فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 25 (بهار 1396)

study on rural issues has high importance with regard to the establishment 25/9 percent of the population in the rural areas and important their roles in providing food security, the production of raw materials, increasing added value and employment and reduction of poverty. Also, due to the employment of most rural people in agricultural activities, one of the factors affectingreduction rural poverty is the added value of the agricultural sector by increasing R&D domestic and spillovers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the stock of domestic and spillovers research and the development (R&D spillovers from import channel) agricultural sector on poverty in rural areas Iran from 1971 to 2011. This Analytical -Descriptive research applies conventional means to estimate econometric equation rural poverty. The results show that there is one percent increase in the interplay of human capital employed with the accumulation of domestic R & D research and expenditure development is leaded to reduce the amount of 1/73 percent and one percent increase in the interaction of human capital employed with the accumulation of external research and development expenditure is leaded to increase the amount of 3/36 percent in rural relative poverty. Regarding the position of the research and development activities and human capital employed in the technology evolution and reducing the poverty in rural areas, it is necessary to expand human capital through the coordination between macroeconomic policy and motivation in private sector activists to develop market research and development of the agricultural sector. Through import of inputs and intermediate goods in agriculture sector and correct selection trade, we can seee an increase in attraction spillovers research and development trade partners.

One of the structural problems in management and planning system of Iran is the problem of service centralization at the center and its weakness and insufficiency in the around, which caused different problems such as rise of injustice and increase poverty in the country. The aim of current research is to examine the status of public services and find the best way to distribute them in the counties of Hamadan province. The required data of this descriptive-analytic research are collected via librarian-attributive method and examined 52 variables from statistical yearbook of 2013 in Hamadan province. Analyzing information is done by using KOPRAS and TOPSIS decision-making models; weighting with the method of Entropy, and Cluster analysis technique. The results indicate unbalance in the distribution of services among counties of Hamadan province. The planning system of this province is a function of center-around planning, in such a way that the majority of services are located at the center (Hamadan) and as the distance from the center increases, the level of services will be decreased. The findings show that Hamadan county with score 1 (by factor of 0.600), is in the developed level, Malayer county with score 2(by factor of 0.310), is in the half-developed level, and Nahavand (by factor of 0.266), Tuiserkan (by factor of 0.177), Kabutarahang (by factor of 0.205), Razan (by factor of 0.176), and Bahar (by factor of 0.305) counties with scores 3 to 7, are in the deprived from development level, and Asadabad (by factor of 0.138) and Famenin (by factor of 0.084) with score 8 and 9, are in the more deprived level.

Tabriz is the largest city in the North-West of the Iran as a tourist attraction centers in the national and international of the country. The city, according to its historical, cultural and religious potentiality, can not find its real position in the field of tourism. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the strengths and opportunities of tourism in the Tabriz and provide strategies for improving it. The required data of this descriptive - analytical study are collected via interview and formed focal groups and analyzed by SOAR as strategic model. The population of this study were tourists, vendors, hoteliers and officials associated with tourism (1500000) that sample size was estimated based on Cochran formula that were 384 people. Based on the results, Tabriz based on its good weather and plenty of Antiquities and tourism capability has this potentiality to become a regional and international tourism place. The expected results of tourism development in the city can be mentioned to decrease the unemployment rate from 8.12 percent to 5 percent, growth green space from 3.5 to 8 square meters per capita in the city and provide facilities for investors to build hotel. Hence, effective strategies for the development of tourism in the city include increasing green space and tourist camps, rehabilitation and improvement of urban transportation fleet, providing banking facilities in order to achieve tourist satisfication is needed.

This paper aims to identify influential factors on social bliss in Ardabil County. From the methodological aspects, this study is descriptive - analytical and practical in terms of nature. The data of this study are collected via library and filed study and the population of this research is all rural people residing in rural areas of Ardabil County. The statistical population consists of 123264, and the sample size is 196 rural people. Face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. Pilot study was performed via 30 questionnaires. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained 0.878 in the SPSS software. For data analysis, factor analysis model was used and the results of the model shows the most important factors affecting social belives in rural areas, including four compoenet "Desirability and social acceptability”, “Economic vitality and optimism space rule”, “Mental health and "Social welfare and religious affiliation” that variance and cumulative variance sums planned by these four factors is (24.78). At last based on the results analysis, some applied recommendations have been provided.

Social justice refers to the fair distribution of resources when people can equally access to them. While the unfair distribution results in social crisis and complex spatial problems, the fair distribution leads to the balanced development of urban areas. Therefore, the principled and optimal distribution of facilities and resources is the great significance in urban planning. The aim of this applied research is to investigate the distribution of public services from the spatial justice perspective in 7’s zone of Ahvaz. In the present study, the researcher employed a descriptive-analytic approach and data were collected via library and documentary research from 14 determinative indices of public services. Based on the experts’ points of view, the researcher prioritized indices in the FUZZY model. FTOPSIS and VIKOR models were used for ranking different regions in terms of their use of public services. Afterwards, the researcher employed the triangulation study to obtain a unified result from the data that had been analyzed in different models (i.e., FUZZY, FTOPSIS and VIKOR). The results revealed that public services were widely accessible to the areas of 3 and 4; however, the areas of 6 and 7 had been determined to have the less access to them. The findings also suggest that indicators such as religious, athletic and trainingin in areas are more balanced than the other indicators.

