نشریه دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 4 (زمستان 1396)

Supplementary irrigation along with mycorrhizal symbiosis is one of the effective methods to increase quality and quantity of performance. To evaluate mycorrhizal symbiosis of rainfed Rye (Secale cereal L.) plants, a 2-year factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center during 2014 and 2015. Treatments were rain interrupted (30 May, 13 June and 27 June), mycorrhizal symbiosis (non-inoculated plants and inoculation with Glomus intraradices) and irrigation (rainfed and one time supplementary irrigation).Mycorrhizal symbiosis under supplementary irrigation significantly increased the forage phosphorus, calcium and ash, and grain potassium and protein more than rainfed condition. The mycorrhizal symbiosis enhanced the forage and grain quality. However, the yield enhancement under supplemental irrigation was better than rainfed condition. The highest grain protein concentration (18/43 %) belonged to mycorrhizal plants exposed to rainfall continuing 20 May. The highest grain yield in the second year under supplementary irrigation of about 1412.96 kg/ha, which have precipitation until 17 June. In general, rainfed rye forage and grain quality were improved with one time supplemental irrigation, and mycorrhizal relationship affedcted the grain quality and yield regardless rainfall interruption. In mycorrhizal rye plants, rainfall continuing until 17 June with supplemental irrigation was increased the grain yield (23 %) more than that rainfed condition in early rain interrupted.

The effect of irrigation withholding and bio-fertilizers on grain filling components, chlorophyll content and some fatty acids composition Gacomo cultivar of canola, was studied by factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Research Station of Ardabil in 2015-2016. Experimental factors were included irrigation in three levels, full irrigation or control, irrigation withholding at 50% of flowering and pod formation stage, irrigation withholding at 50% of grain formation stage and application of bio fertilizers in four levels, no inoclulation, inoclulation with Nitrobacter, Psedomonas and Azospirillum. Results showed that water limitation decreased yield, number of grain per pod, number of pod per plant, rate and grain filling period, oleic acid, linolenic acid and photosynthetic pigment.­ Whereas erucic acid and palmetic acid content were increased. Means comparison showed that the highest of yield (1.62 ton.ha-1), number of grain per pod (30.66), number of pod per plant (76), grain filling period (54.42 days), chlorophyll a (23.33 mg.g-1 FW), total chlorophyll (29.83 mg.g-1 FW), oleic acid (69.24%) and linolenic acid (11.54%) were obtained in inoculation with Azospirillum and full irrigation. The highest content of erucic acid (2.89 %) and palmetic acid (4.56 %) were observed at no inoculation and irrigation withholding in grain formation stage. Also irrigation withholding in flowering and pod formation stage and grain formation stage decreased 46% and 40.4% respectively from grain yield and application of Azospirillum, Psedomonas and Nitrobacter increased grain yield 53.7%, 9.2% and 44.4% respectively in flowering and pod formation stage and 65.5%, 31% and 17.2% respectively in grain formation stage. According to the results, it seems that Azospirillum application can be suggested as the best treatment for profitable canolaproduction under full irrigation and water limitation condition.

In order to study the effects of biofertilizers of nitroxin (0, 2, 4 L.h-1) and biosulphur (0, 2, 4 kg.h-1) on morphological and phytochemical traits of winter cherry (Physalis alkekengi L.) an experiment was conducted in factorial basement in randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications in agricultural faculty of Zanjan University in 2016. All treatments had significant effects on evaluated traits. Results showed that the highest plant height (53 cm), number of branches (58), shoot fresh weight (371.3 g), dry weight (78 g), yield per plant (82.5 g), the highest total soluble solids (16.23 Brix) and vitamin C content (120.1 mg.100g)-1 obtained from integrated treatment of 4 L.h-1 Nitroxin with 4 kg.h-1 biosulphur and had Significant difference compared with control and other treatments. The highest amount of chlorophyll content obtained from integrated treatment of four L.h-1 Nitroxin with four kg.h-1 biosulphur, and 2 kg.h-1 biosulphur whit 4 L.h-1 nitroxin respectively with 6.5 and 6.23 mg /gFW, but there arent any significantly differences between these two treatments statistically, however significantly different with other treatments. The treatment of 4 L.h-1 nitroxin caused the highest antioxidant activity (76.84 percent) and the highest physaline percent (1.56 percent of dry weight) Compared with the control and other treatments. Results revealed that application of bio-sulphur and Nitroxin bio-fertilizers caused to improvement of yield and physiological and phytochemical indices in medicinal plants of winter cherry.

