسیم دانه (71/38 میلی گرم بر گرم) ، ماده آلی (77/94 درصد) و درصد خاکستر (60/6 درصد) از برهم کنش تاریخ کاشت 10 اردیبهشت با محلول پاشی توام آهن و روی به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که برای حصول حداکثر تولید گیاه دارویی چای ترش تاریخ کاشت 20 فروردین تا 10 اردیبهشت توام با محلول پاشی عناصر روی و آهن مناسب باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: پتاسیم، سولفات آهن، درصد پروتئین، درصد ماده آلی، عملکرد کاسبرگ
  • علی سپهری ، هومن محمدی، سید حسین صباغ پور صفحات 119-134
    طی آزمایشی به صورت اسپلیت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی اثر رژیم های بدون آبیاری ، آبیاری در مراحل گلدهی، غلاف دهی و گل دهی + غلاف دهی در کرت های اصلی و اثر مواد ضدتعرق (کائولین، کیتوزان) به همراه کاهنده های تنش خشکی (کلرید کلسیم، سلنات سدیم) در کرتهای فرعی بر دوام سطح برگ، کارآیی مصرف آب و عملکرد نخود رقم آزاد طی سال زراعی 94-93 در همدان بررسی شد. در رژیم های مختلف آبیاری، محلول پاشی کیتوزان و کلرید کلسیم نسبت به مصرف کائولین و سلنات سدیم تاثیر بیشتری بر اغلب صفات مورد بررسی داشتند. محلول پاشی کیتوزان و کلریدکلسیم در تیمار آبیاری مرحله گلدهی با مصرف 1820 متر-مکعب آب ، صفات تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در بوته، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد پروتئین دانه، کارآیی مصرف آب و شاخص دوام سطح برگ را به ترتیب 91، 94، 106، 49، 95، 23 و 23 درصد و در تیمار آبیاری مرحله غلافدهی با مصرف 1910 مترمکعب آب، به ترتیب 138، 146، 192، 83، 164، 65 و 34 درصد نسبت به شرایط دیم افزایش دادند. در رژیم آبیاری گلدهی + غلافدهی با مصرف 2590 مترمکعب آب، محلولپاشی کیتوزان و کلرید کلسیم صفات مذکور را به ترتیب 195، 214، 361، 124، 255، ،72 و 35 درصد نسبت به دیم افزایش دادند. بنابراین با توجه به وقوع تنش خشکی در انتهای فصل کاشت، می توان از رژیم دو بار آبیاری در مراحل گلدهی و غلافدهی و یا یکبار آبیاری در مرحله غلاف دهی به همراه محلول پاشی کیتوزان و کلرید کلسیم جهت افزایش عملکرد دانه نخود رقم آزاد بهره برد.
    کلیدواژگان: آبیاری تکمیلی، تنش خشکی، سلنات سدیم کائولین، کلرید کلسیم، کیتوزان
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  • Reyhaneh Azimi , Gholam Ali Heshmati, Mohammad Farzam, Morteza Goldani Pages 1-20
    Introduction
    Heavy metals have become one of the sources of soil contamination as a result of human-induced mining for metal extraction. Early establishment of seedlings under the unfavorable environmental conditions of mined lands is a major stage that is often faced with failure. This is due to the shortage of precipitation, high evapotranspiration, poor soil nutrients, disturbed layers of soil and instability of soil in the mined lands of arid and semi-arid regions. Hence, facilitating early establishment of seedlings by employing new substances and technologies such as zeolite, superabsorbent and mycorrhiza can be considered an important step towards the restoration of degraded lands in the vicinity of mines in arid and semi-arid regions. Some materials that can be used to reclaim degraded mining lands include zeolites, superabsorbent or hydrogel and mycorrhizal bio-fertilizers. Initial establishment and production of plants should be studied under real conditions, which will make it possible to assess the feasibility of such substances for possible commercialization.
    Materials and Methods
    The effect of mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices), superabsorbent (A200) and zeolite (Clinoptilolite) on the establishment and production of Agropyron elongatum species in the soils of the abandoned mines around Mashhad Shargh cement factory was studied in 2015-2017. The experiment was based on a randomized complete block design with four replications, consisting of four treatments (mycorrhiza, zeolite and superabsorbent). The measured traits included plant establishment percentage, plant height, mycorrhizal colonization on roots, aerial and root dry weight and total dry matter. Method of Giovannetti (Giovannetti et al., 1980) was used to determine the rate of bacterial colonization on the plant roots. The data from the experiment were categorized using the Excel database software and the charts were drawn. Analysis of variance was performed by SPSS18 and Minitab16 statistical software.
