فهرست مطالب

Pharmaceutical and Health - Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter 2017

Journal Of Pharmaceutical and Health
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/01/31
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Parisa Ziarati *, Fatemehsadat Mirmohammad Makki Pages 15-22
    Severe discharge of sewage and industrial effluents into the Persian Gulf leads to the deposition of various types of heavy metals, especially lead and mercury, in the muscles of fish. Total mercury and methylmercury contents were determined in the edible parts (muscle tissue, fillet) of two different most popular frozen fish species from the Persian Gulf to ascertain whether the concentrations exceeded the maximum level fixed by the European Commission or not. During the period from October 2015 to June 2016, a total of 150 frozen fish packaged samples were randomly collected from the recognized supermarkets in Tehran province, Iran. The mercury (Hg) concentration of samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer using a mercuric hydride system (MHS 10) and also by direct mercury analyzer (DMA). High concentration of total Hg was found in a Carcharhinus dussumie brand (0.91 ± 0.12 μg/g) while the lowest level was detected in Pomadasys furcatus (0.29 ± 0.02 μg/g). In current study the mean concentrations of Mercury in all studied frozen fish samples were 0.79 ± 0.11 µg/g that means Hg levels were above 0.5 μg/g, which is the maximum standard level recommended by Joint FAO/WHO/Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). In 13% of Pomadasys and in 47.2 % of Carcharhinus fish samples total mercury concentrations exceeded the maximum level fixed by the European Commission. All samples had also mean Hg concentrations that exceeded EPA's established safety level of 0.3 μg/g.
    Keywords: Frozen Fish, Mercury Contamination, Risk Assessment, Carcharhinus dussumie
  • Tayyebeh Sarlak, Maryam Moslehisahd *, Behrouz Akbari, Adergani, Maryam Salami Pages 23-35
    The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of starters and storage temperature 4 ºC, 25 ºC) on microbiological and physicochemical properties, volatile compounds and sensory evaluation of kefir. Kefirs produced by KFA and Chr. Hansen starters were stored at 4 ºC and 25 ºC for 40 days. pH and acidity at 4 ºC did not change (p ≥ 0.05), while at 25 ºC pH and total solid decreased as well as acidity. Concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol increased (p
    Keywords: Fermented milk, Kefir, Functional properties, Microbiological analysis, Sensory evaluation
  • Seyed Reza Hosseini Doust *, Asieh Shojaii, Atefeh Taghva Pages 37-41
    Significant dropping of infectious disease is owned greatly to antibiotic development industry. Due to prevalence of drug resistance organisms alongside with other problems, scientists are focusing on medicinal plants. Medicinal plants and their antimicrobial components are attractive alternatives for antibiotics. In the present project, the antimicrobial effects of methanolic extract and fractions of aerial parts of Euphorbia splendida Mobayen were evaluated against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Candida krusei.
    Euphorbiasplendida samples were transferred to laboratory after confirmation. The plant samples were then shadow dried before being powder. Different extracts and fractions were prepared by standard methods. The extracts and fractions were kept under standard conditions until used. The antifungal assessment was performed by standard agar diffusion methods.
    The concentration of 1000 mg/ml of each of methanolic, hexanic, chloroformic and aqueous extract inhibitedC. krusei growth (15 mm).Themethanolic extract at 500 mg/ml displayed 15 mm inhibition zone C. albicans plate. The aqueous extract had inhibition zone of 14 mm, in C. albicans culture at 500 mg/ml. The methanolic extract at 500 mg/ml inhibited A. niger (15 mm). Meanwhile, methanolic extract at the same concentration allowed the growth of A. fumigatus only beyond 13 mm zone. we concluded that antifungal activities of total extract and fractions of Euphorbia splendida were considerable and more experiments were beneficial in drug development point of view.
    Keywords: Euphorbia splendida, A. niger, A. fumigatus C. albicans. C. kruzei. extract
  • Seyede Nargess Sadati Lamardi *, Sepideh Ghambariyan, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani, Gholamreza Null Amin Pages 43-49
    Polygonatum orientale Desf. (Asparagaceae) is herbaceous and perennial plant grown in northern parts of Iran. The rhizomes of Polygonatum, known as Iranian Shaghagho, is used in Iranian traditional medicine as tonic, aphrodisiac, wound healing, lightening, kidney stone remedy, gynecological and internal wounds healing, anti-gout and rheumatism, and anti-diabetic. The aim of this study was to evaluate 2,2 Diphenyl -1- Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, isolation, purification and identification of secondary metabolites from Polygonatum orientale Desf. rhizome collected from north of Iran. The 80% methanol extract from the rhizomes of P. orientale was partitioned between 80% methanol and hexan, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol respectively. The inhibitory concentrations 50% (IC50) for ethyl acetate fraction and BHT were measured from the concentration-inhibition curve and were 315.02 μg/ml and 42.3 μg/ml, respectively. Chloroform fraction was loaded on silica gel chromatography column and eluted with hexane:ethyla cetate (90:10 to 100% ethyl acetate).Two major compounds, 12-Hydroxystigmast 4-en 3-one, a phytosteroid, and methyl oleate, a fatty acid ester, were isolated using TLC plates and identified by spectroscopic methods; H and 13C NMR. These major compounds have been reported for the first time from Polygonatum species. A further phytochemical study to find more compounds from this medicinal plant is recommended.