Nitrogen fixation ability in free-living condition is one of the properties of diazotrophic bacteria that Azotobacter is one of the famous genera of diazotrophs. Evaluation of nitrogen fixation efficiency can be measured by different methods, such as difference method and plant inoculation. Thus, N2 fixation ability of 18 bacterial isolates such as Azotobacter was measured using completely randomized design with three replications. Bacterial liquid culture was added to bagasse- perlite as a carrier and disinfected seeds were inoculated with prepared inoculants. Treatments were included, negative controls (including carrier without bacteria and without carrier), positive controls (using urea equal to 50% and 100% of fertilizer recommendation) and pots inoculated with bacterial inoculants. Results showed that expect wet weight and nitrogen concentration of root, all measured parameters were significantly influenced by treatments. Other measured parameters such as shoot wet and dry weight, root dry weight, total wet and dry weight, height, diameter and chlorophyll index, were significantly influenced by 50% and 100% fertilizer treatment and highest mean was recorded in these treatments, while among bacterial treatments A. chroococcum 14SP-Ι, A. chroococcum 16SP-2 and Pseudomonas sp. 34SP-Ш were effective. The highest total nitrogen content and nitrogen translocation factor were observed in plants which inoculated by A. chroococcum 16SP-2 that caused an increasing of 32% and 148% compared to negative control (without carrier and bacteria). Also, the highest nitrogen fixation efficiency was measured in 16SP-2 isolate equal to 39.47% by difference method.

In order to study the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. putida on some soil biological properties and growth indices of wheat under salt stress and some of soil chemical and biological indices, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The factors were salinity at four levels, control, 6, 8 and 10 dS/m, and inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at three level, including no-inoculation, inoculation with Pseudomonas putida and inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens. The results showed that soil salinity significantly decreased plant yield parameters such as root volume, root fresh and dry weight, shoot fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and also the inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria significantly increased these indices. Also, there was a significant difference between two Pseudomonas strains, however in general it was not possible to precisely compare two bacteria. On the other hand, the results showed that with increasing the salinity level, factors of soil biological properties such as microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration and substrate-induced respiration reduced and the use of bacteria has increased these traits. Regarding the soil biological indices that increased with the inoculation, it can be concluded that the inoculation indirectly increased soil biological indices by affecting plant growth and yield. Therefore, in the saline conditions plant growth promoting rhizobacteria could be used to directly increase plant growth and yield by plant promoting mechanisms and indirectly increase soil fertility condition and plant nutrition by increasing soil biological indices.

The effects of two mycorrhizal fungi species on grain yield, yield components, relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll content in maize (SC704) under water deficit stress, under field experiment was assessed out as a split plot design with four replications in 2016 at Moghan Research Station. Water stress treatments included commonly available irrigation water referred to as control and the interrupted irrigation before flowering as the main plot, and two different mycorrhiza species, including Glomus mosseae and Glomus etunicatum and also a control (without any inoculation) as sub plots. Results showed that water stress significantly decreased grain yield, yield components, relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll content. The applied water deficit stress reduced grain yield, yield components, RWC and chlorophyll content about 14, 13, 20 and 13 percent, respectively. Mycorrhizal fungi increased plant height, RWC and chlorophyll content in maize. Interaction between water stress and strains of mycorrhiza had only an impact on grain yield and 100-seed weight. The maximum grain yield and 100-seed weight were recorded in plots irrigated in normal condition and inoculated with G. mosseae species on control irrigation. Based on the results of this study, for enhancing grain yield and chlorophyll content using mycorrhizal fungi especially, G. mosseae species was recommended.

In order to evaluate of nano-fertilizer and different irrigation regimes effects on yield and components yield and water use efficiency in Dill (Anethum graveolens L.), an experimental was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications during 2015 at agriculture greenhouse of Payame Noor university. Treatments were irrigation interval with five levels (5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 days) and iron nano-fertilizer in two levels (no fertilizer and iron nano-fertilizer amount of four liters per hectare with irrigation water), respectively. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of the simple effects of iron nano-fertilizer and irrigation levels on yield, yield components and water use economic and environmental efficiency was significant. Mean comparison showed using iron nano-fertilizer can improve yield and components yield and water use economic and environmental efficiency in dill. The highest and lowest seed yield and components yield (such as 1000-seed weight, seeds per plant, number of node and number of branches) were achieved by irrigation interval five and 13 days. By increasing irrigation interval and applying drought stress, traits of quantitative yield (biomass yield and seed yield) and qualitative yield (essential oil yield) were significantly reduced. According to the results of research, application iron nano-fertilizer and irrigation interval seven days in dill led to created favorable conditions for increasing quantity and quality yield and water use efficiency. It can be replaced with nano fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers that it was leading to sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.

