نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 41 (بهار 1398)

A factorial experiment was conducted in greenhouse in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications to investigate the response of Zn-efficient and -inefficient bread wheat cultivars to soil Zn deficiency. The factors of the experiment were soil Zn levels (Zn-adequate: 5mg Zn kg-1 soil and no Zn application), Zn-efficient (Bayat and Niknejad) and -inefficient (Hirmand and Karaj1) cultivars, sampled tissues (Root and leaf) and growth stages (28 days after germination: vegetative and 30% of heading: reproductive). The activity of superoxid dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes were measured in the root and leaf of the cultivars. Also, the content of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, prolin, phenol and total antioxidants were investigated. The results of variance analysis and mean comparison for main and interaction effects revealed that soil Zn deficiency enhance the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, while the activity of superoxid dismutase significantly (P≤0.01) declined. The content of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, phenol and prolin siginificantly (P≤0.01) increased under Zn deficiency conditions. The enzymes activity and prolin content in Zn-efficient cultivars were higher than those of inefficient cultivars, whereas the minimum amount of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were observed in Zn-efficient cultivars. Catalase activity in Bayat (Zn-efficient) cultivar under Zn deficiency conditions was more than that of other cultivars. In conclusion, the results of the current study demonstrated the enhanced activity of the antioxidant enzymes in bread wheat cultivars under soil Zn deficiency conditions.

In order to study the effect of salicylic acid and selenium foliar application on physiological characteristics, yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tictorius L.) under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included irrigation in three levels, complete irrigation during growing season (Control), cutting irrigation at 50% flowering stage and cutting irrigation at 50% head forming stage. Sub factor was considered foliar application of safflower plants including non-spraying (Control), foliar application of salicylic acid, selenium and salicylic acid with selenium. Drought stress reduced biomass, yield and yield components, but it increased grain protein percentage, the superoxide dismutase activity and proline concentration. Also, the highest negative effect of drought stress observed in flowering stage, so that stress at flowering stage reduced 49% grain yield and 33% biomass of safflower. Foliar application improved yield, yield components and superoxide dismutase activity compared to non-spraying. However, between foliar application treatments was observed no significant difference in grain yield and superoxide dismutase activity, but foliar application of salicylic acid with 7198 kg ha-1 showed the highest biomass. The foliar application in stress and non-stress condition increased grain oil percentage, so that in complete irrigation and flowering stage stress were the highest grain oil concentration in treatments of salicylic acid foliar application and salicylic acid with selenium foliar application with 24% and 28%, respectively. The foliar application treatments increased proline concentration in stress condition compared to control and treatment of salicylic acid with selenium foliar application with 11 µM.g FW-1  showed the highest proline concentration in stress of flowering stage.  In general, foliar application of safflower with selenium, salicylic acid, or their simultaneous consumption can reduce the negative effect of drought stress in both stage.

Glauconite is a micaceous mineral that could be source of potassium. The aim of this study was evaluation of the effects of glauconitic sandstone and potential of iron relase and toxicity in case of using as a potassium fertilizer for canola plants. The plants cultivation experiments were carried out in growth chamber in sand culture with completely randomized design as factorial. The first factor was potassium with three levels including Hoagland nutrient solution, Hoagland nutrient solution lack of potassium and Hoagland nutrient solution lack of potassium accompanied with glauconitic sand stone powders. The second factor was pH of culture medium contained 6 and 7.5. The results indicated that potassium deficiency in Hoagland nutrient solution without potassium treatment caused severe reduction in growth traits, contents of K+, soluble protein, starch and chlorophylls and increased total amino acids in canola plants. Application of glauconitic sand stone powders could release potassium in solution medium as plants treated with Hoagland without + glauconite did not indicated significant differences in fresh and dry mass and potassium content with Hoagland-treated ones. Iron content was higher in roots of Hoagland without potassium + glauconite treated canola plants compared treatments, however, pH reduction from 7.5 to 6 did not increase iron content in this treatment. The reduction of pH of nutrient medium imposed significant decrease of soluble protein, starch and chlorophyll contents that lead to growth retardation of canola plants. The results indicated that glauconitic sandstone has certain potential to release potassium. Iresspective pH of nutrient solution, no toxicity symptom was observed in canola plants following glauconite application.

In order to investigate the effects of phosphorous and potassium fertilizers on some important morphological traits, agronomic characteristics and yield of red bean cultivars, an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Arak, in the summer of 2013-2014 and in two consecutive years. This experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included the use of bio fertilizers at four levels of non-use, application of phosphorus biofertilizer, potassium biofertilizer and phosphorus biofertilizer + potassium biofertilizer and four red bean genotypes, Goli, D81083, Derakhshan, and KS31169/3. The application of biological fertilizers was carried out early in the vegetative period and also in the pre-flowering stage. The results showed that application of biological fertilizers could significantly affect the yield of single plant, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per m2, number of branches, chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio, ratio the shell weight by the weight of the entire pod and potassium-phosphorus ratio. In this study, Goli cultivar produced the highest seed yield of 8.71 g plant-1. Also, the grain yield of beans increased by 25.5%. from 6.56 g plant-1 in the absence of biofertilizers to 8.80 g plant-1 in combined fertilizer application. The genotypes showed significant differences in all of the studied traits, but the interaction between application of fertilizers and genotype was significant only in number of seeds per plant, number of pods per square meter. Thus, using biofertilizers, in addition to quantitative increase and absorption of essential elements by stimulating growth, can improve quality characteristics of red beans.