With the development of urbanization in developing countries, urbanization problems such as environmental degradation, pollution, lack of housing, quality of life, etc., that conditions for public health as the most important indicator of the quality of urban life has significantly been decreased. In order to achieve the goals of sustainable urban development, urban planners have raised healthy city approach in order to provide a favorable condition of life for urban residents. This descriptive-analytical study evaluated indicators of a healthy city in the Kerman city. At first, indicators of healthy city presented by the World Health Organization and the experience of several countries and also similar researches in Iran was extracted via library studies then a questionnaire was distributed among residents and experts organizations related to Kerman. The population was estimated 384 people via Cochran formula. Then, SPSS software to analyze t-test was used. The results show that Kerman from the residents and expert’s perspective from health aspect with a significant level (0.037), Public health with significance level (0.001), comfort (0.01) and the beauty of city (0.001) and the security aspect with significant level (0.31) is close to standards of healthy city. Finally, according to the findings and results of the research, guidelines and recommendations have been offered to achieve a healthy urban in Kerman.

The purpose of passive defense plans is to reduce the vulnerability of critical facilities and equipment, and the country in critical condition due to man-made threats. Critical infrastructure as the main of industrial zones is considered as the main part of the foundations that its damage can be affected the most area.By considering that a significant proportion of the country's gas is supplied by the South Pars zone.the criteria infrastructure of this zone is considered as attractive hub to enemy invasion. This applied research was used the library studies and distributed questionnaire to collect information and Analytical-evaluative method propsed by Federal Emergency Management Agency of America (FEMA) for analyzing the collected data.the results show that in terms of assets, oil and gas installations with 8.86; communications infrastructure with 8.64; power installation with 6.71; and water and wastewater facilities with 6.45 have the most value, respectively. Twelve threats were also assessed that air and missile strikes with 9.21; bacterial-chemicaland nuclear with 9.17; biological threats with 8.72 are most likely to occur, respectively. The Most vulnerability and risk is estimated for communication infrastructure against electromagnetic bombs at 9.114 and 688.47, electrical installations against electromagnetic bombs and graffiti at 8.446 and 407.47, oil and gas facilities against the bomb threat at 8.484 and 655.46; water and wastewater facilities against cyber threats of terrorism and bio at 8.3 and 466.82; respectively. In the end, the vulnerability and risk reduction strategies are expressed.

During the recent decades, rural development planning system has not been a sustainable and coherent process. Lack of a comprehensive systematic approach and lack of a simultaneous attention to the natural, social, cultural and economic factors has led to unbalanced spatial system in rural areas. In this way, inequalities has led to debilitation and accelerating the destruction of rural centers. These inequalities and regional differences have prompted planners to excogitate several techniques to determine the degree of development, rank areas and analysis the causes or factors of regional inequalities. Therefore, in this research, the spatial distribution of rural development indicators in Larestan is studied. The aim of the study is to assess unequal development of Larestan rural systems. Research method is quantitative-descriptive analysis. Data were collected via written references, valid maps, internet, and related organizations. According to the aim of study, Electre model is used for quantitative analysis of data and hierarchical classification of rural systems. Meanwhile performing electre, AHP model is used for weighting the criteria by “Expert Choice”. Bioregionalism is the theoretical framework of all steps of the study including zoning, selection and weighting the criteria, organizing the tables, interpretation of results, and offers. Final result of electre is that Jooyom and Sahraebagh with final index 5 are located in the first rank, and Aliabad with final index -6 is located in the sixth rank

Given the importance of nomad women's employment in improving their household economy, the aim of this qualitative study is to explore the challenges of employment and income for women nomads Chardavol township of Ilam. One of the main purposes of this study is to introduce the Grounded theory to the researches of rural geography. Data have been gathered through documents, semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions. This study has been used to code techniques including open, axial and selective for analyzing the data. Zrdlan tribal region in the district of Holeilan in the Chardavol Township located in Ilam is the region of the study. The population of this study was all nomad women that were active in producing dairy products and Handicraft. Sample size 28 was purposefully selected on the basis of theoretical saturation sampling. Data collected in the form of 49 concept, 7 major categories and a core category then were analyzed. 7 major categories are: The conditions of production to the market. Production problems and reduce the production of women, heavy duty of tribal women, geographic isolation of tribal areas. Lifestyle of nomads changes because of lack of support from the government and the authorities and and tends to work in industries. The results showed that the mean age of women was 58.32 that 85 percent work in dairy products and 15% in crafts. Furthermore, the results showed that production problems and reduce the output level of tribal women are interactive and responsive to governing conditions in tribal areas that led to declining economic status of tribal women that has negative consequences.