The effect of different sowing dates on quantity and quality properties of three lentil cultivars under rainfed condition, was studied by split plot experiment based o randomized complete block design in Karaj during growing seasons of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Sowing dates in three times, including 6 November, 5 January and 15 March (as spring sowing and control) of both years were the levels of main plot, and three lentil cultivar, including Bilesavar, Kimya and Seymereh were subplot. Results showed that the effect of year on lentil experimental properties was not significant, but the all of the evaluated traits, grain per plant, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, number and weight of root nod and protein percentage and yield were affected by sowing dates significantly, except the winter survival percentage. The highest rates of biological, grain and protein yield (3821, 132. 6 and 37.9 g.m-2, respectively) and the lowest one (253.6, 73.2 and 24.8 g.m-2, respectively) was achieved at the first sowing date (6 November) and the last sowing date one (15 March), respectively. The last sowing date in comparison to the first sowing date showed almost 33 and 44 percent decreases in biological and grain yield, respectively. Maximum number of grain per plant, 1000 seed weight, nod number, and nod weight was obtained at the first sowing date that these values were significantly more than other sowing dates. As the results showed that cultivars had significant effects on grain and protein yields. The highest grain and protein yield was recorded at Bilesavar cultivar. Totally, by considering these findings, autumn sowing and Bilesavar cultivar were highly beneficial in lentil yield and component yield.

The effect of different fertilizer treatments on intercropping of faba bean and Moldavian balm, by field experiment was studied as factorial on the bases of randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014. The first factor was cropping system at five levels including sole cropping of faba bean, sole cropping of Moldavian balm and three intercropping ratios (1:1, 2:2 and 2:4) of faba bean with Moldavian balm, and the second factor was fertilizer at three levels including nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizer, bio-fertilizer (Azoto Barvar Barvar-2) 50% of chemical fertilizers, and vermicompost. The results showed that the maximum chlorophyll content index and leaf number per plant was obtained in chemical fertilizer treatment. The highest plant height (56.8 cm) was observed in 1:1 intercropping system. The effect of fertilizer treatment was not significant on plant height and grain per pod. Chemical fertilizer had significant effect on 100-grain weight and harvest index as compared to other fertilizer treatments. The highest amount of number of pods per plant (3.52) was obtained from sole cropping and chemical fertilizer application. The maximum grain yield per occupied unit area was observed in sole cropping (259.2 g.m-2) and among fertilizer treatments was belonged to 100% chemical fertilizer (202.1 g.m-2). Also at all treatments the land equivalent ratio and total relative value were obtained more than 1 and from this comment intercropping of 2:2 faba bean-Moldavian balm were the highest. Therefore, cropping system of 2:2 faba bean-Moldavian balm is introduced as advantageous system.

Minimal soil movement and retention of rational amounts of crop residue in crop rotation are the principles of conservation agriculture system. In order to study the effects of tillage method and residue retention on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of forage maize and some soil chemical characteristics in water stress conditions, this experiment conducted in Jolg-e-Rokh research station (Torbat-e-Heydarye, Razavi Khorasan Province) in 2015. Used farm, has been managed under the conservation agriculture system from 2012 (with similar treatments of this experiment and fixed plots in wheat-clover-beet-barley crop rotation). The experiment was conducted as split split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were Tillage method (no tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage), residue retention rate (0, 30 and 60 percent) and water stress (50, 75 and 100 percent of irrigation water). Results showed that various tillage methods were significantly effective on yield, and minimum tillage in compare with conventional tillage, increased forage yield over %6. Residue retention treatment did not have significant effects on yield and another studied characteristic but water stress treatment had significant effects on forage yield, forage quality index, stem diameter, water use efficiency and tasseling period. Applying minimum tillage with %60 residue retention with 41180 kg.ha-1 forage yield and 7.2 kg.m-3water use efficiency, was a good solution in comparison with other methods.