    Results & Discussion
    Based on the results of variance analysis, the treatments such as zeolites, mycorrhiza and the superabsorbent had significant effect on total dry weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height and Agropyron elongatum establishment percentage in the area. The application of mycorrhizae, zeolite and superabsorbent facilitated the primary establishment of plants by, respectively, 46, 46 and 8 percent. The plant height of the seedlings under zeolites, mychorrhiza and the superabsorbent treatments increased by 65, 54 and 48 percent compared with control, respectively. An increase of 40-73 percent was observed in the above-ground dry biomass of the seedlings subjected to the experimental treatments. The total dry matter biomass of Agropyron elongatum plant rose by 56, 52 and 25 percent in zeolites, mychorrhiza and superabsorbent treatments, respectively relative to control treatment. The Application of both the zeolite and mycorrhizae treatments respectively increased dry root weight by 38 and 36 percent relative to the superabsorbent and control treatments. The use of mycorrhiza increases plant resistance to environmental stresses, improves rate of photosynthesis, enhances plant growth and boosts yield and absorption of water and nutrients by plants (Wong et al., 2007). Superabsorbent polymers can improve plant growth and contribute to yield increase under normal and stress conditions by increasing water-holding capacity of soil and decreasing nutrient loss through leaching. It is reported that the zeolites have a positive effect on improving morphological characteristics of Malva sylvestris (Ahmadi Azar et al., 2015).
    Conclusion
    According to our results, G. intraradices mycorrhiza and zeolite can be recommended as effective and affordable treatments to increase yield and support the initial establishment of Agropyron elongatum plant. They can also aid in vegetation recovery of lands contaminated with heavy metals in the mining affected areas of Mashhad Shargh cement factor
    Keywords: Field, heavy metals, rangelands, Seedling transplantation
  • Salma Kalantari khandani Pages 21-45
    Intercropping, growing two or more crop types or cultivars on one field, is considered as one of the most important agricultural operations that can improve the utilization of environmental resources through increased plant growth and yield. Diversity and stability of fields, reduction in chemical fertilizers application and nutrient availability such as biological nitrogen fixation, are considered as some of the benefits of intercropping. Hence, selection of legume cultivars in intercrops is important and should be taken into account. This experiment was laid out in order to study of yield, yield components and land equivalent ratio in maize and soybean mixed cropping. The experiment was laid out as split-plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in research farm, agriculture collage, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2013-2014. Experimental treatments were combined of Wiliams and Sahar soybean varieties with Ns640 and Ossk713 maize varieties and both maize and soybean ratio in 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Sowing ratio and cultivars composition were designed based on the replacement series: 100 % maize - 0 % soybean, 75 % maize - 25 % soybean, 50 % maize - 50 % soybean, 25 % maize - 75 % soybean, and 0 % maize - 100 % soybean. Results showed that cultivars combined and ratio treatments in mixed cropping had significant effect on yield, yield components and land equivalent ratio in mixed cropping of maize and soybean. During 2013 and 2014 growing sesaons, increasing the soybean ratio in intercrops lead to a significant increase in 1000-seed weight of this plant. The maximum grain and biological yield of maize and soybean were obtained in pure cropping and decreased by reducing the ratio of maize and soybean. The maize cv. Ossk713 and soybean cv. Sahar had the higher grain and biological yield because of longer growing season. Between soybean cultivars, Wiliams has higher nitrogen, protein and crude fiber as compared to Sahar cultivar. Maize and Soybean harvest index in pure cropping was more than mixed cropping treatments. Also, during both growing sesasons, the highest protein content was obtained in 50 % maize - 50 % soybean treatment. From the results, the highest total land equivalent ratio (maize + soybean) equal to 1.68 units was computed in 25% maize cv. Ns640 + 75% soybean cv. Sahar. The results of current experiment can emphasize the positive aspects of maize-soybean intercropping in terms of increasing the utilization of environmental resources per cultivated area.
