Journal Of Pharmaceutical and Health
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Spring 2017

Introduction. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem that often goes unrecognized until late-stage disease. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) face with uremic toxins and hyperkalemia. Also fluid overload in CKD patients is associated with rapid decline in kidney function. Lactulose is a hyper osmotic agent and as a prebiotic could reduce serum urea and potassium levels and have some effects on fluid overload. The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of lactulose on serum levels of biochemical products in patients with CKD.
Materials and Methods. In this prospective before-after intervention study 17 patients with end stage of CKD ( 76.47 % men; mean age 65.88 ± 13.4) were evaluated. All patients received lactulose, 10 ml, 3 times per day for 3 months. Blood samples from all participants were collected before and at the end of intervention to examine changes in biochemical parameters, including potassium, urea, creatinine and uric acid. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Results. Lactulose significantly decreased urea levels (p=0.001), blood potassium (0.001) and fluid overload (with due attention to patient’s weight p=0.001) in patients with end-stage renal failure. The decrease in serum creatinin and uric acid were not significant.
Conclusions. Lactulose administration in CKD patients could decrease levels of various deleterious elements especially urea and blood potassium, The daily use of lactulose in CKD patients e suggested in order to receive better therapeutic results.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is one of the most prevalent types of hereditary metabolic disorders which is caused due to an absence or reduction of the activity of the Phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme in the liver which in turn, inhibits the transformation of phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine. In clinical terms, this disorder is displayed with severe, permanent and irreversible mental retardation. This research was aimed at development of a highly nutrient and acceptable suitable analogue Kefir drink for these patients. The mentioned drink is based on milk permeate, cream powder and includes glycomacropeptide (GMP) as a source of protein, starter as a fermentation source, the trance glutamines (TG) enzyme, dough stabilizer and modified corn starch as tissue maker, salt and water. The GMP used in this analogue drink is intended for enrichment of the product and therefore it was added by 3% to one formula. The aforementioned sample had a lower calculated amount of pH and alcohol percentage in comparison with the 16 samples which did not have GMP. The results of this study showed that the analog kefir has a low level of phenylalanine (30.40 mg/100g) and in that regard, it can be considered to be useful for patients with PKU.

Literature survey revealed that there was no biological investigation on Astragalus meridioalis sensu auct. seeds worldwide. The mature seeds of A. meridioalis was collected in August 2015 from Geno, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province, Iran to evaluate their nutritional value and explore a new source for nutritional purposes .The digested seeds of A. meridioalis with the mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid and per chloride acid (4 :2: 1) under the condition of the boiling point and the normal pressure, the contents of the seven mineral elements necessary to humanity, potassium, copper, zinc, iron, selenium , lithium and manganese in the seeds of A. meridioalis were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) in Pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad university , Tehran and the results were analyzed in statistics. The results revealed that the sequence of the content of metal elements is as follows in all samples: Zn >K > Fe > Cu> Mn >Ca>Na > Se > Li. The content of K, Zn, Fe and Cu in this seed is much richer than some other medicinal plants in this region. The high level of Zinc, Potassium and sufficient amount of suitable mineral element showing high Nutritive value of this seed and seem to be good for younger people, anemic people and common local food and diet for people in the region of Hormozgan province in the south of Iran.

The plant Bridelia ferruginea Benth (Euphorbiaceae) has been known for its use in the management of oral thrush ethnomedicinally in various parts of Africa, a practice which has been justified by results of certain scientific studies. The aim of this study was to develop an appropriate dosage formulation, a mouthwash and evaluate the antifungal potential of this dosage formulation against a major causative organism of oral thrush, Candida albicans. Extraction of the stem bark was carried out with boiled distilled water, the extract was formulated into mouthwashes at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%w/v. All formulations contained viscosity imparting agent, a sweetener and a preservative. Physical characterisation, viscosity, pH and palatability of the mouthwash formulations were determined. Agar-well diffusion method was used to assess antifungal activity of the formulations against Candida albicans and Nystatin oral suspension was used as reference compound. The results showed that Bridelia ferruginea stem bark extract mouthwash solutions were brown in colour, had agreeable odour and sweet astringent taste. The pH for all concentrations was in the range 5.41-5.63. The viscosity at spindle no 2, 60rpm range between 0.226-0.238 Pa.S for all concentrations studied. The formulations had antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The highest concentration (2.5%w/v) gave mean zone of inhibition of 25.50±0.71mm that was comparable with Nystatin oral suspension 28.00±1.41mm, a reference compound. The foregoing suggests that with little modification in the formulation especially the adjustment of the pH, Bridellia ferruginea mouthwash solutions may be developed into commercially useful preparations.