Studying and examination of connection between urban and rural areas is one of the most aspects of spatial and regional planning. Since, the rural - urban flows are indicative of rural-urban connection in spacial arena and representative of the citizens’ behavioral patterns in meeting the needs. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship and connection between rural and urban areas based on the function of sphere of influence in Kouhdasht township.The data of this descriptive-analytical study have been collected via field and library study and distribution of questionnaire. Population of the study consists of the entire citizens of Kouhdasht township equivalent to 281921 Persons and 322 questionnaires were distributed randomly among them. Data analysis has been done by using descriptive statistics, VIKOR model and GIS software; VIKOR model is for rural district development, and GIS software is for mapping the sphere of influence. Based on the results, regarding the wholesale and retail markets; banks and financial institutions; offices, academic centers and educational facilities; and public and professional health centers, there is a major contribution on the part of Kouhdasht in providing services to rural areas located in this city. Consequently, 0/58 of the respondents stated that for receiving these services, they attend daily, weekly or monthly in Kouhdasht city and there are strong flows between rural and urban areas. In the network hierarchy of the first level, all towns and village centers are dependent on Kouhdasht city. In addition, based on the findings of VIKOR model, it was shown that the Northern District and the Southern District of Kouhdasht with 0/18 and 0/19 and Khosroabad and Zertang with 0/93 and 0/79 are on the lowest and the highest-ranking based on availability to facilities and development services, respectively.

The sustainable tourism strategy is a comprehensive approach that demands tourism industry long time growth without destructive effects on ecosystems. Sustainable urban tourism follows two main principles: retrieval of cultural sources and economic growth. It is necessary to mention that planning isn’t ignorable for achieving it. Every year, Shiraz city -because of its cultural richness and natural- historical attraction – attracts lots of tourists. Using region potentials is one of the methods for absorbing tourists and economic growth. Handicraft because of its potentiality can fulfill the sustainable urban tourism goals. Selecting the optimum site for deployment of crafts in Shiraz city is the first and the most important aim of this research. Firstly for choosing suitable criteria's establishment, the experience of other countries as pioneer in establishing crafts’ site were used. Then, a meeting was made with the owners, craftsmen, crafts professionals, tourists and the local community. Based on participant's ideas, 8 criteria (access, sutible slope, ownership, land use, installation, parcel size and proximity to historical and natural axes) were determined for site selection. At last, 4 sites were selected among the proposed sites based on the mentioned criteria via Topsis method. Based on results, the four selected sites have the relative closeness to the ideal status for town construction and tourist attraction. The first Site (located in Golestan boulevard, the 3rd region of Shiraz municipality) with SLi= 0.944 compared with the others has better tourism situation. The main reasons of this site selection are Locating in historical- cultural axe, Shiraz's Erfan axe, and also closeness to the main entrance of shiraz- Quran.

In prevention of urban crime design in terms of factors such as environmental quality, visual pollution, environmental pollution, light, form and symbol of contamination are very important. The purpose of this study is to measure effects of quality design and redesign Babol urban spaces in crime prevention. This descriptive - analytical study is practical. This research is based on library, field documentary, descriptive and analytical that is done by observation and interviews with preset questions and interviews with some of the population. The sample size article consists of 383 residents of the city of Babol that in the determination of sample size used Cochran formula. In order to analyze the collected data SPSS software and statistical methods (one-sample t test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Fisher z) was used. T-test one sample showed that there is a positive and significant correlation among the components of environmental quality (0.176), quality of light (0.183), form (0.181), the prevention of crime and a significant negative correlation between the components of pollution symbol (-0.219) and environmental pollution (0.229), and the prevention of crime in the city of Babol. In other words, crime prevention is possible by improving each physical component.

Natural events from the beginning to the present day is always an integral part of human life. So, engineers and researchers use various methods and softwares to predict and estimate the risk factors by analyzinge and calculating. Flood is one of the phenomena that is considerd as the top priority in all projects and planning system among engineer consultants. The aim of this study is to consider the spatial development of the areas most prone to shiraz civilization in context of Hydrogeomorphic during the decades 1951, 1971, 1981 and 2001. Therefore, aerial photographs and topographic maps with a scale of the city decades 1/50000 as well as geological maps with a scale 1/100000 were used. Then, the plots related to flood index by softwares such as GIS and Graphers are calculated and analyzed by Gravelius coefficient formula for drawing. The results showed that the flood basin of Shiraz is 1 to 1.9 which indicates the average area of the flood. Then the coefficients calculated for growth and development in the basin cyclical city of Shiraz in the decades 1951, 1971, 1981 and 2001, respectively, between 1/85 to 1/86, 1/67 and 1/75, 1/46, 1/66 and 1/47 to 1/67 in terms of flooding. Generally, it can be mentioned that urban development section of Shiraz in relation to Hydrogeomorphic is located in the flood path. Cyclical development of Shiraz in some regions in the decades of 1981 and 2001 has been improved in flood path from average to maximum. The interesting point is that the index flood was inactive, but these areas in term geomorphology parameter have been progressed dynamicly and actively such as Morphotectonic region .