فصلنامه گیاه و زیست فناوری ایران
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

For evaluation possibility of substituting peat moss media with new media creating with different organic wastes and mineral materials, this research work was conducted. Since using suitable media one of the important task in production of potted plants, different rate of peat moss, municipal waste compost and palm peat in combination with perlite and zeolite used as treatments in this project. Physical and chemical properties of media different growth indexes of plant were evaluated. Thus best plant growth indexes observed in treatments containing 50% peat moss 50% zeolite; 25% palm peat 25% municipal waste compost 25% perlite 25% zeolite and 50% peat moss 25% perlite 25% zeolite. Because of ease of availability and lowest cost of municipal waste compost, palm peat and zeolite these media could be used as commercial media instead of 50% peat moss 50% perlite. Also according to the results, it is possible that used zeolite as mineral element replacing of perlite, in combination with peat moss or other organic materials or even as individual media in production of Dracaena fragrans 'Lemon Lime' or other potted ornamental plants in Iran.

Gerbera with scientific name Gerbera jamesonii belong to compositae family most important cut flowers all over the world. In recent years production and attention to it in Iran and world markets has increase. Amino acids biostimulative role in plant growth, shoot growth, increase plant resistance in the event of environmental stresses, accelerating the formation and development of organs, increase nutrient absorption, increase chlorophyll and chlorophyll production play. In order to investigate the use of pre-harvest spraying of glutamine, Arginin and phenylalanine on the plant colored pigments, enzymatic activity and longevity on gerbera flower cv. sorbet, A completely randomized experimental design with 7 treatments, 3 replication, each replication contains 3 units on gerbera flower pot c.v sorbet in commercial greenhouse in the summser of 2016 in the city Pakdasht with an average daily temperature of 18° C and 28° C at night, relative humidity 60% and light intensity was 300 foot candle was performed. Treatments included Glutamin, Arginine and Phenylalanine each with two levels of 50 and 100 ppm. The treatments were compared with control treatment(distilled water). Trait such as fresh weight, stem long, bent neck, cell membrance stability index, anthocyanine content, total chlorophylls of leaves, activity of enzymes phenyl alanine ammonia lyase(PAL), activity of enzymes super oxide dismutase(SOD), and longevity of flowers on the plant, measured and statistically evaluated on the final day. The results of the research and analysis of variance table 1 showed that the effect of treatments on all traits evaluated at different concentrations treatment is significant at 1% level. Glutamine 100ppm treatment and control treatment showed statistically significant difference with other treatments Duncan grouping. The result showed that the glutamin treatment 100ppm the greatest impact on improving all the traits than other treatments and the lowest rate was observed curvature of the bent neck. glutamine Treatment with a concentration of 100 ppm to 20 days the highest and control with 14 days lowest. The results of this study indicate that the use of glutamine as a source of organic nitrogen plays a role in growth and differentiation of plant cells that eventually leads to more fresh weight, and stem long was. The use of glutamine induced physiological changes in gerbera flowers that stimulate plant growth, increase cell membrane stability index and petal anthocyanins. N also the top supplier of high intensity of photosynthesis and thus faster growth rate and ultimately increase the total chlorophylls of leaves. Glutamine also increases the PAL and SOD activity, which ultimately increases the strength and durability of gerbera stem on the plant.

Vase life of cut flower plays important economic values in flower production industries. The effects of putrescine, spermine and spermidine on cut Rose was studied. putrescine, spermine and spermidine (100 and 200 mg l-) and their combinations with sucrose (3%) and silver nanoparticles (4 mg 1-) were tested as preservative mixture. This study was conducted in a factorial experiment with complete randomized design. The recorded traits included vase life, SOD content, and solution uptake. The results shown that level of 200 mg -1 spermine to increase of SOD content, vase life and solution uptake.

This study was conducted to evaluate the release of Phosphorus available by application of organic and chemical fertilizers in three soils with different values available phosphorus: very low (S1), low (S2) and medium (S3), in each soil applied 50 mg of phosphorus per kg of soil from sheep manure, municipal solid waste compost and triple super phosphate. The amounts of phosphorus were measured at the time of 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 40, 60 and 90 days. The results showed that the impact of the application of phosphorus fertilizer source was different on changes in available phosphorus in the S1 during the incubation period. Even though phosphorus availability with the use of triple super phosphate was higher than municipal waste compost and sheep manure, but these differences are significantly reduced over time. In S1, differences in phosphorus concentrations with the use of triple super phosphate and sheep manure at the beginning of the period was 11.01 and the end of incubation was 0.50 mg kg-1. These amounts with the use of municipal waste compost were 15.87 and 1.30 mg kg-1. In S2, sheep manure was able to released available phosphorus at the end of incubation and was a suitable substitute for chemical fertilizer to supply phosphorus for the soil. Phosphorus released from triple super phosphate fertilizer was 12.88 mg kg-1 of period time. With the use of sheep manure, was 12.70 mg kg-1 of incubation. Phosphorus released in S3 with triple super phosphate was 25.51mg kg-1 at the beginning of period and 19.08 mg kg-1 at the end of the incubation time. These values for sheep manure were 17.45 and 11.63 mg kg-1 and municipal waste compost 8.24 and 8.86 mg kg-1 respectively. In the greenhouse phase, plant total phosphorus concentration was larger amount than other treatments in S2. So that the ratio to treatment with sheep manure, 28.7% of municipal solid waste compost, 15.7% and compared to the control, increased 21.2%.

Rooting of woody cuttings is a restricted factor in propagation of woody plants. In order to evaluate the effects of cutting time and different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on rooting potential of cuttings of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward), a factorial experimental was carried out based on completely randomized design. The main factor included two cutting times (late-January and mid-March) and the sub factor included 0 (as control), 2500, 5000 and 7500 mg l-1 IBA. Taken cuttings have been cultivated in perlite after treatment with IBA for 5 min. Some traits related to rooting; such as root number and length, physiological; such as root and callus fresh and dry weight and morphological; such as stem length and leaf number were evaluated after three months. The results showed that mid-March cuttings had the largest number of root, root length, root fresh and dry weight, while late- January cuttings had the highest percentage of root dry matter, callus fresh and dry weight, also leaf number. IBA treatment increased traits related to rooting, significantly as the 2500 mg l-1 concentration was the most effective treatment. Treatment of 5000 mg l-1 IBA was induced less rooting with induction of the maximum callus fresh and dry weight. Overall, cutting at mid- March and treatment with 2500 mg l-1 is recommended to rooting the cuttings of kiwifruit cultivar Hayward.

Agrotis spp. are destructive factors on sugar beet seedling stage. Due to the low rate of sugar beet seedling establishment at the beginning of growth, feeding activity of the insects can happen quickly and sharply reduce the number of plants. In Iran, the dominant species is Agrotis segetum that shows 95% percent of the population. The larvae feed on the leaf, crown and stem of the host. At the beginning of growth, the damage is more important. The plant density decrease by turnip moth occurs in early of the season before the six-leaf stage. The effect of different compounds to control pests on sugar beet yield was studied in Lorestan and West Azarbaijan provinces. At the beginning of the growing season treatments: Dursban (EC 40.8% 2lit /ha), Bt bait (5 lit Bt (Biolop) 50 lit water흍 kg wheat bran/ha), Bt (Biolop) Spray (3ml/1000ml), Semisolid Bt bait (100 Kg/ha) and check, were carried out in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, seven days after emergence and then 10 days on the turnip (winter) moth, A. segetum in sugar beet fields. In West Azerbaijan province, analysis of variance showed that the increase of yield of sugar beets, related to Bt Semisolid bait treatment and significantly better than other treatments.