فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 32 (تابستان 1397)

Shiiaian Utopia is one of the issues have been raised against certain ideologies both in the past and recent centuries in the world. Given the dominance of Shiism in Iran, a clear image of Shiiaian Utopia will be an appropriate base point for social and urban policy-making. The diverse range of Shiiaian scholars have offered various opinions on the Shiiaian Utopia. Based on the differences of those opinions, it can be categories to two groups: Modernist and traditional religious thinkers. Both of two groups interprets the religion based on them assumption. However, it seems that trying to explanation of this various opinion and consensus building between them is a significant contribution to Shiiaian Utopia. In this context, the present article is based on traditional approach to Shiia have tried to explain desirable utopia rely on the views of two Shiiaian leaders, Mulla Sadra and Ayatollah Javadi Amoli with diachronic approach. Two aims of this research are to explain what the Shiiaian Utopia is and to understand what relation is between Shiiaian Utopia, time, and place. The results show that the opinion of both thinkers about desirable utopia is that utopia is the means of nearness to god and substitutionary of man on the earth that is achievable under the leadership of innocent imam and in case of impossibility under the leadership of religious authority (Vali-Faghih). However, the opinion of Mulla Sadra is society-oriented but the opinion of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli is man-oriented and it seems this difference is due to condition of era that thinkers live. With scrutiny in the comments of both, it is clear that in traditional view of religion, Shiiaian Utopia is regardless to time and place and is the matter of existence. Therefore, it could be said that physical aspects of Shiiaian Utopia deposit to context and condition of time.

As a foundation of responsiveness and desirability of urban environments, physical Legibility affects the users’ perception, utilization and satisfaction of urban environments. In the context of urban parks, components of spatial Legibility can provide a variety of degrees of security; so the impact physical Legibility of urban parks on attendance and presence of individuals and also the security of these spaces formed the basis of present study. The statistical population of this study includes visitors of the mardom and Eram Park in Hamadan. The information of two experiment collected through space syntax method, open and closed questionnaires and the researchers’ answers and observations. The Ucl depth map software was used to provide Legibility map (mathematical analysis of intelligibility) Independent t-test; Pearson correlation coefficient and systematic linear regression analysis are employed for statistical analysis of the questionnaires. The results of the open questionnaire and researchers’ observations suggest that the respondents consider the same contexts as insecure spaces in the entire park. Findings of the closed questionnaire show that the sample evaluate the Legibility and security of Hamedan People Park as a high degree, in contrast to the general impression; in fact, the results of the research in two experiment, indicate that there is a positive and relatively strong relation between physical Legibility and citizens’ sense of security in the park. The order of importance of spatial Legibility components affecting the sense of security also demonstrate that the variables of visualizing elements recognition (path, node, edge, domain, sign and perspective), accessibility, structural composition and spatial configuration as well as geometry have the greatest influence, respectively, and the variables of visual obstacles and disturbances and highlighted architectural components of routing have the least impact on citizens’ sense of security in the park. Therefore, the improvement of Legibility components can be an effective step towards better security, desirability and quality of urban parks.

The history of Islamic architectur despite its abundant works ,has few written documents deals with different architectural activities from designing to constructing .This paper will discuss one of the Ilkhanid accounting texts which convey lots of information on calculating architectural costs. The science of Istifa, which is the science of accounting, has many branches and there are many books and documents, which are survived in this field of Islamic civilization. Financial resources show what are normally neglected or unseen in the formal historical resources. One of the first and important examples is Almorshid Fi- lhisab written by Hadsan ibn Ali. This book is written in the last decade of 7th century (13th century A. D). During ministration of Sader Khalidi an Ilkhanid, minister. He was appointed first in Gikhatu (1269-1273 AD) time as a Grate Vazir and then In Qazan (1271– 1304) time came again to the powre. The book, which is, originally a copy of court or official documents describes the budget spent for different businesses .Using an analytical approach to the text, this research will discuss the clues, which may shed light on architecture in the Ilkhanid period. This will be considered through the costs accounted for construction of some buildings, material, payments (per diem) and also other idioms which are used in architectural procedure. In this article these questions will be considered: What is the importance of Al-morshid as an accounting document in architectural history? Does the book introduce some important clues about the materials, decoration or even the spatial aspects of the Ilkhanid architecture? Studying the text shows building costs for a house, garden, and a (water) mill are counted. The house is a one-porch or Iwan house which is common in Muzaffarid Period (1314–1393) in Yazd, central Iran. The costs are divided into wages and material prices. The Glue is used in the plasterwork to cover the surfaces. The house was decorated with clay Muqarnases. Masters were daily paid for one Dinar, four times more than laborers.

