فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 31 (پاییز 1397)

This article aims to explore changes in trends and patterns of internal migration during last three decades with using secondary analysis of Iranian censuses data. The results showed changing pattern of migration from intra to inter provincial migration. During last three decades, inter provincial migration increase from 35 to 40 perecent of migrations. The findings indicated that the most inter-provincial migration flows have done toward to their neighboring provinces and Tehran (the capital of Iran). The provinces of Tehran, Alborz, Semnan, Qom, Yazd and Isfahan have always considered destinations for internal migrants. In contrast, the provinces of East and West Azarbaijan, Ardebil, Ilam, Chahar Mahal-e Bakhtiyari, Sistan and Baluchestan, Kordestan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh va Boyer-Ahmad, Lorestan and Hamedan have been the most origins of internal migration. In conclusion, regarding high unemployment and lack employment opportunities in the most of origin provinces and also, development inequality, we expect inter-provincial migration flows to increase.

Increases access to health-care services is one of the essential prerequisites to achieving sustainable development of urban and regional A is considered. In this study, the health of the Township Fars province was studied. Quantitative Research method Analytical and research within the Township Fars province. The Finding of Research by using the Concentration index of Wagstaff, Paci and Van Doorslaer Show that Shiraz Township Whit composite index 11.39 Is located in the over concentration Level. Townships of Gahrom Whit composite index 2.29, Lar Whit composite index 2.274, Marvdasht Whit composite index 2.269, Fasa Whit composite index of 1.7375, mamasani with Composite index 1.2123 and Kazeron with Composite index 1.18 Is located in the Medium concentration Level of This province. Finding of Research by using the Achievement index of Wagstaff Show that Shiraz Township Whit composite index 236.875 Is located in the over concentration Level. Townships of Lar Whit composite index 29.79, Gahrom Whit composite index 26.5417, Marvdasht Whit composite index 26.2917, Kazeron with Composite index 21.7083 and Fasa Whit composite index of 21.6667 is located in the Medium concentration Level of province. Other Townships of province is located in the low concentration Level. We live in a very inequality world (Melamed and Samman, 2013: 1). Poverty and inequality are one of the major concepts in the world (Alvaredo and Gasparini, 2013: 3). So far, one of the important issues is the imbalance of the distribution system and the failure of the urban services system, and the heterogeneous and unplanned development is one of the main reasons for this problem (Yazdani and Firouzi Majande, 2016: 18).One of these services is in cities and healthcare services, and over the past two decades a large amount of research and reporting on socio-economic inequalities in health have been conducted. There is an inequality in access to health services in both developed and developing countries (Braveman and Tarimo, 2002: 1621). The growing challenges are whether health is negatively affected by inequality of income within the community (Nilsson and Bergh, 2012: 2).

The socio-economic changes of recent decades have resulted in imbalances and over-concentration of facilities in some places and deprivation of other locations. This problem is more severe in rural areas and the imbalance and fair distribution of services are more evident. One of the basic services and infrastructure in these areas is the road transportation network. The purpose of this study is to explain the spatial impacts of transportation network on rural development. The research method is analytical and is based on spatial statistics. According to the spatial nature of data and the spatial dependence of these data, the Geographically Weighted Regression technique has been used. The study area in Tehran province and the statistical population of the study consisted of all villages of more than 20 households in Tehran province. A village was randomly selected from each district and based on the Cochran formula, 380 households were calculated as samples. With a minimum of 10 households per village, 717 families were sampled to increase generalizability. In this study, 45 indicators were investigated and field data and survey data were gathered and analyzed. The results of this research indicate that the northern and eastern districts of Tehran metropolitan area, which are influenced by the city of Tehran, as well as the eastern districts of the province, transport had the most impact on their rural development and the western districts of the province had the least impact enjoyed.

The climate of each region plays a very important role in mapping the future directions of tourism development, and climate assessment in the estimation of natural tourism capabilities is a priority. The HCI index evaluates climatic conditions for tourism activity using the parameters of mean maximum temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, cloud cover and wind speed. In this study, using the HCI index and comparing its results with the TCI index, the tourism climate in Sistan and Baluchestan province has been evaluated. In fact, the aim of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of the HCI index in assessing the tourism climate of the region.In this research, the index was calculated for seven synoptic stations in the province with a common 24-year statistic (1991-2015). After entering the results into the Geographical Information System (GIS) environment, the classification of the tourism climate of the province in the months of October, November, December, January, February, and Mars was carried out and the variations in the ten-day index value were shown in the form of charts and maps.Based on the results of the HCI index in winter months, this province has excellent weather conditions. According to the above findings, the HCI index has the ability to provide the status of the winter tourism climate of the province, considering the motivation of different tourists to travel.. Also, the results showed that the HCI index was more consistent with the climate of the province than other indicators of the tourism climate, such as the TCI index. In order to adapt and improve the HCI index in the geographical conditions of Iran, this index was modified. These changes in the index, which both capture the climate parameters used in the index as well as the formula, resulted in a new formula called "Modified Holiday Climate Index" (MHCI). The results can be used for proper planning of tourism planning in other regions of Iran, and it will lead to tourism development in the province and the country.