Nowadays, the use of soil-born microorganisms as biological fertilizers is considered to be a natural and most desirable solution to maintain sustainability of agricultural soil system. Potassium releasing bacteria, nitrogen fixing and phosphorus dissolving bacteria make mentioned elements available to plants. In order to evaluate the effects of bio-fertilizers Potabarvar 2, Sinorhizobium meliloti, as well as urea fertilizer on physiological properties and yield of Fenugreek, an experiment as complete randomized block design was conducted with five treatments and three replications. Treatments included biofertilizer Potabarvar 2, S. meliloti, inoculation with a mixture of Sinorhizobium㺋婭ꫯ 2, positive control (based on soil analysis) and negative control (no fertilization and inoculation).The results showed that all morphological traits were significant at 1%. Most physiological traits except for carotenoid were significantly affected by S. meliloti, and a mixture of Sinorhizobium㺋婭ꫯ 2. Seed inoculation with biofertilizer Sinorhizobium meliloti and Potabarvar 2 lead to increase in growth and eventually shoot yield. Separate application of these biofertilizers led to better results than the integrated application. Symbiotic relationship of Sinorhizobium with Fenugreek increased physiological indices data, especially the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the amount of phenolic antioxidant have been significantly affected. In general, application of S. meliloti resulted in better and more effective increase in yield, quality and plant growth than fertilizer Potabarvar 2 and a mixture of Sinorhizobium㺋婭ꫯ 2.

In order to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological fertilizers and irrigation regimes on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)a field experiment was performed using a split plot experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during growing season of 2013 and 2014. Main plots were three levels of irrigation (%100, %75 and %50 of sesame water requirement) and sub plots were eight different biological and chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen phosphorus, nitroxin, biophosphore, nitroxin渪⦆謩蚊, biosulfure and control). Results showed that for all fertilizer and biofertilizer treatments reduction in irrigation levels was the major factor in reduction of yield and yield components. Under stress free conditions (100 percent of sesame irrigation requirement), chemical fertilizer exhibited more yield and yield components than biofertilizers. According to the results in 100% irrigation treatments, the highest plant height, number of seed in capsule, 1000 seed weight and capsule in plant resulted from nitrogenꘚⲦᨫ뫇 and nitrogen. In general, biofertilizers particularly nitroxin and nitroxin渪⦆謩蚷 inoculation, improved plant height, seed yield, yield components of sesame, under 50% water requirement supply, the same as or better than chemical fertilizers.Recent study showed significant correlation of yield components (seed number in capsule, 1000 seed weight and capsule in plant) with yield. In stress free conditions (100% irrigation) highest grain yield resulted from nitrogenꘚⲦᨫ뫇 (3.14 ton.ha-1) and nitrogen (2.99 ton.ha-1) in 2013 and 2014 respectively. In stressful conditions (50% irrigation) highest grain yield (2.42 and 2.31 ton.ha-1) were obtained from nitroxin and biosulfure in 2013 and 2014 respectively.It can be concluded that application of biofertilizers provide a most desirable solution to drought stress conditions.

Today with regard to environmental pollution caused by chemical fertilizers and finding an alternative to these fertilizers, Consideration has been given to the use of other products in this field. Accordingly, In order To study the effect of Nano calcium and Humi potas on morphological and biochemical traits of nasturtium, this factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The experiment was carried out at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2013-2014. In this study, morphological traits, length and diameter of stem, number and leaf area, number of lateral branches, number of flowers and seeds, fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems and roots and biochemical traits, total chlorophyll, calcium and potassium absorption Evaluated. The results showed that the interaction of two treatments in all studied traits, except for stem length and diameter, number of flowers and number of branches, was significant. According to the results of the best condition in the studied traits, we observed interaction effects of concentration of 2 in 1000 Nano calcium with 500 and 1000 ppm Humi Potasses. Both treatments had a non-significant difference and Showed a significant difference compared to control treatment. In general, the application of concentration of 2 per thousand Nano calcium with different levels of Humi potash fertilizer improved morphological and biochemical traits in Nasturtium flowers.

