مجله پژوهش های ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی
سال دهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 40، زمستان 1396)

This study aimed to identify economic and educational-extension factors affecting the cultivated area of medicinal plants in Guilan Province using entropy and fuzzy triangular weighting methods in the Delphi technique. The research findings confirmed the substantial role of economic and educational factors in the development of cultivated area of medicinal plants. The results showed that training through field visits, particularly visits to out-of-state, identifying and emphasizing on cultivation of medicinal plants that have medicinal effects are tangible, training through visual, audio, and text media in the cultivation of medicinal plants, providing low-cost credit to cultivate medicinal plants, training through the establishment of a model farm for medicinal plants and attending the multi-day extension - educational classes with an emphasis on the cultivation of these plants, are respectively the most important economic and extension activities affecting the development of cultivated area of medicinal plants.

Agriculture is the world's high-risk jobs. Workers in this sector are at risk of events and diseases. One factor that threatens the health of farmers is chemical toxins. Farmers are required to deal with the complications and diseases caused by it to apply certain safety behaviors. The purpose of this research was analyzing the safety behavioure of summer crop farmers in Andimeshk Township about the use of chemical pesticides. The method of research was descriptive and correlative. This research was conducted through a survey. The population was summer crop farmers in Andimeshk township (N= 850). By Cochran formula one hundred sixty five persons as sample size was selected. Validity based on the panel of experts was confirmed and its reliability through a pilot test and Cronbach's alpha was calculated. SPSS22 software was used to analyze the data.The mean safety behaviour of respondents was 2.176 of 5 and with a standard deviation 0.89, that indicated poor safety behaviour of farmers. The correlation between the level of technical knowledge, the level of annual income, the amount of arable land, social participation, social status, attitude to the use of chemical pesticides and the safety behavioure of summer crop farmers had a significant relationship. As well as different levels of the safety behavioure of summer crop farmers by participation in educational and extension classes at 95%, there was a significantdifference. Regarding the importance of safe behaviour, it is essential planner of extension activities consider it.

Empowerment of local communities is the most integral part of participatory plans in natural resources management. This research aimed to investigate one of natural resources participatory projects entitled Carbon Sequestration Project (CSP) in empowering local communities in Tilabad Watershed region of Azad Shahr county in Golestan province. The study population consisted of 1309 members of 100 small rural credit funds with at least two years of experiences in three villages of Vamanan, Sibchal and Kashidar. Using Krejcie-Morgan table, 298 samples were selected. Data were collected by a questionnaire that its validity and reliability were confirmed by faculty members and Cranach’s alpha coefficient respectively. Results showed that CSP had positive impact on empowerment of local communities. The impact was the highest on psychological dimension whereas impact on economic dimension was the lowest. The results also showed that there were no significant relationships between respondent's personal characteristics and different dimensions of empowerment. Furthermore, impact of this project was more for gardener, members of the cooperatives, recipient of loan and participants in extension education courses.

Many university graduates do not succeed in their field of study after graduation, one of the reasons for this problem is lack of educational motivation and needed competencies during their study. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between core and professional competencies of agricultural students and the social structure of education with the mediating role of educational motivation. This study as an applied research has used a quantitative methodology through a descriptive- correlation method. The statistical population of this study were 440 agricultural students from Bu-Ali Sina University at three levels B.Sc, M.Sc. and Ph.D in Hamedan. Based on a stratified random sampling method, 205 students were selected using Cocheran formula. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire whose validity was confirmed during a panel of experts’ views and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test and it was α= 0.79 for different parts of the questionnaire. The results of the research showed that there is a significant positive relationship between variables the core and professional competencies with the social structure of education. Also, the results of multiple regression revealed that social structure of education can determine 67 percent of core competencies but 59 percent of professional competencies. Also, the results of path analyzing by Lisrel and SmartPLS3 software showed a direct and significant correlation between both core and professional competencies with the social structure of education (β= 0.69, β=0.84) and an indirect relationship between competencies, educational motivation and social structure of education

The present research is a descriptive-correlational study and was done with the aim of assessing the stability of the rice fields in Guilan province and investigating the factors affecting the use of sustainable agricultural methods. The Statistical population of research consisted of rice farmers in Rasht city. The data gathering tool was a researcher made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and KMO statistics. Using factor analysis of the main variables of the research, it was indexed. The results showed that a sustained average of rice fields in the study area is to 3.592. This means that the sustainability of the rice fields in the study area is less than average. Independent variables of research were placed in three groups of characteristics, economic and agricultural. The result of the correlation test proves that between variables of education level (0.505), income from rice cultivation (0.283), the type of operating system (0.447), saving inputs (0.378), indigenous knowledge of rice farmers (r =0.121), the amount of technical knowledge of rice farmers (0.289) and knowledge of sustainable agriculture (0.944) with sustainable agriculture, there is a positive and significant relationship but between variables such as age, gender, farming experience, household size, extent of rice fields, non-agricultural employment, Participate in education and promotion classes and access to credit facilities was not found a significant relationship with sustainable agriculture.

Social learning is one of the important ideas related to behavioral training in community members. Learning process has both positive and negative effects on environmental degradation behaviors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the positive and negative effects of learning and education on environmental destructive behaviors. The method of this research is descriptive correlations and the data was collected using a survey technique and a questionnaire tool. The statistical population of the study was farmers in the villages of Fereydonkenar Township of 6000 people. The sample size was calculated using Krejcie and Morgan table formula of 361 people. Sampling method is Multi-stage random sampling. The results of the study showed that the average of water and soil contamination behaviors in respondents is about 1.2 (out of 4) and the average use of chemical pesticides and deep wells is about 3.1 (out of 10). The results of structural equation model showed that the most effect on environmental destructive behaviors was related to severity of differential associations variables (β = 0.72), frequency association with friends (β = 0.26) and frequency association with family (β = 0.17).