    Keywords: Polygonatum orientale, antioxidant, DPPH, 12-Hydroxystigmast-4-en 3-one, Methyl oleate
  • Sanaz Hosseini Khayat, Saeed Akbarzadeh* Pages 51-60
    Nowadays Microbial biotechnology is considered as one of the most important and profitable branches of industry. In this approach, by using the generator microorganisms, We are able to produce biotechnological products, with higher efficiency. Clavulanic acid is being used in combination with commonly used beta-lactam antibiotics in order to fight against bacterial infections that are resistant to such antibiotics and this product plays a major role in pharmaceutical industry especially in producing Co-Amoxiclav. The fermentation stage plays a major role in producing secondary products. The compositions of fermentation media plays an important role in the titer and productivity of secondary metabolites and the cost of raw materials. Carbon substrate is one of the most important and expensive component of media in this stage. The present research seeks to study the effect of various densities of wheat bran as the natural source of carbon and the cost in producing clavulanic acid. In this research, we used wheat bran, instead of corn oil, as a suitable carbon and energy resource in formulation of fermentation process. The final product was cultivated for a period of 9 days in the temperature of 28 °C and the pH value, biomass, clavulanic acid concentrations (by HPLC and Spectrophotometry) and morphology of the strain were studied. The results showed that the clavulanic acid production increased about 12 percent compared to the control medium. Clavulanic acid production was obtained in the fermentation medium containing 17 g/L wheat bran which is 180 mg/L
    Keywords: Clavulanic acid, Wheat bran, Carbon source, Streptomyces clavuligerus, Microbial fermentation
  • Fereshteh Ramezanloo, Parvaneh Najafizadeh*, Tahereh Naji, Gholamreza Amin, Zahra Mousavi, Gelareh Vahabzadeh Pages 61-69
    Background
    phytoestrogens are some plant compounds with estrogenic biological effects which are found in many nutritional sources as soybean, flaxseed and sesame. Vitex agnus-castus, also called Vitex, owns phytoestrogenic properties. Studies have showed that phytoestrogens have different impacts on the gestation process and reproduction indices. The present study is aimed at investigating the effects of Vitex extract on the gestation indices in the male rat as well as studying its histological properties in the rat's testicles.
    Method
    The hydro-alcoholic extract of Vitex (in three doses of 165, 265 and 365 mg/kg), vehicle (normal saline) and the hydro-alcoholic powder of soybean (120 mg/kg) were respectively given to understudy, vehicle and positive control groups for 49 days. After weighing the rats in the 1st and 49th days, the blood samples of all groups were taken and tested for estradiol levels, testosterones, FSH and LH. Moreover, such reproductive indices as sperm count, sperm motion, and prostate and testicle weight were studied and samples were collected for histological studies.
    Results
    Prescription of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Vitex (in three doses of 165, 265 and 365 mg/kg) did not significantly change the rats weight (P-value= 0.06). Hormonal studies significantly reduced the progesterone, LH and FSH compared to vehicle group (P-value
    Keywords: Phytoestrogen, Vitex, Fertility index, Spermatozoa, Reproductive
  • Olusola Isaac Aremu *, Adeola Taibat Kola Mustapha, Taye Hameedat Ayotunde Pages 71-80
    A study on physicochemical characteristics of Ceiba petandra and Lannea kerstingii stem bark extracts cream being developed for the treatment of topical dermatophytic infections has been carried out to assure safe, effectiveness and stability during storage and usage. The stem barks of Ceiba petandra and Lannea kerstingii were extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate respectively. The obtained extracts and their combinations were formulated into creams using modified Aqueous Cream BP base at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 3.2%w/w. Physical and chemical characteristics of the creams such as stability, viscosity, pH, diffusion, irritancy and elegance were evaluated. Ketoconazole cream was used as the reference product. Creams prepared with each extract alone exhibited favorable characteristics in terms of spread ability, non-irritancy, stability and diffusivity. Creams formulated with Ceiba petandra were most stable with pH ranges of 6.21 to 7.13. Those formulated Lannea kerstingii were more acidic. Creams formulated with the combinations of the two extracts exhibited some levels of incompatibility, which increased with increasing extract concentrations. The rate of diffusion of the extracts from cream base increased with time and was generally more at 37o C as compared to that at 25o c .Cream formulations of the stem bark extracts of Ceiba petandra and Lannea kerstingii but not their combinations using modified Aqueous Cream (BP) possess satisfactory physicochemical characteristics.
    Keywords: Ceiba petandra, Lannea kerstingii, stem bark extract, Creams, Characterization
  • Narges Esmaeilifard*, Manochehr Bahmaei, Yousef Ramezan, Parvin Eshratabadi Pages 81-89
    Flaxseed oil is known as a functional oil because of the high content of α-linolenic acid; therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate some physicochemical properties of Iranian extra virgin flaxseed oil (EVFO) and the impact of the refining stages before deodorization on these properties. Fatty acid composition, peroxide and anisidine values, free fatty acids, Crystallization point, chlorophyll content, β-carotene content, and color were analyzed. The Iranian flaxseed oils had about 39-40% omega-3 fatty acids and a low ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 and equal to 0.44-0.47, which can be combined with oils rich in omega-6 to reach a favorite omega-6 to omega-3 ratio. In addition, the results showed that when EVFO was refined, the crystallization thermograms changed significantly. The presence of phospholipid compounds in EVFO made its onset, crystallization, endset points higher than the RFO. The amount of β-carotene and chlorophyll content of refined flaxseed oil (RFO) were 6 and 22.33 times lower than its EVFO. Also, RFO had significantly (p
    Keywords: Flaxseed oil, functional oil, α-linolenic acid, refining stages before deodorization