فصلنامه گیاه و زیست فناوری ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1396)

The soil unsaturated zone plays a significant role in hydrological cycle. One of the most characteristics of this zone, is the soil water retention curve that its parameters is needed as input in most of studies for determining hydraulic specification of the soil. One of the indirect method is the Pedo-Transfer function which contains a complex of regression equations to relate easily obtainable soil properties to its missing soilcharacteristics. In most parts of the world including Iran clay soil are found very much. These kind of soil own a very good power of fertility but their hydraulic functionscharacters such as swelling and preferential flow cause to them have been studied less. The goal of this study, is to produce Pedo-Transfer functions of this soils by the using of easily obtainable soil properties. 25 soil samples with day texture from Kordestan were gathered randomly. The particle size distribution, bulk density, calcium carbonate percentage were determined. The soil water retention curves for the entire range of interest were obtained using the pressure plate apparatus. For the separation of PTFs, independent variables were divided in to two groups. The first group include the particle size distribution, bulk density and calcium carbonate percentage. In second group, geometric diameter, geometric standard deviation, bulk density and calcium carbonate percentage were settled. From the independentvariables, the best subset for evaluating specific point of soil water retention curve were selected by the acid of regression method. For two groups, regression formulas were achieved as multiple linear form. Results show that there is a suitable attention for evaluating the relations for the assess mint of soil water retention curve of the soil for application goals.

A serious pest of agricultural crops are two species of whitefly that (Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci), which also make damages to greenhouse crops and ornamental plants. The biocontrol agents for these pests belong to the aphelinid wasps. To date two species of the genus Encarsia and Eretmocerus are used as effective natural enemies worldwide under greenhouses condition to control whiteflies. In this project, these parasitoids were release in a commercial greenhouse (5000 m2) to control the whiteflies populations in Varamin region (east of Tehran). Releasing was either uniform or spotted, in the uniform releasing 3, 6 or 9 parasitoids was considered per square meters, but in spotted releasing, in infection point, releasing rate was increased depending on the whitefly infestation. The results showed that the population of T. vaporariorus was increase from week 9th till week 14th. However, it was decrease from 23th week onward, while the parasitism rate of E. eremicus was higher than E. formosa (more than 80%). Therefore, using of these agents (in biological control program) can control the whiteflies population throughout the season. However, in addition to a good infrastructure of the greenhouses, other biological control agents predator mite) that are released to control other pests, can feed from the whiteflies nymphs, and reduces the pest population.

Heavy metal cadmium is one of impurities of chemical fertilizers in Iran. Deep penetration of cadmium in soils and groundwater polluted by this metal endangers public health. Studies have shown that a key factor in improving the bioavailability of cadmium salt and complex formation of chlorine - Cadmium prevents the rapid absorption of cadmium in soil and sediment. In this study, calcareous soil was selected with sandy loam texture. 2.5 kg of soil was poured into the polyethylene tubes with a diameter of 12 cm and height of 30 cm. the samples were added to the soil columns equal to several times the capacity of solutions containing 100 m equivalent different salts and 10 m equivalent cadmium. Water head of the columns level was variable pressure. Treatments included calcium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and distilled water (control). Output solution was collected at a rate of 250 ml in 10 steps. The results showed that the solubility of cadmium in the presence of calcium chloride has the maximum value compared with two sodium chloride and sodium sulfate salts.

In order to determine the most appropriate medium as well as the best concentration of Indole butyric acid (IBA) for rooting cuttings of olive varieties in terms of greenhouse Conservalia was done in 2016. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design. To perform the study, three perlite medium (control), sand perlite and perlite Coco peat also the concentrations of 0, 1000 and 2000 ppm IBA hormone was used. The traits rooting percentage, number of main and lateral roots, length of roots, root length, fresh weight and root dry weight, fresh weight and dry weight of cuttings and chlorophyll a and b were studied. The results of analysis of variance showed that the majority of traits for hormonal treatment and three traits (rooting percentage, number and weight of root cuttings) for the treatment medium at 1% and 5% probability level was significant. Survey results show that perlite sand medium compared to other medium as well as the concentration of 2000 had the highest percentage of rooting. According to the results, rooting percentage, number of roots, number of lateral roots, root length, root fresh weight, dry weight of cuttings in culture medium and hormone IBA interaction was significant. Overall, in this study the best treatment sand perlite medium at a concentration of 2000 ppm IBA hormone for rooting cuttings roots are causing Conservalia olive varieties.

Powdery mildew of peach, caused by sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr) Lev. is one of the most important diseases of peach in Iran. The disease is caused considerable damage and reduces the quantity and quality of crop. Recently, the low rate use of new and harmless fungicides,compatible with environmental conditions has been considered to control of plant diseases. In this study, effectiveness of new fungicides, Collis and Bellis with Current poisons were tested in a compeletly randomized block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications in two areas (Qazvin and Sarri) during 2009 year. Fungicides were including: Bellis 0.4, 0.7 and 1 gr/lit; Collis 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 ml/lit; Stroby 0.2 gr/lit, Flint 0.2 gr/lit and controls with water spraying and no spraying. The disease severity was evaluated with a scale of 0-7 and 0-3 for leaves and fruits, respectively with randomly sampling after occurring of disease symptoms. The means of disease severity were compared using Duncan's multiple rang test and results showed a significant difference between all used fungicides and controls. From aspect effectiveness, Collis 0.8 and 0.5 ml/lit and Bellis 1 gr/lit were the most effective on disease control in two areas, Qazvin and Sari and were ranked in first group. But in Qazvin area Stroby 0.2 gr/lit and Bellis 0.7 gr/lit also were in first group, Flint 0.2 gr/lit was in second group and the other fungicides were in third group. In Sari area, Bellis 0.7 gr/lit Stroby 0.2 gr/lit and Flint 0.2 gr/lit were ranked in second group and the other fungicids were in third group.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are ubiquitous signaling modules in eukaryotes. Early research of plant MAPKs has been focused on their functions in immunity and stress responses. Recent studies reveal that they also play essential roles in plant growth and development downstream of receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). With only a limited number of MAPK components, multiple functional pathwaysinitiated from different receptors often share the same MAPK components or even a complete MAPK cascade. In this review, we discuss how MAPK cascades function as molecular switches in response to spatiotemporalspecific ligand–receptor interactions and the availability of downstream substrates. In addition, we discuss other possible mechanisms governing the functional specificity of plant MAPK cascades, a question central to our understanding of MAPK functions.

The present study aims to analyze the factors and strategies for strengthening national production in the agricultural sector. Since it attempts to measure quantitative variables with a focus on survey activities, on the other hand, it intends to apply the results obtained in the development of specific executive plans, of a quantitative and applied type is. The statistical population of the research is the active operation of agricultural production and production in Semnan province, and the number of productive productive activities of the province has been exploited in 1391, and all of them have succeeded in completing 30 questionnaires. Data collection methods were library studies, questionnaires and interviews. The data collection tools in the present study include checking,questionnaires and recording of interviewing axes. In this study, based on the views expressed by 20 experts, as well as some of the researchers and external experts, they have tried to measure the apparent validity, content, benchmark and structure. The reliability of the researchinstrument was calculated using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and its rate was 0.78. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results show that 5 factors explain about 57.3 percent of the factors affecting thedevelopment and strengthening of national production in agriculture and fisheries. These five factors or groups, the educational-motivational factor, the factor of investment-innovation, the supporting factor, are the factor of partnership and the factor of infrastructure development.