Cyanobacteria are considered a promising source for new ýpharmaceutical lead compounds and a large number of chemically diverse and ýbioactive metabolites have been obtained from cyanobacteria. Despite of ýseveral worldwide studies on prevalence of NRPSs and PKSs among the ýcyanobacteria, none of them included Iranian cyanobacteria of Kermanshah ýprovince. Therefore, the aim of this study was to amplify the NRPS and PKS ýgenes. These stains were the most frequent species of that zone. The DNA ýsequences of the 16s rRNA region were determined and the strains were named ýas Scytonema sp. N11, Calothrix sp. N42 and terrestrial Nostoc SP. N66). ýLastly, to show that the presence of these genes correlates with natural product ýsynthesis, we conducted biochemical assays to detect the presence of ýantimicrobial effects in organic extracts. The results of these experiments ýsuggest that both NRPS and PKS genes are presence in all three strains. ýFinally the sequences presented in this study have been deposited in GenBank ýfor getting the accession numbers (NRPS A domains) and (PKS KS domains). ýAccording to these results, it is concluded that the antibiogram bioassay and ýmolecular detection of peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase genes in ýcyanobacterial strains may be useful techniques for the assessment of natural ýproduct -producing species and possible role of peptide synthetase and ýpolyketide synthase enzyme complexes in the biosynthesis of biologically ýactive compounds.ý

Butter, margarine and butter oil are three products which consume daily by Iranian’scommunity. Detection of type and existence of synthetic antioxidants (SAs) quantities in the margarine, butter and butter oil samples is so important in point of view of the safety. For this purpose, peroxide value (PV), oxidative stability (OS), iodine value (IV), fatty acid analysis (FA), type and amount of SAs, and its antioxidant activity (AA%) of the samples was determined as described methods of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) documents including ISO numbers: 3960, 6886, 3961, 5509, AOCS Ce 6-86, and DPPH assay, respectively. The direct relationship between the quantities of OS, SA and AA% was observed in the samples. It was observed that many of butter oil samples were without SA. In margarine samples, the amount of IV was higher than that of in butter and butter oil samples (P

The main aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate the extended - release system of an anxiolytic substance. Alprazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine with general
properties similar to those of diazepam. Our studies focused on the development of extended drug delivery system based on Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC 4000cps) as retard agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP k30) as binder using factorial design. All formulations were prepared according to wet granulation method and were compressed after lubrication using 7.0 mm dip concave punch with tablet weight of 100 mg. The humidity of granules was selected below 3 percent for obtaining to suitable flowability and compression process. Physical tests such as weight variation, friability, hardness, and thickness tests were carried out.The variables were studied based on 22 factorial design procedure. All prepared matrix tablets were evaluated for physicochemical evaluation and drug content. In vitro release study of matrix tablets for all formulations has shown that HPMC was the main component in retardation of alprazolam in the dissolution medium. The optimum formulation (30% HPMC 4000 and 10% PVP) with suitable release profile according to criteria of United State Pharmacopoeia was selected for stability studies, according to ICH guidelines. For stability tests, the content of drugs did not show any change after 3 months during accelerated stability test. The release profile of this formulation was found acceptable as recommended by USP. The release studies have shown that swelling, swelling/erosion, and disentanglement/dissolution were the most important mechanisms that could affect the release profile.

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) & zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against four pathogenic strains. ZnS&ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by simple aqueous chemical reaction in an aqueous solution. The main advantage of these nanoparticles (size of 10-30 nm) was that simply could be prepared by using cheap precursors in a cost effective and high throughput manner. Structural, morphological and chemical composition of the prepared nanoparticles were investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray dispersive fluorescence spectroscopy (EDAX). The antimicrobial effects of the ZnS&ZnOnanoparticls were studied by serial dilution technique and also by well diffusion technique against four pathogenic microorganism strains of Staphyloccusaureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Candidiaalbicans. Both nanoparticles of ZnS&ZnO showed antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive Staphyloccusaureus and Gram negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa and fungi of Candidiaalbicans. The best antimicrobial efficacy (as MIC of 50 µg/ml) was related to effect of ZnO nanoparticles on Staphyloccusaureus and most resistant pathogen was Candidiaaibicans against ZnS nanoparticles with MIC more than 250 µg/ml. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) & zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against four pathogenic strains. ZnS&ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by simple aqueous chemical reaction in an aqueous solution.