    Keywords: Sowing ratio, Cultivars composition, Fiber percentage, Protein percentage
  • rahim yousefi, Mohammad Bannayan Aval, Surur Khorramdel, Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati Pages 46-72
    Introduction

    Sowing date is the variable with the largest effect on crop growth and its yield (Hundal et al., 1997). Planting the suitable variety at the right time results in flowering phase when the risk for freeze damage is the lowest and before heat stress during flowering and grain filling stages (Khichar & Niwas, 2006). Adequate soil moisture especially in dryland conditions are also important. Correctly matching the time at which growth stages of crop occur with the environmental requirements is key to maximize growth and yield (Hay et al., 1986; Dadashi & Khajehpour, 2004). Thus, producers have to choose the appropriate variety for a specific planting time for the optimum flowering time and thereby, the highest possible yield. Early planting can improve crop establishment but may cause early flowering, which increases the risk for frost damage. Early planting is more prone to pests and diseases. Delayed planting will reduce yield and growth as flowering and maturity stages may occur in hot, dry conditions. Generally, the time of planting varies depending on the climatic condition of the region and the variety to be grown. Different varieties of wheat are sensitive to change in environmental conditions where the crop is being grown. Therefore, it is necessary to study the genotype × environment interaction to identify the varieties which are stable in different environments especially under dryland farming.
    Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the third leading crop in the world after rice (Oryza sativa L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). The rising population and the rapid growth of the economy have resulted in an increasing demand for wheat in the following decades.  

    Materials and Methods

    This experiment was conducted as split plot based on complete randomized block design (CRD) in with three replications at the Dryland Research Station of North Khorasan, Shirvan during the growing season of 2015-2016. The main and sub factors were allocated to planting methods (2 October (T1), 1 November (T2) and 1 December (T3)) and seven cultivars (such as sardari (old cultivar), Sabalan (old cultivar), Ohadi (modern cultivar), Homa (modern cultivar), Karim (modern cultivar), Azar II (old cultivar) and Cross Sabalan (old cultivar)), respectively. Investigated traits were plant height, days No. to flowering, days No. to maturity, No. of fertile spike per m2, No. of grain per spike, No. of grain per m2, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index.
    The treatments were run as an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine if significant differences existed among treatments means. Multiple comparison tests were conducted for significant effects using the Duncan test.

    Results and discussion

    Results showed that the simple effect of planting date was significant on plant height, days No. to flowering, days No. to maturity. Plant height, days No. to flowering, days No. to maturity, No. grain per m2, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield were significantly affected by cultivar. Interaction effect between planting date and cultivar had significant effect on No. of fertile spike per m2, No. of grain per m2, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. The highest and the lowest No. of grain per m2 were observed for Ohadi+T2 with 4149 grain.m-2 and Karim+T1 with 1309 grain.m-2, respectively. The highest biological yield was related to Ohadi with 3465 kg.ha-1. The maximum and the minimum grain yield was obtained in Ohadi+T2 with 1639 kg.ha-1 and Karim+T1 with 297.8 kg.ha-1, respectively.

    Conclusion

    Growth, yield and yield components of wheat were significantly influenced by planting time and cultivar. Early plantings experienced low early season temperatures which reduced biomass and yield. Conversely, late plantings experienced higher summer temperatures that reduced time to reach maturity. Planting date of 1 November had the highest grain yield to other planting dates. The early or late planting significantly reduced the crop yield and yield components. The maximum yield and yield components was related to Ohadi

    Keywords: No. flowering stage, Biological yield, Grain yield, Growth duration
  • Roghiyeh Aghaee Okhchelar , Reza Amirnia, Mehdi Tajbakhsh shishvan, Mahdi Ghiyasi Pages 73-91
    ntroduction:Moldavian balm is an herbaceous annual plant belonging to the Lamiacea family (Gholizadeh et al., 2010). The whole body of this Plant contains essence, however, the flowers, leaves and young stems contain the highest amount of essence. Essence contains Geranial, Neral, Geranyl acetate and Geraniol. An essential element of sustainable agriculture is the use of organic fertilizers in crop ecosystems with the aim of eliminating applications Chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers provide human health and the environment. Spraying improves nutrint deficiency in shorter time than the soil application. In this method, nutrients are directly absorbed and there is no problem of sediment accumulation in soil and its ability to use. (Yongzhen et al., 2017).
    Materials and Methods
    In order to investigate the effect of spraying organic fertilizers extracts on morphological traits and quantitative and qualitative yield of six Moldavian balm ecotypes, a factorial experiment was conducted Based on randomized complete block design with three replications and 30 treatments at Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University in 2015 and 2016 was cultivated in spring. Ecotypes included (Urmia, Salmas, Ajabshir, Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz) and spraying treatments (control, cow manure, poultry manure, vermicompost and compost). Sowing of seeds was carried out on April 15th. The dimensions of the plots were 2 × 2 meters. The blocks were spaced one and a half meters apart. The plots were irrigated regularly until the germination of one day in between. weed control was carried out manually and mechanically during the growing season in two stages.Sampling was done at the end of flowering stage in August. the purpose of extraction of the essence with a clevenger apparatus. MSTAT-C statistical software was used to analyze the data. To compare the means, LSD test was used at the 5% probability level. Excel software were used to draw charts.
