فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 25 (پاییز 1395)

Naghshe Jahan square is one of the famous historical square in the world, which has many outstanding features from the perspective of architecture and urnban design. looking at the historical records indicates that one of the strengths aspect of this square in the Safavid period was climatic comfort that was provided by considering special criteria in its design procedure. The historical transformations has changed the aformentioned situation and reduced the climatic comfort quality of the square. In this article, we are trying to represent primary and original situation of the square from this perspective. Furthermore, several methods which used to provide desirable climatic conditions in Square in Safavid period are analyzed. Research approach is historical-Analytical and based on documents, transcripts, historical images, and field work of the square and its surrounding zone. The results indicate that the design of the square in Safavid period had made desirable climatic conditions which provided by the right physical-spacial composition including enclosed facade and the indoor bazar and also the use of natural elements such as running water and tree. However, in the late Safavid era and after that, favorable climatic conditions in this Square is gone. because of undue interference and disregard of the nature.In the present state because of historical changes, some former factors of climate comfort including trees and creek flows, have lost their former function And alternative factors such as lawns have been replaced that are not historical.

Islam assigns great position for knowledge. Therefore, from ancient eras until today, alongside worship of God, mosques functioned as a place for gathering and learning by Muslims. Presuming mosque as the core of Islamic knowledge, scientific and religious schools, as its branches, can be considered to be in direct connection with it. This is the reason for the similarity found in the architectures of scientific schools and mosques. Along the history, with the similar and effective user, schools and mosques played major role in propagation of knowledge bases of Quran and Islam. Reviewing the schools of Islamic era and their characteristics, this paper intends to evaluate their flexibility. The research method is functional, in terms of purpose, and content analysis- based descriptive- analytical, in terms of methodology. The purpose of this paper is to apply flexibility in the schools of Islamic era and compare them. In other words, the paper tries to compare flexibility, in terms of form and function, in the schools of Islamic era. The case study is carried out in Islamic schools of Qazvin. Results show that in schools of Safavie era, variability of form and versatility of function and in schools of Qajar era, variability of form and function have been considered. This is evident in the plan and inner function of buildings.

Indeed the early texture of cities can be considered as their historical memory. These collections have involved the precious treasure of story of nation’s civilization, and they generously, grant researchers to define culture, religious beliefs, techniques and art of their creature of these cities. That is why any actions in damage to these monuments can be considered as a destruction of the memory of the city. among these Saveh is one of rare cities which its valuable historical texture has preserved its monuments and building from early Islamic centuries to Pahlavi ages. despite the importance of Saveh city in formation of historical evolution in Islamic era, There are no registered purposeful and continues archaeological studies about its historical texture and many questions regarding spatial structure features this historic city remained unanswered. Although historical texture of this city has been damaged due to some issue such as: 1) incompeted soil type and durability of soil, 2) flood and several earthquakes and more than all 3) The constructions in unreasonable manner, but fortunately some of its valuable historical buildings have been survived so that the chronology and study of their spatial layout could be applicable for reconstruction of its urban space. Regarding to this target, it was attempted to utilize all the written references related to Saveh city and the field works have been done for documentation and registration of all historical buildings. Also all effective factors on growth and development of the city (such as topology, town slope, aweather, networks and water supply system and etc) have been specified. As a result of this research, it was cleared that the initial core of the city has been formed in the southern area and in the medieval Islamic centuries (5-9 A.H./ 11-15 A.D.) it has been expanded around the Saljuq Mosque. Also it was detected that in the Safavid period the city has been extended toward the north and in the Qajar period it has been developed toward the northwest.

In Iran - Islamic urban landscape of unity, continuity, privacy and peace of mind, can be detected while the new city built after the 1370 Persian in Iran, more uniform landscape architecture, cities, non-native, imitation of the schools of Western crudity and lack of spatial coherence. This urban structure that are designed with the pattern of imports has caused not only the legal structures Shhrkhn many of which were deployed in Iran, have altered . But the historical context of Iran - Islamic and cultural value lies in its physical, urban identity is high, thus preserving the historic fabric of cities as essential to the survival of identity is required. Accordingly, in this study cities offer Due to Iran’s approach to the renovation of the historic fabric pattern - Islamic and using indicators such as sense of security, and privacy level, balance, connection with nature, the law will be discussed. The research method is analytical - descriptive and its main objective the identification of model-based modernization of Iran’s approach - Islam. SOWT and weighting techniques used research model based on AHP method to evaluate the texture and pattern recognition is appropriate. Birjand historical context seems necessary. Therefore, the proposed model-based study combined and sequential use of three Mhrvmyt¬Zdayy pattern, protecting the identity and integration of indigenous urban planning and urban design is modern with the traditional. The results of this study can be used to improve and repair a wide range of urban managers and planners, such as municipalities, Ministry of Roads and Urban Development to be used.

In the third millennium (as the city and urbanization century), the huge industrial and scientific forces have emerged and gave the unique opportunities to the world. But at the same time, signs of deterioration in the cities, especially in Iranian-Islamic cities, are so emerging that have never seen even in the darkest period of human civilization. Accordingly, this study by using documentary method has attempted to analyze the urban challenges of the era of globalization in four environmental, social, cultural and physical dimensions, and to investigate the nature and character of the Iranian-Islamic city, and finally identify Islamic city`s approaches to confront against these challenges. The results show that the Iranian-Islamic cities has the unique characteristics including self-sufficiency, mixed land-use and pedestrian-oriented neighborhoods, and non-separated spaces, environmentalism, affordable and suitable housing, climate friendly architecture, sustainable security, participation and social cohesion, pluralism, avoiding from excess and extravagance and flow of Islamic traditions and laws that can reduce and eliminate poverty. This means that Islamic city can successfully deal with the urban challenges in era of globalization.

The aim of this study is analyze of historical and new textures spaces Arak city with compilation Iranian -Islamic and smart growth Criteria’s in order to achieve compound - native indexes in the construction of urban spaces. The research method is descriptive-analytical with survey, using ANP model. Two data collection methods used in this research are in field and documentary with criteria extraction and Prioritization, vision development and strategies presentation have been consolidated In order to achieve this goal by compound indicators in the case study. The parameters in this study include planning process, urban density, and growth pattern, mixed land use, human scale, public services, transportation, communications, Optimized street design, and public space. The research results indicate that the spatial design based on the historical textures of Arak Iranian- Islamic are formed in accordance with the principles of ecology, environmental friendly design, mixed land use, communications and human scale, and pertinent public services and spaces. But new textures in Amir Kabir has only been designed according to the residency - dormitory needs of the residents and also the consideration of congestion principles, transportation and accessibility. According to the ANP that native - compound prioritized criteria in order of importance included in this study are planning in harmony with the natural resource, mixed use, the fair distribution of services.