Sesame is one of the oldest crops in the world that is commonly cultivated in arid and semi-arid due to high oil seeds (42-52%). In order to determine the effects of water deficit (55, 75 and 85 percent evacuation of soil water) on genotype sesame (Varamin, Naztakshakhe, Oltan and Yekta), a field experiment was conducted using a split-plot in randomized complete design with three replication at the Agricultural research farm Isfahan University of Technology. Results showed that irrigation regimes and cultivars had significant effect on physiological treats and grain yield. Also, the interaction between genotype and irrigation regimes had significant effect on some of the traits. Relative water content, stomata conduction and grain yield decreased about 13, 42 and 53 percentage, respectively by worsening the drought conditions from 55 to 85 percent evacuation of soil water. Whereas canopy temperature and electrolyte leakage increased about 10 and 94 percentage by worsening the drought conditions from 55 to 85 percent evacuation of soil water. The maximum and the minimum of grain yield were obtained from Yekta genotype (1459 Kg/hec) in 55 percent and Naztakshakhe (537) in 85 percent evacuation of soil water, respectively. In general, results showed that with increasing of water stress, increased grain yield due to improve of relative water content, stomata conduction, electrolyte leakage and canopy temperature in evaluated genotypes.

In order to evaluate the effect of water stress on sunflower cultivars of Iroflor in different stages of growth and methods of biophosphate consumption, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Water deficit stress in four levels including control (non-stress), stress in vegetative stage, stress in reproduction stage and stress in both vegetative and reproductive stages and application of biofertilizer (Phosphate Fertile 2) in four levels including non use of biofertilizer, seed coated, topdress and and combined application seed coated and topdress. The results showed that water stress and fertilizer stress had significant effect on all traits. However, the interaction was significant only for number of seeds per head, seed yield and oil percentage. The highest traits among levels of water stress were related to control and among the application of biofertilizer belonging to the treatment of combined application seed coated and topdress, which thousand grain weight 74.42 and 67.25 g, head diameter 17.67 and 16.74 cm, biological yield 10596.74 kg. ha-1 and 10165.43 and oil yield 1318.55 and 1216.73 kg. ha-1 respectively. However, the highest number of seeds per head (950.51 number), seed yield (3451.23 kg. ha-1) and oil percent (47.68 %) were obtained in combined treatments of non stress and application seed coated with topdress. The effect of water deficit stress on the reproductive stage was significantly more than the vegetative stage. Biofertilizer treatment as seed coated has no significant difference with combined application seed coated and topdress. Which indicates that biofertilizer (Phosphate Fertile 2) makes better use of seed coated. The result of the experiment showed that with the use of biophosphate to form seed coated achieved optimal yield in sunflower cultivars of Euroflour and under water deficit stress, decreasing the intensity of stress on the traits under study.

In order to study the effects of seed inoculation by cycocel and biofertilizers on yield, antioxidant enzymes activity and some biochemical traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under soil salinity condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2016. Treatments were included salinity in four levels [no salt (as control), salinity 25, 50 and 75 mM by NaCl and seed inoculation by biofertilizers and cycocel in six levels [no inoculation with cycocel and bio fertilizers as control, inoculation by Pseudomonas, Azosprilium, both inoculation Azosprilium and Pseudomonas, inoculation by cycocel in concentration 10-5 and 10-6 mM]. The results showed that 75 mM salinity increased protein content and antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase (43.39, 103.9, 97.83 and 143 % respectively) in comparison with no salinity. The lowest electrical conductivity (65.8 µs.cm-1) and the highest relative water content in flowering stage (87.86 %), protein content (17.7%) and grain yield (2.83 g per plant) were obtained in no salt and both inoculation Azosprilium and Pseudomonas. The highest electrical conductivity (111.83 µs.cm-1)  and the lowest relative water content in grain filling period (49.6 %), protein content (10.57 %) and grain yield (0.98 g per plant) were obtained in the highest salinity level and no inoculation with cycocel and bio fertilizers.

In order to effect of mycorrhiza fungi on the quantitative and qualitative traits of cowpea in different irrigation intervals, this research was carried out in 2017 in Khorramshahr as split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of different irrigation intervals at four levels of 55, 80, 105 and 130 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan in main plots and mycorrhiza fungi in two levels including non-application of mycorrhiza (control) and mycorrhizal application in sub plots. The results showed that the effects of irrigation intervals and mycorrhiza fungi on seed yield, number of seeds per pod, 1000 grain weight and protein yield were significant. The highest grain yield to 80 mm pan evaporation treatment (with an average 233.3 g/m2), and the lowest yield (with an average 168.7 g/m2) to 130 mm pan evaporation treatment was given. The results showed that using mycorrhizal fungus, grain yield and protein yield increased. The interaction of irrigation intervals and mycorrhiza had a significant effect on grain yield and the highest grain yield (with an average of 240.97 g/m2) was obtained from 80 mm evaporation pan treatment from and the application of mycorrhiza. Therefore, in order to achieve the maximum quantitative and qualitative yield, planting of cowpea plant with irrigation intervals 80 mm evaporation from pan and application of mycorrhiza in areas where plants with drought stress are recommended.