    Results & Discussion
    The results of combined analysis of variance showed that application of spraying treatments on plant height,the number of flowers, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, yield and essence percentage were significant at 1% probability level. The effect of ecotype on plant height, the number of flowers, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, yield and essence percentage were significant at 1% probability level. The interactions of ecotype in spraying on leaf length and leaf area were significant at 1% probability level and on yield and essence percentage at 5% probability level. The interaction of ecotype in spraying on plant height, leaf number and leaf width was not significant. The highest percentage of essence was obtained from Urmia ecotype treatment and spraying of chicken manure with an average of 0.99%, followed by Urmia ecotype and spraying of vermicompost extract with an average of 0.95%. Finally, according to the results of this experiment, the application of spraying of chicken manure and vermicompost and ecotype of Urmia in fodder plant is recommended.
    Conclusion
    The results of this study showed that spraying of organic fertilizers extracts had a significant effect on the growth parameters of Moldavian balm. Spraying of chicken manure increased plant height by 79% compared to control. Spraying with chicken manure and vermicompost fertilizer resulted in 45% increase in the number of flowers and 9% increase in leaf length compared to control. Given that the native ecotype (Urmia), the top ecotype was introduced, the cultivation of native ecotypes of the Moldavian balm in each region is recommended. In general, it can be stated that spraying of organic fertilizers extract, in addition to reducing the nutrient and fertilizer losses and reducing environmental pollution, due to fast absorption of leaf, improves plant traits.
    Keywords: Foliar feeding, Essence percentage, Medicinal herb, Secondary metabolites.
    References
    Gholizadeh, A., Amin, M. S. M., Anuar, A. R., Esfahani, M., and Saberioon, M. M. 2010. The study on the effect of different levels of zeolit and water stress on growth, development and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica L. American Journal of Applied Science. 7 (1): 33 - 37.
    Yongzhen, D., Yongjiu, W., Xiangqun ,Zh., Weimin, Ch., Rongguang. Sh., Renwei, F. 2017. Effects of foliar dressing of selenite and silicate alone or combined with different soil ameliorants on the accumulation of As and Cd and antioxidant system in Brassica campestris. Volume 142, Pages 207-215
    Keywords: Foliar feeding, Essential oil percentage, Medicinal herb, Secondary metabolites
  • Mansour Alizade Moradi, Mohammad Reza Asgharipour Pages 92-118
    Introduction
    Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is an annual or biennial medicinal plant and belongs to the Malvaceae family, that cultivated for its stem, fiber, edible calyces, leaves and seeds. Sepals of Roselle have medicinal properties and culinary uses (MohammadpourVeshvaei et al., 2015). Cultivation of medicinal plants using sustainable agricultural system provides the best conditions for the production of these plants and leading to maximum qualitative and quantitative yield (Matinkhah et al., 2003). The purpose of sowing date determination is to find the desired planting time as environmental factors at the time that is suitable for growing, seedling and plant’s survival and resume of growth and development and the plant does not meet unfavorable conditions. For adequate plant growth and production, micronutrients are needed in small quantities; however, their deficiencies cause a great disturbance in the physiological and metabolic processes in the plant. Micronutrients, especially Fe and Zn, act either as metal components of various enzymes or as functional, structural, or regulatory cofactors (Hemantaranjan, 1996). The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of sowing date and zinc and iron spraying on growth parameters and yield of roselle in Bam in alley cropping.
    Materials and Methods
    This experiment was conducted in 2015 in Bam under in alley cropping. The experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Sowing date including April 9 and 30 and May 20 comprising the main-treatment and micronutrient spraying including placebo (sprayed with distilled water), iron sulfate and zinc sulfate at 0.5 percentage and combination of them as sub-treatments. Micronutrient spraying was carried out at two stages of two-leaf stage and 6 to 8-leaf stage. Sepals harvested at the end of growth season. Five plants were randomly sampled from each plot and plant height, number of lateral branches, number of bolls per plant, boll weights, fresh weight of shoot, sepal yield, content of anthocyanin and protein in sepals, content organic matter, ash, potassium and phosphorus in seed were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.2 statistical package. The Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level was used to compare the means of treatments.
    Results and Discussion
    Results indicated that planting date of April 9 and zinc spraying had the greatest significant impact on plant height. Interaction of planting date and zinc and iron micronutrient spraying was significant on number of lateral branch and boll per plant, boll weight, protein percentage and anthocyanin content in sepal, sepal yield, content of organic matter and ash and concentration of potassium in seed. The greatest number of lateral branch and sepal yield and protein percentage was observed in plants sowed in April 9 and sprayed with iron plus zinc and the greatest sepal anthocyanin content, potassium content, organic matter and ash content was observed at plants sowed in April 30 and sprayed with iron plus zinc.