Nowadays, considering the fact that because of damaging natural events, every agricultural activity faces dangers, planning to decrease risks and increase investment security ratio is essential and unavoidable. This study is an applied survey, it uses field study, and the data was collected by the use of questionnaires. The studied statistical population was 33046 rural families out of which 253 families were selected according to Cochrane’s formula. The share of each one of the ten villages in the central and Baharan regions was determined according to their populations. Then, the questionnaires were distributed among the families by the use of random simple/systematic method. The data was analyzed and measured by the use of tests such as correlation analysis (Ki Score and Spearman), Kruskal Wallis and variance analysis in SPSS environment. The achieved results show that there is up to 99% significant relationship between agricultural activities risk management with most of the environmental elements and with natural disasters such as drought, flood, cold, etc. In addition to that, risk management has been effective on the productivity of agricultural activities, and consequently, on biological quality improvement of rural families. The effectiveness level of the environmental factors and natural disasters on agricultural risk management in the plain rural areas, mountainous areas and hillsides of Gorgan has significant difference up to 99%. Accordingly, presenting key solutions to decrease risk before guaranteed purchase of crops, crops insurance, paying facilities to farmers, holding training and propagation courses are inevitable.

This study is a qualitative study which utilizes the several case study method was conducted with the aim of the study 0f the leisure taste determines and natural tourists tend causes to the nature tourism during the Nowruz in the area of Manesht and Bankoul in Ilam province. The discussion in focus groups method in three groups 8, 12 and 12 people were used to collect information and discussions continued until theoretical saturation. The reliability and validity of the data were determined based on Lincoln and Guba index (1985). The encoding method and development classes and the conceptual of data were used in order to analysis of the data. In the present study, Nowruz tourists using focus groups Specified causes interest in Nowruz nature tourism and researchers have designed that in the form of fish bone diagram. The results showed that determines and the main parameters affecting the taste leisure study groups are including economic, socio-cultural and individual factors. The results also showed that respondents Nowruz nature tourism causes include household economy, security options, beautiful nature, the psychological characteristics and accessibility features.

Nowadays, in order to meet the challenges of rural development and to improve the living conditions of villagers in the country of Iran, the use of entrepreneurship in rural tourism has been considered as complementary to agricultural activities in the tourism destination villages. This applied research was carried out using a field method and a questionnaire of 31 available experts, based on snowball method and application of Mick-Mac software. A community-based entrepreneurial model was identified in a three-dimensional structure including pillars, infrastructure and indicators, with 15 components. The most important reagents from the viewpoint of the expert board include villagers, need and livelihoods, handicrafts, cultural industries, social diversity, social capital, future supply, charisma, modernism. The key drivers of entrepreneurship were analyzed using Mick-mac software, and the creation of interactive table of the three levels with direct and indirect impact were studied. The net impact is directly related to agencies and tourists.

The rural development countries is an important objective.az income from agriculture in recent decades has greatly declined and this has caused the agricultural sector to meet the needs and demands of an ever-increasing income of rural residents is not , according to other economic alternatives such as tourism seems necessary. Today, the tourism industry has become widespread in the world, and many countries have been able to improve their status to a significant degree. The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze the effects of tourism in the economic development of rural settlements in the saman city is Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. In this study, descriptive analytical study with qualitative-quantitative approach and collect the required information from the library and the field is done in two ways In the field study questionnaire was used. It was a simple random sampling method. Research results show that, first of revenue through tourism, more tourism and the service sector has not had much success in the field of agricultural products and handicrafts. It is also clear from the results that the presence of tourists has had a high environmental impact on the tourist destination villages. so if necessary cultural background does not provide for tourism or another language if not institutionalized culture tourism correct, perhaps the most damaging effects of environmental, cultural and economic effects are positive. It was also found between the selected villages, the village Chelevan, most and Village Ilbagi least useful of the phenomenon of tourism in the region have taken.

Significant development of information and communication technologies and Internet deployment on the one hand and the urban management needs to new ideas in the cities guidance and the necessity to promote citizens' participation on the other hand, has placed us in front of the gates of the electronic cities. With a view to developing countries in the world, we find that e - government to which extent is able to reduce public spending and maximise of efficiency and effectiveness of the control and management of social systems, tax, health, public health and social welfare. With regard to the importance of e-city objective of this study was to measure the realization of the feasibility of the city of electronics and in the metropolis of Tabriz. Research methodology is of application type and the nature and data collection documents and field (survey). Statistical research community managers and urban metropolis of Tabriz experts is that the volume of the sample simple random sampling method 182 people is obtained. Research findings show that most realization indicate is in the mechanization of variables municipal affairs, local network and the Internet network (fiber optics, wireless and DSL, etc.), respectively, with an average rating Friedman 20.19, 18.46 and 17.52. As well as the lowest feasibility study related to security, the integrity of the existing systems and financial development budget preparation (IT) and that the average rating Friedman, 4.06, 4.23 and 4.62. T-test results also showed that 18, 7 variable has a critical situation and the lack of proper accountability realisation that the value of t-test them less than the value of the test (i. e., 3).

