فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 21 (پاییز 1394)

With an overview of the process of urbanization and urbanism can be found in Iran¡ Iranian cities which have evolved features over the centuries had been a massive change over the decades. What is the physical features in their cities¡ spaces¡ and architectural elements - were valuable Urban emanating from the dominant culture on the lives of citizens. Functionality of the physical feature of its elements can be regarded as the time of crystallization of the nature of visual attention to the role and function of the skeletal elements to highlight the identities evolve¡ more and more it becomes necessary¡ This paper aims to explore the traditional elements of modern urban elements And explained that in the meantime¡ what we have lost both positive and negative indicators of quality or obtain¡ Reviewing the literature and related documents¡ as well as opin ions of experts (Delphi method) and qualitative methods listings binary Czech urban design shows that if these elements are ignored¡ they lose their Islamic identity and historical elements replaced them gradually fade the color and smell of their previous Performance loss and are not native. The results indicate that the effect of the change¡ while improving the level of environmental quality indicators such as visual aesthetic dimension form¡ privacy¡ accessibility¡ efficiency¡ inclusiveness and diversity in function and security¡ comfort and readability in the sense ¡ But other indicators of quality of the urban environment has been weakened as architectural values and human scale dimension form. Social interaction¡ participation and vitality in the function and Identityand sense of belonging¡ intimate and cozy environment in the meaning. Accordingly¡ this research offers strategies to strengthen the positive indicators and reduce the level of negative indicators in order to achieve urban places with Iranian-Islamic identity.

Modernism is one of the most important and influential movements in contemporary societies which is ancestor of modern life style. The theoretical framework of the subject indicates that modernism has a lot to do with urban development and architecture, especially in Islamic countries as well as contemporary architecture of developing countries. The reign of the Qajar could be considered as the main origin of modernization of architecture of Iran. The aim of this article is to explain the status in which modernism entered into contemporary architecture of Iran. Based on the theoretical framework of the research, interaction of modernism and architecture could be studied in six categories such as: 1- plan 2- façade 3- decorating 4- materials 5- new elements and 6- new space. The main research questions are: 1- How did modernism affect the contemporary architecture of Iran when it entered in Qajar’s era? 2- Which of the above-mentioned six issues have been changed in modern movements? And 3- How could change and continuity process be explained regarding to new generation of modern architecture in Iran? Sixty samples were selected randomly from among national heritage list of Qajar buildings and were analyzed by discussion group which includes five architectural experts. The findings of the study demonstrated that the effect of modern movement on contemporary Iranian architecture deepened based on matter of time. For example at the beginning modernized elements appeared in facade and at the end in architectural design. The gap between appearance of modern thought and appearance of modern architecture design school called “theoretical reification” which may explain the process in which modern concepts transmitted from thought to architecture in Qajar era. The results of the paper show that modern architecture of Iran is based on imported elements from the west.

Ilam province has historical monuments that castles are such of this works and due to geographical and historical position, the area is of greater diversity and certain architectural features. This article seeks to find dominant style, design patterns and common significant characteristics between the castles of the Qajar era in Ilam province. The main question is whether socio-political, cultural and indigenous concepts in the formation of performances and spaces and their relationships in the castle are effective?
According to this, researching and studying the style and way of life of the people at that time, is vernacular architecture, and socio-political and cultural conditions of that era. Theoretical framework of research is based on the design features of common architecture of castles. The methodology of research is historical interpretative andreasoning method of this research is analogical. Data were collected in two ways, documentary and library.
The results suggest that these types of buildingswere constructed in different climatic conditions and with a relatively different form and they had almost similar user;Common patterns existed in their design, which has largely been influenced by past behavior patterns. In this regard, we can refer to following design patterns: the type and style entrances, type of plan and spatial relationships, and locating of some spaces such as toilets and king rooms, etc., the fitness of built spaces and open spaces and consistency and following of the style of decorations ofQajar era and the user of castles that the type of all buildings isdesert castles (Dashti castles) with the user of mansion castle (Dar-al-emareh castles).