    Conclusion
    Sowing date of April 9 due to longer growth season produced larger plants. Across micronutrient treatments, spraying of zinc by increasing the amount of growth regulators, helping metabolism of the material, and contributing to cell division of the meristem tissues increased bull number and sepal yield. The results suggested that to achieve maximum production of medicinal plant roselle planting date of April 19 to 30 along with iron plus zinc spraying would be suitable
    Keywords: Potassium, Iron, zinc sulfate, Protein percentage, Organic matter percentage, Sepal yield
  • Ali Sepehri , human Mohammadi, Hosein sabaghpour Pages 119-134
    Introduction
    Terminal drought depending on the geographical area and climatic conditions during the growing season reduces 30 to 60 percent of the chickpea grain yield (Kanouni et al., 2003). By developing new crop management practices and irrigation methods and also using drought stress tolerant varieties, we can compensate the reduction in chickpea yield due to drought stress (Saman et al., 2006). One of the agricultural management is the use of antitranspirate substances such as chitosan (Jan- Mohammadi et al., 2014) and drought stress ameliorators in plants that can tolerate plant stress through physiological activities and intensification of defence mechanisms. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of antitranspirants substances and drought stress ameliorators on grain yield of chickpea under different irrigation regimes.
    Materials and Methods
    This experiment was conducted in Ekbatan Research Station in Hamedan during the 2014-2015 growing season. A factorial split plot experiment based on CRD design with three replications was used. Four irrigation regimes including non-irrigation, irrigation at flowering stage, irrigation at podding stage and two irrigation flowering + podding stages in main plots and anti- transpiration substances (kaolin 5%, chitosan 200 ml-1) and stress ameliorators (chloride calcium 5 mM, sodium selenate 40 mgL-1) with non spray (control) treatments were placed as factorial in subplots. Seeds were planted with 30 cm row spacings and 31 plants per m2 density at 5 cm depth of soil on March 5th. Weed control was done by hand. Application of stress ameliorators was performed in two stages before and after flowering. Spraying of anti-transpiration substances in the middle of the podding stage was done by hand sprayer on the leaves. In this investigation, the traits related to yield were studied.
    Results and Discussion
    The results of analysis of variance showed that in addition to the effects of two-way interaction factors, the three-way effects of studied factors on pod length, diameter of grain, and leaf area duration at l% level and the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, grain protein, grain yield, biological yield and water use efficiency traits were significant at 5% level. Twice irrigation regime with chitosan and calcium chloride applications had the highest leaf area duration, and then the once irrigation in podding or flowering stages with chitosan and calcium chloride applications had the maximum leaf area duration. Also, the highest grain diameter, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant were obtained in two irrigation regimes with the use of chitosan and calcium chloride. The maximum percentage of grain protein in non-irrigation (dryland) regime was obtained by chitosan and calcium chloride consumption, and then by sodium selenate treatment. The grain protein content of seeds in once irrigation at flowering or podding and two irrigation regimes in flowering + podding stages with spraying chitosan and calcium chloride had 4, 8 and 12 percentage reduction, compared to non-irrigated conditions, respectively. In general, in different irrigation regimes, the spray of chitosan and calcium chloride was more effective than kaolin and sodium selenate on most of the studied traits. The chitosan along with calcium chloride protects the leaf water content and has a positive effect on the development of leaf area which prevents the earlier senescence of the leaves during reproductive stages under drought. Also, their application improves the leaf area duration at the end of the growing season and increases the water use efficiency of the plant. In addition leaf area duration, the highest grain yield and water use efficiency were obtained by irrigation regimes during flowering + podding stages and chitosan spray with calcium chloride. The podding stage irrigation to amount 1910 m3 with chitosan spray and calcium chloride application increased the grain yield by 192% and water use efficiency by 65% compared to the non-irrigation regime.
    Conclusion
    As a result, due to the shortage of atmospheric precipitation during the growing season of chickpea, especially the occurrence of drought at the end of the season, once irrigation regime in the podding stage and spray of chitosan and calcium chloride with mentioned concentrations can be beneficial to increasing the grain yield of chickpea, although in the case of water supply, two irrigation is recommended during flowering and podding stages.
    Keywords: Supplemental irrigation, terminal drought stress, kaolin, chitosan, calcium chloride, sodium selenate