نشریه مطالعات سیاسی
پیاپی 31 (بهار 1395)

With the advent of constitutional discourse and awareness of the intellectuals of democratic principles, the concept of "citizenship" was gradually introduced into social and political literature of Iran. It seems to be important to increasingly study and enlighten this concept in Iranian political society that is experiencing the process of political transition to democracy and political development. Therefore, the main question of this paper was "what are the reasons for the impossibility of the formation of civil rights in contemporary political discourses of Iran?" To answer this question, the hypothesis was developed that "contemporary political discourses have failed to recognize civil rights in way deserving the modern human due to their non-participatory political culture and their tendency to authoritarianism, thus, civil rights have remained an idealistic concept and have not realized". This paper studied the historical conditions behind impossibility of formation of civil rights in contemporary political discourses from Qajar era to Islamic Republic era. For this purpose, this paper relied on theory of citizenship of Thomas Humphrey Marshal theoretically and on historical sociology and discourse methodologies to analyze conditions hindering formation of civil rights in contemporary political discourses. Further, the methodology used for test of hypotheses was descriptive-analytic and data collection was carried out using library method.

Identity or "the question of who" has always been one of the main human concerns. Iranian mind by living in a land with history and ancient civilization has been trying to find an answer to his identity. EhsanNaraqi belonged to a generation of Iranian thinkers that -Given the importance of this issue- was trying to explain the elements of this important issue and its functions of identity. The main question in this article is that "What are the constituent elements of Iranian identity in terms of life-world approach and identity? What are the reasons for predominance of proposition than others?" The importance of the life-world as the basis of the analysis is that the nature of the identity of each community studied in the dynamic link with the past. In other words, this method by its holistic character, proving its claim that Iranian culture and society is constructed long before the national identity. In response to the question, we have assumed components such as mythology, common land, the Persian language and poetry from Naraqi views. Theoretical framework is the life-world analysis by Analytical and descriptive methods.

"Multilateral sanctions" approach stresses the broad economic, military, social, transport, and the United States of America against Iran in the present paper. In this paper, the analytical method and using library resources, the Internet, and has been prepared, In response to the question paper, the main hypothesis of this paper states," United States of America with the best strategy to boycott boycott, attempts to With the expansion of sanctions against Iran as much as possible, The lives of people living with paralysis as the fulcrum, Tap into the power of the Iranian people by fomenting protests, Iran's behavior will change constantly through sanctions" . The findings of this study show that:1.America sanctions against Iran's efforts to describe the United States Global Leadership Crisis Management and; 2. Not only is the country's nuclear negotiations with Iran now, sanctions on a stage and will be discontinued but even if the settlement of the nuclear issue will attempt to boycott boycott strategy, with changes of direction and purpose of sanctions to impose new sanctions on the Islamic Republic's new demands. This paper concludes that, America's policy interpretation sanctions against Iran, along with other developments in the area of conflict between Russia and America, Dash appearance is necessary; also, Government and government-wide efforts to increase public awareness about the strategy of identifying and sanctioning the United States embargo against Iran to be considered.

Now almost five years have passed since the beginning of the crisis in Syria And in all these years different ideas and theories about the causes of the crisis have been raised in this country. One of the things that the causes of the crisis in Syria must be considered is the social gaps that The most important religious and ethnic gaps are gaps in the form of internal conflict Shiite - Sunni and Kurdish outgroup - Arabic for discussion.The method used in this research is qualitative analytical-based approach. The main question is that the social gaps in Syria Especially ethnic and religious gaps have no effect on the formation and growth of radicalism in this country? The findings also suggest that appear Two major ethnic and religious gaps in Syria and the government's inability to manage them Causing intense level of conflict and social unrest in the country. Although the bulk of these conflicts and grievances were against the government in Alawite Arabic Syria, But the proper response of the government was not facing this country, This social gap that finally lead to the formation and growth of hostility towards radical antigovernment groups were in Syria.