Most of the researches in Islamic architecture are theoretical and are in general. But Islamic architecture is formed by Islamic concepts and values and they are almost abstract. It means¡ only an image of them is formed in mind and affirming them with the other person is difficult. Therefore many of those concepts are interpreted by different understanding and are used and evaluated in architecture. But they would be Non-quantifiable and unusable if concepts have inconstant meaning. This issue leads to inefficiency of Islamic architecture models and popular dissatisfaction. We should have an understanding of the current situation of Islamic architecture to move towards it¡ and we should evaluate¡ predict and plan for it¡ that they are not possible without having an index. So indexing that transforms abstract concepts into concrete concepts- appears to be essential in Islamic architecture. Indexing has begun from surveys research and has a relatively long history in architecture and urbanism. Of course researches have been limitedly done in Islamic architecture and urban planning for Indexing. This paper is briefly introducing indexing and the pathology of Islamic concepts indexing in Islamic architecture in descriptive and analytical methods. The results show that many deficiencies are because of lack of knowledge about the properties of index such as non-usefulness¡ Incomprehensiveness and Lack of validity and reliability of indexes and not following the complete process of indexing like weighing them.

In contemporary urban design¡ environmental meanings from the users’ perspective have been generally replaced by the perception of an environment. While meaning is something beyond perception¡ that planning without it¡ creating urban spaces with no identity¡ no history and relationship. Due to the importance of meaning in improving the quality of the built environment¡ this research intends to evaluate urban space of Joubareh in Isfahan based on the perceived meaning between Muslims and Jews¡ and based on it¡ offers design policies. In this regard¡ Phenomenological¡ Social and Psychological approaches to the meaning of place have been studied¡ and then a model has been provided to explain how the meaning of users’ cognitive and physical factors influence the meaning of urban space¡ that is a combination of “perceived meaning”¡ “existing reality” and “user’s schema”.
The hypothesis of this research is that in making policies of urban space of Joubareh in Isfahan¡ religion as a significant component of people’s schema¡ has an effect on the perceived meaning of the place and should be considered. In order to achieve the meaning of urban space in both Jewish and Muslim spectrum¡ the Social-Semiotics method is used. Mental map and questionnaire as two main tools of this method¡ has been reserved. The results of them are summarized as follows: Jews¡ often perceived urban spaces¡ as dynamic¡ ugly and repetitive spaces and are interested in the Jewish community¡ such as space around the synagogues. Muslims feel urban spaces¡ as beautiful and varied spaces and are interested in parks¡ bazzar and etc. Accordingly¡ design policies are presented for understanding of designers and interventionists to know how their works can be based on perceptions of residents¡ and their religious thoughts.

Gorgan is one of important centers of civilization at north of Iran.During the Qajar dynasty¡ political and administrative importance of the city significantly increased because it’s the origin land of Qajars. So¡ a complete example of Qajar urbanism can be seen in the historic part of Gorgan. Referring to the characteristics of urban spaces in Iranian cities¡ historic part of Gorgan introduces a unique composition and different patterns of neighborhood ( Mahallah’s) Central Plazas that their main function has been religious with the name of Tekyeh. Despite a rich background in these spaces to find principles of Iranian Islamic city indices¡ there is no integral and comprehensive research about these plazas.
This research as a start point concentrates on physical typology of these plazas. Method of research based on urban spaces typology approach use historical interpretative method¡ content analyzes method and simulation.
Meanwhile documentation of current situation of Mahallah’s Central Plazas in historic Part of Gorgan¡ the analysis demonstrates that in terms of physical¡ these Plazas have a common characteristic in the type of accessibility¡ permeability and proportions. Moreover¡ the principle of flexibility in the plazas functions¡ especially in combination with religious and commercial performance¡ has been considered as a base in design.