The effect of organic fertilizers, chemical nitrogen and phosphorus on oil content and some of agronomic traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), was studied in 2014. A factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Animal manure treatments (M1= Control, M2= 20 ton.ha-1, M3= 40 ton.ha-1), and Chemical fertilizer treatments (F1= Control, F2= 50 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen 25 kg.ha-1 of P2O5, F3= 100 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen 50 kg.ha-1 of P2O5, F4= 150 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen 75 kg.ha-1 of P2O5) were assigned in plots. In this study characteristics such as: stem diameter, number of sub branch, number of kernels per m-2, biological yield, phosphorus agronomic efficiency, grain weight of capitol, phosphorus physiological efficiency, oil content, nitrogen content of grain, number of unfertile capitol, phosphorus appear recovery and capitol diameter were assessed. Results indicated that the interaction effects of chemical fertilizer and animal manure on the characteristics such as: number of sub branch, biological yield, and nitrogen content of grain, phosphorus agronomic efficiency, phosphorus physiological efficiency and phosphorus appear recovery was significant. The maximum and minimum of phosphorus physiological efficiency (65.88 and 6.21 kg.kg-1) were obtained in treatment of 50 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen 25 kg.ha-1 of P2O5 40 ton.ha-1 of animal manure and 50 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen 25 kg.ha-1 of P2O5 20 ton.ha-1 of animal manure, respectively.

The effect of biofertilizers on the seed yield and yield components of fennel(Foeniculum vulgare L.), was studied as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications and twelve treatments at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of urmia, Iran, during growing season of 2015-2016. The first factor included three Landraces (Urmia, Hamdan and Germany) and second factor included four biofertilizers: complete biofertilizers (Azetobarvar1, Phosphatebarvar2, Pota barvar-2, mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices), compelet biofertilizers mycorrhizal fungi and control. Results indicated that application of biofertilizers enhanced the seed yield and yield components. Among treatments, combined usage of biofertilizers showed that great increasing in studied traits than individual consumption. The highest biological yield (520.38 g.m-2) and seed yield (146.68 g.m-2) were obtained from combined usage of biofertilizers. Germany landrace (142.39 g.m-2) produced higher seed yield, compared to Hamdan and Urmia landraces. In general, results of the present study revealed that the application of biological fertilizers plays a remarkable role in improving seed yield and yield components offennel.

In recent decades, given the widespread use of organic agriculture around the world, health care earth organic and healthy food production for a growing population increased interest in organic products to world markets, Iran is considered in the development of organic farming. The purpose of this study was to invest the limitations of development of organic farming by cross – correlation method. The population of this study were experts from the Ministry of Jihade-Agriculture (N =114), on the basis of Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size Table, a sample of 85 people was determined. Sampling and selection of a society was stratified random sampling method. The main instrument of data collection was a questionnaire which its validity has been confirmed by experts. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was 0.95. Data analysis revealed four main obstacles structural institutional, socio-cultural, technical and protectionist barriers. These items covered 85.8% of total variation related to limitations of development of organic farming. According to the results, the development of organic farming requires more and more development of institutional and structural infrastructure to rely on it and plan to provide basic education in order to enhance the level of know-how of producers as well as provide the necessary support from them. The barriers and limitations of organic farming development have been paved.

Intercropping is a common method of crop production in many regions of the world mainly due to the resources efficiency and yeid promotion. To study the agronomic traits of Chrysanthemum morifolium intercropped with fenugreek, an experiment was conducted as RCBD with seven treatments; (T1): fenugreek sole cropping (T2): Chrysanthemum sole cropping (T3): 50 percentage Chrysanthemum and 50 percentage fenugreek intercropping, (T4): 35 percentage Chrysanthemum and 65 percentage fenugreek, (T5): 35 percentage fenugreek and 75 percentage intercropping Chrysanthemum, (T6) 25 percentage Chrysanthemum and 75 percentage fenugreek intercropping and (T7) 75 percentage Chrysanthemum and 25 percentage fenugreek. The results revealed the positive effects of intercropping on flower and shoot number, fresh weight of the plant and root and flower dry weight in Chrysanthemum. The greatest plant fresh weight (289.1 g) and root fresh weight (41.3 g) was belonged to T7 treatment. The highest shoot number was recorded in T5, T6 and T7 treatments. For the flower dry weight, T5 (31.03 g) and T7 (30.9 g) hold the greatest data. The highest recorded flower number in Chrysanthemum was attained by T5 treatment. The highest data for fenugreek growth characteristic was belonged to fenugreek monocropping (pod number per plants, plant fresh and dry weight and root fresh and dry weight. Land Equality Ratio for all the intercropping patterns was greater than 1, showing the higher effecincy and profitability of intercropping compared to sole cropping. The results as well indicated that the most number of pests and natural enemies were shown in sole and inter-cropping treatments, respectively.