The intensive fluctuation of exchange rate between 2011 – 2013 that had a direct effect on goods rates and also raised the price of goods and the rate of inflation, occurred simultaneously with rise of international sanctions, the sanction on Central Bank on 2011 and the sanction on selling oil on 2012. Any political and economical commentator encounters with this question that sanction on selling oil cause the fluctuation of rate of exchange in Iran? In this regard, the main goal of this essay is to analyze the effect of oil sanction on fluctuation of exchange. Because of this matter, in this essay, the second presidential of Mohammad Khatami in which there was very less exchange fluctuation, and prevention on increasing of sanction with the second presidential of Mahmud Ahmadinejad that had very high exchange fluctuation and also increasing amount of sanction will be compared. With this comparison, we come to this conclusion that sanction on selling oil in Iran, with consideration that more than 75% of Iran’s exchange income earns from selling oil, caused the intensive fluctuation of rate of exchange.

In today's world, power is more persistent and invisible than traditional power systems. In the past it was thought that power works only in the political sphere, and it has been negative and oppressive. Foucault believes that this conception of power conceals its actual performance because systems of power are not only negative and oppressive. In this study, the social bases of brand power and market structure components corresponding to the primary power base are explained. Power relations are strategic games between individuals, despite the influence of power on individuals, they can subdue domineering. According to Foucault, the aim of power is influencing on human choices and shaping his actions. So consumers resist against the power of producers. And, according to Foucault, domineering powers are subdued and involved as part of the network of power as the dominated. Power on the market, as a network of manufacturers, buyers, distributors and consumers of final goods or process merchandise, the capillary network influence anywhere, and people always live in a dual situation.

Public uprisings of the Middle East and North Africa that began in Tunisia in January 2011, Up to now have caused to change the political regime in a few Arab countries. Syria as one of the countries in the region has been involved in these transformations. Although many problems in political, social and economic situation of Syria had a role in the formation of the Syrian crisis, but certainly what exacerbated and persistent the crisis in Syria is the intervention of external actors. Therefore, the Syrian crisis cannot be fully in line with the assessment of developments in the Arab region. Today, with the crisis in the country, different regional and trans-regional actors have participated and each one based on its own interests has adopted a specific orientation. Iran and Turkey as regional actors have taken an active approach to their interests on these developments. Based on the theory of realism that consider the "national interest" as a guide light of foreign policy, this article persuades to study the positions of Iran and Turkey who respectively tend to maintain and overthrow Syria's ruling regime. The research, enjoying a descriptive and analytical method based on the theory of realism puts the positions and views of these two countries in the Syrian crisis in a comparative study.

Analyzing the thoughts and actions of political leaders in the country, reflect past developments and future events caused by their actions, something that is very important in countries under colonialism. From this perspective, this article intends to examine the views and actions of Nelson Mandela, South Africa's political leader and Angles to assess his influence. Thus, the paper through the theory of constructivism by utilizing qualitative method and descriptive-analytical approach, is aimed at replying to this main question: Thought and Practice of Nelson Mandela What impact had left on the fight against apartheid? Findings of this research show, He could with his performance and with the formation of identity and contrasting characters against "other" South African society, The Disrupt foundation of apartheid in South Africa to the active participation of black people in the country to control and self-determination was appointed.

Justice is an original concept that due to importance, all schools theorized about. Among this schools, on one hand Islam as the final religion which has introduced a comprehensive program of human happiness and its resources have been the least distorted and on the other hand the west school, which now in the most developed countries is adopted as the dominate school of thought, and claims to have brought happiness to man; have offered a lot of theories on the scope of justice. In this regard, reviewing and comparing these two theories can contribute to the intellectual richness of these areas. This paper tries to explore some of the different views, especially in the field of principles and foundations of though and explain some of these differences. The result of the study show that Islam and the west have fundamental intellectual differences in at least five scopes.