It seems that cities structure is influenced by free and geometric systems and have a significant and symbolic values. Islamic ideology has effect on Islamic cities structure too that has a different meaning concept toward previous cities. The main purpose of leading article is about genesis of meaning in cities structure base on Islamic thoughts. This article is talking about how the Islamic purports and spirituality presented in frame of Islamic cities to clarify how much the Islamic cities are allowed to Met aphoristic or Transcendence, in cities structure. Therefore the comparative studies of affection of Islam and other schools in cities structure has been paid by studying the examples of world’s symbolic structures. The main research method in this survey is phenomenology and logical reasoning. The conclusion of use of symbolic meaning in the regular geometrics and free various Islamic cities is the tale rooted in religious beliefs. Studies shows that Islamic cities according to all circumstances of time and place based on the natural, order and histological finding geometry are considered with the context. It seems that geometry and structure of Islamic cities like most Islamic cities can be interpreted by affection of beliefs and semantic structure but this cannot be interpreted as semantic comparison frame. Transcendence, in Islamic cities can be checked by the cities structure and Transcendence, in Islamic cities and non-compliance of structure in these cities can be surveyed based on cities geometry studying. It looks the cities geometry with organic and freeform in all covers according to time and place circumstances in accordance of values and beliefs by compliance of physical and practical elements is formed based on comprehensive theory of hierarchy.

Façade, portal of entrance of each building, have great importance, since it is junction to the city, and symbol of identity of each building. It is more important in mosques, which are the main buildings of the Iranian-Islamic city, because of it’s importance in attraction to the audience and transfering the concepts of Islam. Historically, the emergence of ornaments in mosques begins first with the altar and adjacent walls. It then passes through to other parts, eventually in the entrance, which show sight of mosque through the passage. A facade, which is edge of crossing the material world to reach the spiritual level, requires ornaments that connect this two different worlds. Such ornaments, which seem to have grater duty than other ornaments, are worth knowing and analyzing. This research is aimed at examining the form and content of these ornaments. Therefore, the entrance façade of all Shiraz registered historical mosques which have no unprincipled changes have been investigated. In 15 selected mosques, descriptive-analytic studies were performed by collecting data from library and field method. In the end, in addition to identifying various ornaments, such as brick, stone, tile, the location of their use in front of each mosque, motifs, lines and mentioned contents, were also examined. Finally, it was found that tile had highest and bricks had the minimum use among the other ornaments in the mosques of Shiraz. Despite the fact that it was used in the Safari era, stone ornaments were removed in the period after that, but since the Qajar period it has used again. Mogharnas, which is commonly used ornament since the Safavid era, has always been accompanied by inscriptions. The inscriptions in which most of the themes emphasized on prayers and its time.

The concept of townscape is based on visual significant and qualities of the historic towns. This issue is not singly related to some aspects of buildings as architecture style, age, and materials, but concerned with the nature and quality of architecture and space combination that is defined by these single buildings. The townscape is related to factors such as originality, amazement, attractiveness and harmony. Therefore, the themes have been raised up from townscape will relate to the three-dimensional visual impact of the historic buildings and towns. Thus, the concept of townscape should be seen as an art. The survey of townscape is related to the dynamic relationship between architectural features and their in-between spaces as well as people movements and its related issues. These important factors will define the scale and proportion and help to the appraisal of the significant, attributes and quality of townscape. The survival of urban spaces is completely depended on merging these elements together. On the other hand, the conservation as a concept beyond of restoration and maintenance has a multi-dimensional essence. The conservation is completely related to past but does not neglect present as well as future. The restoration of the buildings to their primary state or merely preserving its current condition is not the aim of conservation. In some cases, the preservation of monuments, groups of building and sites is necessary for the term of conservation; the values such as uniqueness of the internal or external architectural elements or importance of its historical background are the factors that make these situations. In some cases, the restoration of historic storefront can be part of conservation in its dynamic nature. The careful implementation of this approach can help to preserve townscape’s significance and improve quality of life. In this research, based on field studies and documentations, the explanations of the approaches and activities are provided in a way that makes interpretation and analysis of the text easier. The next step will be to conduct and report statistical results from stakeholders such as employers, executives, consultants, owner and beneficiary so that a planning framework can be developed. The findings of this research inform the formation of an initial scientific system that facilitates planning improvement of streetscapes that are in disharmony. Each streetscape is unique and requires a unique approach. Despite the challenges in making architectural changes in the cultural heritage buildings, it was intended to initiate discussion about this important matter.