فصلنامه گیاه و زیست فناوری ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1396)

Many studies have been done to identify factors affecting the growth and development of crops such as corn. Considering the special position of maize, determining the effect of these factors is very important. . Since the study of these studies in farms and laboratories is time consuming and costly, the use of artificial neural network is important as a quick and non-destructive way to simulate factors affecting crop production and predict experimental results. The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive power of growth stimulating bacteria on the yield of corn fodder using artificial neural network. After obtaining the required data from experimental studies, Each of the input and output parameters included independent variable(the effect of growth promoting bacteria and effective factors) and dependent variable(forage yield per hectare) data mining were data mining, Then a multilayered perceptron neural network(MLP) with a sigmoid transformation function was designed in the number of neurons 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 in the secret layer. The results showed that the network(MLP) with an error correlation training algorithm with a correlation coefficient(R= 0.999) and mean square error(MSE= 0/000113) With 10 neurons in the hidden layer as the optimum model was able to predict corn forage yield affected by growth-promoting bacteria, Also, in the simulation results with the new input parameters, there was very little difference between the actual output values and the predicted output, Therefore, the artificial neural network in this study has been able to estimate the effect of growth stimulating bacteria on corn, and the resulting neural network can be used to predict other influential factors.

In order to determine the effect of three auxins of IAA, IBA and NAA seperately and in combinations on in vitro rooting of M.9 and M.26 apple rootstocks (Malus pumila Mill.), an experiment was carried out using completely randomized design with sixteen replications. Rooting is accomplished in two stages. At first stage, shoots of M.9 and M.26 were cultured in modified MS medium containing hormone and in the dark for 4 and 7 days respectively and then were transferred to the same medium (but without hormone) under light. Results showed that all shoots were rooted with treatments of 3 mg.l-1 IAA, 0.5.5 & 1.5 mg.l-1 IAA‐ and 2.5.5 mg.l-1 IAA㐀 for M.9 and 3 mg.l-1 IAA for M.26 rootstock. Highest of root no/rooted shoots were achieved with 0.5.5 mg.l-1 IAA‐ and 0.1 mg.l-1 NAA for M.9 and M.26, respectively. Rooted shoots transferred to peat and gradually acclimatized. Plantlet survival rates after one month were 92.8 and 88.1% for M.9 and M.26, respectively.

In order to investigate the effect of plant density on morphological characteristics and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L. ( , a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Center of Agricultural Jihad and Agricultural Research Center of Kalbad in 2012. The plan included four intervals between the rows (20, 25, 30 and 35 cm). In this experiment, the number of leaves per plant, leaf area, bulb weight, bulb diameter, number of bulbil, bulbil weight, bulbil length, bulbil diameter and garlic yield were measured. The results of analysis of variance showed that the row spacing was significant on all traits. As the distance between the rows increased, all traits were added so that the maximum leaf area (105.04 cm), the weight of bulb (52.41 g), the diameter of bulb (6.23 cm), the weight of bulbil (4.01 g), bulbil length (1.56 cm), bulbil diameter (0.52 cm) and plant yield (6.72 ton per hectare) were observed between the rows of 35 cm per cm The highest number of leaves (9.12) and the number of bulbil (15.53) were observed at 30 cm distance, and the lowest leaf number (6.72), the lowest leaf area (93.67 cm), weight bulb (46.67), bulb diameter (5.32 centimeters), number of bulbil (13.22), bulbil weight (3.44), bulbil length (1.40), bulbil diameter (0.43) and yield Plant (5.82 tons per hectare) in a row spacing of 20 cm. The results of this study showed that the cultivation distance of 35 cm is the best crop distance for garlic.

The study was conducted to evaluate effects of herbal blend used in the diet on performance of broiler chickens. 120 Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with four experimental groups (diets) and three replicates of ten chicks each (totally 12 pens). The experimental groups were control diet and diets containing blend of thyme and cloves, antibiotic and prebitoic. Evaluated parameters were daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Results indicated that adding of blended thyme and cloves had no significant effect on daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens.

