فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 24 (تابستان 1395)

In Iran¡ funerary architecture had been of particular importance during Islamic era. Importance of tombs¡ particularly holy shrines of Islamic saints and hermits¡ has continued since old time in social and religious life of Iran. After mosques¡ this type of buildings has been the most used to perform rituals¡ pilgrimage¡ etc. within cities and villages so that survived in hearts of people. Our great Islamic saints and pious hermits always had deep characteristics¡ absolute faith in God¡ infinite virtue¡ morals¡ majesty¡ impressiveness¡ dignity¡ politeness¡ wisdom¡ knowledge and insight¡ self-respect¡ self-esteem and contentment¡ humility¡ courage while fighting against tyranny and trying to respect the nation’s rights and freedom. Given special geographical properties¡ our land had accepted many saints and hermits. But our social status was more important than geographical location which provided the best basis for that. Subsequently¡ formation of spiritual and religious poles and their political and socio-economic effects have always provided generosity during their lives up to now. Given devotion to all these saints¡ Iranian Shiite people have established worthy courts and shrines respectfully and divinely decorated them in the best possible way. According to importance and spiritual role of holy shrines and people’s respect for them¡ particular architecture¡ elaborate decorations and successive restoration of holy shrines have been studied in this article. This paper is based on a descriptive-analytic method and field investigations and library research and seeks following objectives.

Endowment is considered kind of measure and balance of people’s beliefs heart during Islamic periods that significant rise in the religious community. Several factors have been effective to the formation of Islamic cities¡ and one of the important factors that have been significant role in shaping urban spaces are endowment ideas. Has long been endowment buildings¡ including utilities and public services¡ dedicated a major part of architecture texture of Islamic cities to itself¡ that establishment them leading to an increase in population¡ expansion and development of the cities. In fact¡ the consecrated buildings in the shaping and development of urban spaces during the Islamic period have had an undeniable impact. This research that has been done on the basis of descriptive- analytical studies¡ with data collection method and by library and field method; intends to expression the importance of endowment and various aspects of its influence on how the emergence of and expansion of Islamic cities and spatial structure¡ especially in the historic context of the Birjand city. The results show that in addition to significant factors such as political¡ economic¡ and environmental; endowment has been another important factor in the formation and development of the historic context of Birjand city. Make multiple endowed buildings as the core and central to satisfy the basic needs of the people in most areas of the historical context¡ reflects the fact that this location is out of form of a village in the late Safavid period¡ and in early Qajar period¡ increased endowment thought and create endowment structures is caused formation and expansion of historical context of Birjand.

It seems that human’s behavior with nature especially plant has affected from human’s traditional believes. This has influenced directly the individual and collective life¡ the formation and location of city¡ the physical and spatial organization and the architecture. According to the first purpose of this paper¡ the research about relationship of Iranians with nature and expression of its position at their life are done with description- analysis method during history¡ before and after Islam. According to second purpose of this paper¡ landscape architecture contemporary student and professional’s viewpoint as part of contemporary community at this field is studied by scrutinizing their thesis and papers. So lexical analysis and conceptual analysis are done about subjects and contents at thesis and papers. So lexical analysis and conceptual analysis are done about subjects and contents at thesis and papers. The results show that gradually nature’s position is changed among the target group. Also it seems that materialism- scientism viewpoint is introduced as well as sacred viewpoint nowadays. At thesis’s conceptual analysis¡ subjects “Persian garden and incredible landscape¡ natural areas¡ methods of conservation and rehabilitation of natural areas¡ natural aesthetic and recreation¡ environmental crisis and ecology” are recognized as the symbols of contemporary student’s tendencies in Iran. At paper’s conceptual analysis¡ subjects “natural and cosmic order¡ supernatural world ¡surveying presence of natural elements in Iranian architecture¡ inspiration from plants and usage in architecture design¡ analysis of nature role in forming the structure of the cities¡ analysis of influence green environment on improving health of psyche¡ surveying myths and plant symbols in architecture¡ greenway and ecological park¡ naturalism in painting and carpet arts” are followed by contemporary professionals at art and architecture fields. According to findings of this research¡ it seemed that there is three viewpoints include sacred attitude¡ symbolism and scientism which are followed overtime from the past to the present day in Iran. It is said in text separately each viewpoint’s proportion by statistical survey among the target group in contemporary Iran.