Problems in metropolises such as traffic, types of pollution, housing situation and the desire to invest in real estate, have led to the desire of city dwellers to settle in urban suburbs and thus the spread of second homes has brought. Numbers of second homes have expanded in the metropolitan suburbs of Mashhad in recent decades, which has economic, socio-cultural, physical and environmental consequences. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes and consequences of the formation of second homes in the suburbs of the metropolis of Mashhad. The research method in this study is a descriptive- analytical. Data is collected through library and field methods by distributing questionnaires among 320-second homeowners in the 12 villages studied that is obtained by the Cochran formula. In this research, a stratified random sampling method was used. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods (one -sample t-test) were used. The results indicate that most of the second homes have been built since the 1380s (the 2000s). Among the main reasons for the expansion of the second homes in the studied area are: (a) spending leisure time, (b) air pollution and urban traffic jams. The one-sample t-test results show that expansion second homes has significant consequences such as land speculation, change of wasteland and agricultural lands in second homes, reducing agricultural-related jobs and expansion of service jobs, the destruction of the rural landscape, the construction of houses with new urban architectural patterns, and contrary to the rural houses, increase the number of rural housing, damage to groundwater resources and increase in villagers' cultural awareness. The formation of second homes, despite the increase in job opportunities, has not had much effect on increasing the income and purchasing power of the villagers. On the other hand, the increase of environmental pollution and reduction of plant and animal species has been of less intensity. Also, the formation of second homes has not had much effect on the increase of facilities and services of villagers.

Urban poverty in urban areas is a complex phenomenon that in recent decades in the cities is the most important socio-economic problem. Today, in order to assess the extent of urban poverty used from different statistical methods. The purpose of this research is a comparative study of the extent of urban poverty in the cities of Tabriz, using by classical statistical methods (chi Average) and spatial statistics (hot spots). Methods In this study is descriptive, analytical and comparative that for data analysis is applied software SPSS, GIS and EXCEL. As well as to measure the extent of urban poverty based on social criteria specified above 8. In this study, in order to implement the statistical analysis of 50 samples of randomly selected blocks and on the development map of Tabriz city blocks (according to positive and negative indicators and normalizing them in terms of development) is divided into five categories, placed to be assessed the accuracy of each of these analyzes should. The findings show that samples taken from both classical and statistical methods of are equal spatial clustering aand the maximum number of blocks to be allocated , includes 23 blocks, Clustering blocks that differ only by a cluster are sorted of 21 blocks. Only 6 blocks sampled in clusters that have two different floors, is located.

In today's world, the trend of tourism from a massive to individualist patterns has changed, and tourists have become more flexible and meaningful experiences. Creative tourism is a new topic of tourism and major role in the development of tourism. Creative tourism is a kind of tourism in which more attention is paid to tangible heritage than to the intangible heritage. In this regard, the present article to evaluation and analysis of creative tourism in Zahedan. The research method is descriptive-analytic and its type is applied-developmental. Information was collected in both documents and surveys (questionnaires and interviews). The statistical population of the research is the population of Zahedan is 592968 people and using the Cochran formula, the sample size is 324 people and Data were analyzed using factor analysis and Pearson correlation test using SPSS software. The analytical results show that 39 initial creative tourism variables in this study were divided into eight factors: business internal processes, creative marketing, aesthetics, facilities, software, education, symbol and cost-benefit and compositional income. The results of factor analysis indicate that the first factor alone explains the 25.944% of the variance, and the second factor is 13.204%, the third factor is 5.016%, the fourth factor is 5.857%, the fifth factor is 4.841 percent, factor six, 4.537 percent, factor 7, 3.764 percent, and factor eighth 3.393 percent of variance. Also, according to the results of the Pearson test, there is a high correlation between creative tourism and indicators (financial, tourism, business processes, learning, and growth), which.

According to the importance and role of agriculture in development of societies, along with environmental concerns and global challenges, including food security and population growth, extensive measures for agricultural sustainability are essential. The emphasis on sustainable agriculture, which is considered as one of the aspects of sustainable development, is to meet the human nutritional needs and improve the natural environment, and economic and social sustainability. In the process of sustainable agriculture, recognition of the existing situation of agricultural sustainability is essential so that effective factors in agricultural sustainability and unsustainability in rural areas can be identified, knowing the existing situation, and thereby effective steps could be taken towards strengthening the effective components of sustainability and also reducing the factors that affect agricultural unsustainability. Accordingly, this research has been assessing the agricultural sustainability in villages of roniz district. In this research, the statistic society includes the farmers residing in the villages of district that according to the latest published statistics, amount to 828 beneficiary farmers who are active in rural areas of this district. In total, 110 beneficiaries were selected as the statistical sample and according to the specialty of the subject, they were selected by snowball sampling method to complete the questionnaire. The results of the study showed that the agricultural sustainability status in the study area is undesirable and below the average level. Finally, the results of regression analysis showed that familiarity with sustainable agriculture and participation in promotion classes had the most and least effect on agricultural sustainability, respectively.