Eryngium caeruleum belongs to Apiaceae family and is a perennial plant. Fresh leves of this plant are used as vegetable in many parts of the country such as Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan. Cultivation of medicinal plants with organic fertilizers and biological, pharmaceutical and negative effects on the quality of their performance reduces, (Griffe et al., 2003). Sustainable agriculture based on the use of bio-fertilizers for the purpose of eliminating or significantly reducing the use of chemical inputs, the optimal solution for overcoming these problems is comes to. The main aims of this study were the effect of Mycorrhizal symbiosis, use of vermi compost and vermiwash on growth, yield components and quantitative characteristics Eryngium caeruleum. Field experiment was carried out at Sari (53° 63´ E and 36° 82´ N and a height 43.3 meter from sea level), Mazadaran province, Iran in 2014-2015. The soil chemical characteristics were included 7.30 pH, 2.1% organic carbon, 1.15% total nitrogen, 5.5 ppm phosphorous and 280 ppm potassium. The trial was set up as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The experimental factors were included biofertilizer with three levels (inoculation with Mycorrhiza, inoculation with vermi compost and vermiwash. For mycorrhiza treatments, Glomus mosseae strain was applied at 10% of each pot time of sowing. vermi compost 10% of each pot with animal origin was applied vermiwash with a volume of 1liters at the 4-5 leaf stage were sprayed on plant leaves. Data analysis All measurements were analyzed of variance with the using of SAS software. Means were evaluated by LSD test. The results showed that The combination of low input and ecological systems and Mycorrhizal symbiosis inoculation and organic fertilizers application such as vermiwash and vermi compost can substitute chemical fertilizers.The results of the study showed that organic fertilizers and mycorrhizal had significant impact on all measured characteristics and increased Flower diameter, Leaf length characteristics when compared with those of the control group So that the Leaf area, Leaf width were obtained from the mycorrhizal, compost tea and vermicomposting treatment. The application of vermicomposting, compost tea and mycorrhizal symbiosis through making the nutrients available increased plant growth, yield components and improve Eryngium caeruleum quantitative characteristics

The present study aimed to investigate the possibility of developing and promoting organic agriculture in Qom province from the viewpoint of agricultural experts. The present research is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of data collection, monitoring, and degree of control of variables and generalizability of descriptive - correlation type that has been done by survey method and using a questionnaire tool. The spatial and geographical scope of this research is at the level of experts in Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization in Qom. In this research, the statistical simulation of the present study included experts working in the Department of Agricultural Production, Agricultural and Agricultural Research Institute, Scientific and Applied Higher Education Institution, and Agricultural Research Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, affiliated with the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture. Their number was 320. For sampling, stratified random sampling with proportional assignment was used among the statistical population. The sample size is 175 experts who have obtained the Morgan table. In this study, two main methods of documentary and field studies were used to collect information. In the field stage, a questionnaire was used to collect information. The questions were designed using theoretical foundations and research hypotheses. After determining the validity and validity of the necessary corrections, a field study was used to complete and fill it. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, 20 copies of it were completed by the same statistical society as the similar statistical society. The completed questionnaire was evaluated using SPSS 16 software and Cronbach Alpha method. The obtained alpha coefficient was also 89%. The results of Spearman correlation coefficient showed that the viewpoint of agricultural experts regarding the educational / extension factors, technical factors and the possibility of developing and promoting organic farming at 1% error rate is significant. Using step-by-step method, two variables of educational factors and technical factors were entered into the multivariate regression equation, which ultimately explained these independent variables of 0.32% of the dependent variable variations.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid, potassium silicate and fungal Elicitor in calendula under salinity stress conditions, a factorial arrangement in a randomized design with three levels of salinity (0-300600ppm) and 3 levels of salicylic acid, potassium silicate and fungal Elicitor (300-600-900 ppm) in 3 replicates. The highest amount ofH2O2was observed in potassium silicate treatment with a concentration of 300 ppm and a value of 68.87 nmol / g fresh weight. The highest amount of catalase enzyme in Salinity SA was obtained 600 ppm with a value of 0.0584 mg / d of protein per minute. The average number of leaves in potassium silicate treatment was higher than other treatments. The lowest root diameter in a substrate with 600 ppm salinity was observed at a concentration of 300 ppm in penicillium fungicidal oligoetherium with a value of 0.61 mM. In the concentration of 900 ppm in non-saline bed, the highest root diameter was observed with a value of 1. 08 mm