The aim of this article is assessing and analyzing spatial organization of urban systems in Qazvin province and studying the population evolution of cities since 1976 to 2011 by using three different types of indicators: primate city¡ concentration and equilibrium. The results shows Qazvin urban system is characteristics by high primacy¡ concentration and unbalanced which is considerably more than urban pimacy of Iran in the same period especially in the early years of the era; although the descending trend of this indicators for studied province is corresponds with Iran’s. It indicates the decrease in concentration of population in Qazvin _Centre of the province and its primate city_ and the increase in urban system balance. The rate of nearing these indicators to the acceptable numbers for Qazvin urban systems has been more than Iran’s in the same studding era. The main reasons of more concentration in Qazvin’s urban system than Iran’s are the considerable share of population in Qazvin against other cities and the limited number and size of cities in median level especially in the early years of the study era¡ but 2006 is a turning point in the evolution because in this year as a result of changing the statues of rural settlements to the cities which they do not have had more than 5000 population¡ the number of cities has been twofold and increased from 12 in 1996 to 24 in 2006. After this change¡ concentration indicators show unbalanced has increased in it’s urban system since they are sensitive to the defenition of population thresshold for cities; so in spite of what commonly had been conceived¡ unbalancing in an urban systems is not necessarily due to population excess in first city but it can be due to population deficiencies in median and small cities and statues change of less populated rural settlements to the urban points.

mosque yard as the most prominent architectural element in traditional mosques that were structurally and physically important place. But with the passage of time in contemporary mosque has developed significant change in the structure and spatial organization.The aim of this study is that the importance of orientation and spatial hierarchy yard Islamic Iranian mosques design show and This paper seeks to understand the thinking of the idea and infrastructure of the mosque¡ Islamic Iran comparative study of the position and orientation of the mosque yard in traditional (Safavid Isfahan) and contemporary mosques in Tehran to pay. Followed by 5 Safavid Isfahan Mosque and 5 modern mosque in Tehran during the harvest location¡ geometry and layout of the interior and to enter upon the position of the axis direction have been structurally analyzed. Methodology In this study¡ a historical interpretation¡ and cross - is that using measures such as field survey and data collection library with study documents¡ the evidence presented And spatial changes in traditional mosques yard contemporary mosques in Tehran¡ Isfahan and extracted And then draw the diagrams have been studied comparatively. The results of a comparative study of traditional and contemporary mosques and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each of mosques in the design of the nave suggest Contemporary in design mosques in Tehran have not paid much attention to the orientation of the yard And without a proper definition of it¡ the yard and Have become a chapel that lacks principles and unity in diversity are creativity and conceptualism.

With the beginning of the contemporary reconstruction process¡ a great deal of structures and elements belonging to the Islamic-Iranian cities has altered. So¡ many identifying elements of those cities which encompassed their history¡ records and frameworks have vanished gradually and the most hustle transformation in that time¡ gave these cities a novel structure and form. In the process of this transformation¡ the old city lost its elements of social function and they have been replaced with more novel self-driven ones. The historical city of Kermanshah which was on the trading route of Iran-Mesopotamia¡ with its historical background¡ was once of great importance before and after Islam. According to the existing historical documents until the end of Qajar era¡ this city benefited from a prosperous and historical city center with diverse elements. Thereafter¡ through the process of reconstruction¡ like many other Iranian cities¡ this city has experienced fundamental evolutions and due to its functional alternation and also the arrival of automobiles and other reconstruction symbols¡ the city undergone fundamental alternations¡ in a way that its central essence and identity vanished and gradually was forgotten. The aim of this analytical-descriptive study is to recognize the elements of central core of Kermanshah City with the aid of sources¡ documents¡ travelogues and other related evidence. The findings of this research indicate that on the basis of the position of Kermanshah at the end of Qajar era¡ the city center has benefited from different elements with political¡ economical¡ social and cultural functions which were reformed in a well-ordered framework. On the basis of the time circumstances¡ these elements have reflected power¡ religious¡ cultural¡ economical and social relations that nowadays some of them have been forgotten completely. Some of these major elements included: the government palace¡ Mashgh Square¡ timpani house¡ Jame Mosque¡ bazaar¡ Topkhaneh Square and the forum.